Lokacin da yawancin mutane suka ji 'fasaha na ƙarfe na foda', nan da nan sukan zana hotuna masu sauƙi-da-tsalle-tsalle ko bushings. Wannan shine matakin shigarwa, ƙarshen kayayyaki. Ainihin zurfin zurfi, da kuma inda damuwa da sha'awa suka fara, yana cikin ƙirar alloy, ƙaddamarwa na baya-bayan nan, da kuma sarrafa rata tsakanin cikakkiyar samfurin lab da kuma samar da nau'i na nau'i dubu goma wanda duk yana buƙatar buga wani ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima da ƙarfi. Ba wai kawai yin siffa ba ne; Injiniyanci ne microstructure daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
Alloy Ba Formula Ne Kawai ba
Kuna iya siyan daidaitattun abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe-jan ƙarfe-carbon daga kan shiryayye, kuma za su yi aiki don 80% na aikace-aikacen gama gari. Amma lokacin da abokin ciniki ya so Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) ya zo tare da buƙatun wani ɓangaren da ke buƙatar jure yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin famfo na sinadarai, wasan ya canza. Asalin su a cikin simintin saka hannun jari na musamman yana nufin sun fahimci kaddarorin abu a matakin zurfi. Tattaunawar ta canza daga menene mafi arha foda zuwa ta yaya za mu sake yin aikin abin da aka yi na tushen nickel, amma tare da fa'idar siginar PM?
Wannan shine inda foda da aka riga aka yi amfani da su tare da gaurayawan asali suka zama zaɓi mai mahimmanci. Tare da tsarin tushen nickel, zuwa hanyar da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita tana ba ku daidaituwa, amma foda ya fi wuya, ƙasa da matsi. Kuna kasuwanci cikin sauƙin dannawa don yuwuwar samun daidaiton sakamako mai daidaitawa. Mun shafe makonni muna yin tweing na mai mai da matsi da matsa lamba don kawai samun wani 0.1 g/cm3 a cikin koren yawa akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun inconel analog. Wani lokaci, mafita ba a cikin latsawa ba, amma a cikin zaɓar hanyar haɗin kai-ainihin foda da aka riga aka tsara tare da tsarin ɗaure na musamman, wanda ke gabatar da nasa ƙalubale yayin ƙaddamarwa.
Yanayin ɓacin rai ya zama mafi mahimmanci. Gas mai sauƙi na endothermic ba zai yanke shi don waɗannan gami ba. Muna magana ne da manyan injina ko tanda mai tsafta na hydrogen, tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin zafin jiki don sarrafa hazo na carbide. Samun ƙimar sanyaya ba daidai ba, kuma kun ƙare tare da wani ɓangaren da injina kamar gilashi-raguwa, ɓarke barbashi, lalata kayan aikin CNC masu tsada a cikin matakin mashin bayan-sinter wanda kamfanoni kamar QSY za su riƙa ɗauka. Wuri ne na kashe-kashe inda kuskuren tsarin PM ya zama ciwon kai na machining na wani.
Density: Tsawon Har abada
Grail mai tsarki cikakke ne, ko kuma kusa da yadda zaku iya samu ta kasuwanci. Ga sassa na tsari, musamman waɗanda ke maye gurbin ƙirƙira, porosity abokan gaba ne na ƙarfin gajiya mai ƙarfi. Latsawa sau biyu da ɓangarorin biyu (DPDS) shine amsar littafin karatu, amma yana ƙara farashi da lokacin zagayowar. Mun sami ƙarin nasara, a wasu lokuta, tare da haɗaɗɗen dumi ta amfani da foda mai rufin polymer. Foda yana gudana mafi kyau, yana ɗaukar abubuwa iri ɗaya a cikin hadaddun mutuwa-tunanin ƙayyadaddun siffofi mai yuwuwa a cikin simintin saka hannun jari wanda QSY ke yi, amma tare da foda na ƙarfe. Tsalle mai yawa daga zafin daki zuwa 130C compaction na iya zama mahimmanci, wani lokacin 0.2-0.3 g/cm3, wanda ke fassara kai tsaye zuwa mafi kyawun kaddarorin.
Sai kuma karfen alluran gyare-gyaren (MIM), wanda hakika reshe ne kawai foda karfe fasahar. Yana samun ku kusa-cikakken yawa da kuma ban mamaki siffa mai rikitarwa, kishiyantar saka hannun jari. Amma sake zagayowar zagayowar mafarki ne mai ban tsoro idan ba a sarrafa shi sosai ba. Na ga bacin bakin karfe na MIM sassa na blister saboda rarrabuwar kaushi ya kasance mai tsauri sosai, yana kama iskar gas wanda ya faɗaɗa yayin sintering. Kudin wannan gazawar ba kawai foda ba; shine lokacin da aka rasa a cikin sake zagayowar tanderun da ke gudana don 20+ hours.
Ayyukan bayan-sintering kamar zafi isostatic latsa (HIP) na iya warkar da porosity na ciki, amma tsari ne mai ƙima. Ba ka HIP wani kashi $2. An kebe shi don sararin samaniya ko na likitanci. Bishiyar yanke shawara ko da yaushe tana zuwa ga abin da ake buƙata na aiki tare da rufin farashi. Yawancin aiki na shine kewaya wannan bishiyar tare da abokin ciniki.
Lokacin da PM Haɗu da Machining: Interface
Wannan tsaka-tsaki ne mai mahimmanci, sau da yawa ba a kula da shi. Yankunan PM kaɗan ne da gaske suna da siffa. Kusan koyaushe kuna buƙatar aiki na biyu: ƙima, ƙira, ko machining. Porosity yana canza yadda kayan ke yanke. Yana da lalata. Ba ya tafiyar da zafi daga yankan gefen kamar ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Muna aiki kafada da kafada da machining abokan-kuma kamfani da QSY ta shekaru talatin da suka wuce na CNC machining gwaninta ne mai daraja sauti hukumar-don bunkasa sigogi.
Alal misali, yin mashin ɗin ƙarfe mai siriri. Idan yawa bai yi daidai ba, kayan aikin yana fuskantar juriya daban-daban, yana haifar da zance da ƙarancin ƙasa. Muna da shari'ar inda injinan CNC ke korafi game da saurin lalacewa na kayan aiki. Matsalar ba shine matakin kayan aiki ba; ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kaɗan daga sama zuwa ƙasan ɓangaren da aka matse, wanda ba daidai ba ne ya haifar da foda mai cike da mutu. Gyaran yana sake fasalin motsin motsi na ciyarwa kuma watakila ƙara matakin da aka riga aka haɗa don karya foda agglomerates. Waɗannan ƙananan bayanan tsari ne ke raba ɓangaren da ake amfani da shi daga abin dogaro.
Wani lokaci, mafi kyawun bayani shine a tsara sashin don rage girman injin. Ka bar wani wuri mai ɓarna inda za ka iya, ƙididdige alawus ɗin injina wanda ke da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen raguwa. Ƙoƙari ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin injiniyan PM da mashin ɗin, ba jerin gwano ba.
Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Duniya
Ayyukan QSY tare da cobalt da na'urorin tushen nickel a cikin simintin gyare-gyare yana da dacewa kai tsaye. Ana neman waɗannan kayan galibi don PM don lalacewa da aikace-aikacen zafi mai zafi. Amma foda na waɗannan yana da tsada, kuma taga mai ƙunci yana da kunkuntar. Yayi zafi sosai, kuna samun haɓakar hatsi da yawa da matakan eutectic waɗanda ke raunana sashin; yayi sanyi sosai, kuma ba'a cika cika shi ba.
Mun yi ƙoƙari na cobalt-chromium gami don wurin zama na bawul. Gwajin gwaje-gwaje sun kasance masu ban sha'awa. Amma a cikin samarwa, kiyaye madaidaicin yuwuwar iskar carbon a cikin yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba. Bangarorin da ke gefen kwale-kwalen sun yi nisa daban da na tsakiya. Sakamakon? Rashin daidaituwa. Wasu kujerun za su ƙare a cikin watanni, wasu sun dade shekaru. Abokin ciniki, a fahimta, ya koma ga aikin da aka yi da injuna. Wannan gazawar ta koya mani cewa ga wasu allurai masu inganci, ƙwarewar tsarin PM na iya fin fa'idar tattalin arziƙin sa sai dai idan kuna da ikon sarrafa matakin lab a filin masana'anta, wanda ba shi da ƙarancin tattalin arziki.
Labarun nasara sun wanzu, ba shakka. Karfe na kayan aikin da aka yi ta PM, kamar maki CPM, sun fi takwarorinsu na simintin gyaran kafa na al'ada saboda tarar, rarraba carbide iri ɗaya. Wannan nasara ce ga fasaha. Amma nasara ce da aka gina akan takamaiman kayan aiki da sanin ya kamata, ba latsa gama-gari ba.
Neman Gaba: Yana Game da Ƙarfafawa, Ba kawai Siffata ba
Makomar foda karfe fasahar, a ganina, ya rage game da yin kayan aiki da ƙari game da ƙirƙirar jihohin kayan abu na musamman. Yi la'akari da masana'anta ƙari - yana da gaske Layer-by-Layer PM. Ko kuma ƙarfafa foda na ƙarfe na amorphous zuwa manyan sassa. Ka'idar iri ɗaya ce: Ɗauki ɓangarorin ƙwararru kuma a haɗa su cikin madaidaicin ƙarfi.
Darussan daga PM na gargajiya - sarrafa foda, sarrafa yanayi, sarrafa raguwa - duk sun dace kai tsaye ga waɗannan sabbin filayen. Kamfanonin da za su bunƙasa su ne waɗanda suka fahimci kimiyyar abin duniya, ba kawai injiniyoyi masu matsa lamba ba. Kamfanonin da ke da kayan aiki da kayan aiki, kamar QSY, suna da ƙafafu saboda suna ganin duk tsawon rayuwa: daga albarkatun ƙasa zuwa gamawa, ɓangaren aiki. Sun fahimci cewa madaidaicin lankwasa yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙimar ciyarwar injin.
Ga duk wanda ke shiga cikin wannan, shawarata ita ce ta sa hannu da foda. Ji ya kwarara. Dubi sintered microstructure a ƙarƙashin na'urar gani da ido tare da bayanan gwajin injina. Daidaita ƙananan pores ɗin da kuke gani tare da saman karaya. Fasaha ce ta cikakkun bayanai, inda canjin 1% a cikin ma'aunin tsari zai iya haifar da canji na 10% na aiki. Wannan shi ne kalubalen da ake ci gaba da yi, da kuma ainihin sha'awarsa.
