Anthu ambiri m'makampani opanga magalimoto akamamva "kutulutsa ndalama zamagalimoto", amaganiza za mawilo a turbocharger ochita bwino kwambiri kapena zida zovuta zotumizira mauthenga. Ndizowona, koma ndipamenenso malingaliro olakwika omwe anthu ambiri amayambira - kuti ndi njira ya 'premium' pazigawo za niche. Zowona pamtunda ndizovuta komanso zosangalatsa. Sizongokhudza zovuta chifukwa cha zovuta; ndi za kuthetsa mavuto enieni, opanga ma gnarly omwe njira zina sizingakhudze popanda mtengo wagalimoto kapena nthawi yotsogolera padenga. Ndawonapo mapangidwe ambiri akubwera pomwe mainjiniya adatchulapo zopangira ndalama chifukwa zimamveka zaukadaulo wapamwamba, kuti tingowabweza kupita nawo kumsonkhano womata 40% wotsika mtengo komanso 95% wabwino. Mtengo weniweni suli mu lebulo; ndikudziwa nthawi yoyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Chiyambi cha Njirayi: Kumene Chiphunzitso Chimakumana ndi Foundry Grime
Bukuli likuti kuponya ndalama, kapena kutaya phula, kumapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri komanso olondola kwambiri. Chimene bukhu lophunzirira nthawi zambiri limanyalanyaza ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zingawononge lonjezolo. Zimayamba ndi ndondomeko ya sera. Pezani kutentha kwa jekeseni kapena kupanikizika pang'ono pang'ono, ndipo mumayambitsa zopanikizika zomwe zimangowoneka ngati zosokoneza pambuyo poti chipolopolo cha ceramic chawotchedwa ndikutsanuliridwa chitsulo. Ndikukumbukira pulojekiti yopangira nyumba yama sensor komwe tinali ndi 0.3mm dimensional drift batch-to-batch. Zinatitengera sabata yothamangitsa - kutentha kwa nkhungu? kuzirala?—Tisanaone kuti kunali kusintha kwa nyengo mu chinyezi chozungulira chomwe chimakhudza kristalo wa sera. Ndiwo mtundu wa manja, pafupifupi chidziwitso chogwira mtima chomwe mumangopeza kuchokera pakuyendetsa.
Ndiye pali nyumba ya zipolopolo. Kuzungulira kwa dip-ndi-stucco kumawoneka kosavuta. Koma slurry viscosity, malo owumitsa (kutentha ndi chinyezi, kachiwiri), ndi mchenga wosasunthika pa chovala chilichonse - ndi njira yomwe maziko aliwonse amawateteza. Chigoba chomwe chimakhala chofooka kwambiri chimang'ambika panthawi yothira kapena kuthira; imodzi yomwe ili yokhuthala kwambiri simakhetsa bwino ndipo imatsogolera ku inclusions. Nthawi ina tinagwira ntchito ndi zirconia-based prime slurry pa gawo lapamwamba la nickel alloy. Deta ya labu inali yangwiro. Paulendo woyamba woyendetsa ndegeyo, theka la zipolopolozo linasweka. Nkhani yake? Coefficient yowonjezera kutentha inali kagawo kakang'ono kuchokera ku malaya osungira, kupangitsa kupsyinjika kwa shear pa kutentha kwapamwamba kwa autoclave dewax. Bwererani ku bolodi lojambula.
Kuthira komweko ndi nthawi ina yovuta. Ndi zida monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena ma aloyi opangidwa ndi faifi tambala, kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kothira ndikofunikira. Pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mumathamangitsidwa ndi nkhungu kapena kuzimitsa kozizira. Mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo mumawononga mkati mwa chipolopolo chofewa, ndikuyambitsa zophatikizika za ceramic mu gawolo. Pazigawo zamagalimoto monga manifolds otulutsa kapena ma turbo housings, omwe amawona kupalasa njinga, kuphatikizika ndi malo otsimikizika olephera. Sizimangokhudza kusungunuka kwachitsulo; ndikuyang'anira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa dongosolo lonse - crucible, shell, mpweya wozungulira-pawindo la 90-sekondi.
Zosankha Zakuthupi: Sikuti Ndi Mphamvu Yokha
Ponena za zida, kukakamiza kwa gawo lamagalimoto kukhala njira zopepuka, zotentha, komanso zogwira ntchito bwino zathandizira kusinthika kwazinthu. kutulutsa ndalama zamagalimoto. Ngakhale ma ductile iron ndi carbon steels ndi okwera pamabulaketi ndi zidutswa zamapangidwe, zomwe zimachitikazo zili mu ma alloys apadera. Tengani zigawo za turbocharger. Akuyenda mopyola magiredi wamba a Inconel kukhala ma aloyi ogwirizana omwe amawongolera kukana ndi moyo wotopa kwambiri. Koma apa pali: ma alloys apamwambawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuponya. Amakhala ndi mizere yopapatiza yolimba, yomwe imawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kung'ambika. Malo awo osungunuka kwambiri amafunikira machitidwe okhazikika a zipolopolo. Kampani yomwe yayenda izi kwa zaka zambiri, monga Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd., imagwiritsa ntchito mbiri yake yayitali pakupanga ndi kupanga makina kuti apange chidziwitso cha njirayi. Ndi chinthu chimodzi kutsanulira batani loyesera la cobalt alloy; Ndi chinanso chopangira nyumba zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, zovuta zokhala ndi njira zotayikira ziro.
Kuponyera ndalama za aluminiyumu pamagalimoto ndi chilombo chake. Zimakankhidwa kwambiri kuti muchepetse kunenepa - ganizirani matupi ovuta kwambiri kapena mabulaketi apangidwe. Phindu ndi ufulu wopanga. Mutha kuphatikiza njira zoziziritsira, mabwana okwera, ndi nthiti zolimbitsa gawo limodzi. Vutoli ndi porosity. Aluminiyamu imakhala ndi gasi, ndipo kulimba kofulumira kwa zigawo zoonda kumatha kuigwira. Tinakhala miyezi ingapo tikupanga chiwongolero, kukonza njira yolowera, kuwonjezera malo otsegulira, komanso kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera gasi kuti zisungunuke tisanapeze ma X-ray oyera. Ndikuyang'ana kosalekeza pazambiri zomwe zimalekanitsa sitolo yachiwonetsero kuchokera kwa ogulitsa omwe ali okonzeka kupanga.
Ndiye pali post-casting. Ambiri amaganiza kuti ntchitoyo imachitika pamene gawolo lagwedezeka kuchokera mu chipolopolo. Kutali ndi izo. Chithandizo cha kutentha nthawi zambiri sichimakambirana. Pachinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo monga chokwera cha brake caliper, kupsya mtima kwake (monga T6 kwa aluminiyamu) kuyenera kugunda ndendende gawo lonselo, lomwe lingakhale lachinyengo ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Apa ndipamene kuphatikiza koyima kwa ogulitsa, monga kuphatikiza kwa QSY kuponya ndalama ndi makina a CNC m'nyumba, amalipira. Amatha kusokoneza pang'ono koma zotheka kudziwika kuchokera ku chithandizo cha kutentha kupita ku makina awo a makina, kupulumutsa mutu waukulu kumunsi kwa mtsinje. Kukonza malo okhala ndi zinthu zosinthika ndi njira yopangira zida zowonongeka ndi zidutswa.
Mtengo wa Equation: Kulungamitsa Mtengowo
Izi zimabweretsa vuto lalikulu pamagalimoto: mtengo. Zida zopangira ndalama (zitsulo zimafa ngati phula) ndizokwera mtengo. Njirayi ndi yogwira ntchito komanso yopatsa mphamvu. Choncho, muyenera kulungamitsa mwamphamvu. The classic kupambana ndi gawo kuphatikiza. Ndinkagwira ntchito pa bulaketi ya injini yomwe poyamba inali yopangidwa ndi zitsulo zisanu ndi chimodzi zomata ndi zitsulo. Tinazipanganso ngati zopangira zopangira ma aluminiyumu imodzi. Tinachotsa kuwotcherera, kuchepetsa nthawi yosonkhanitsa, kuchepetsa kulemera ndi 15%, ndikulimbitsa kulimba. Mtengo woponyera pagawo lililonse unali wokwera, koma mtengo wokwanira wofika, kuphatikizira pakupanga ndi kukonza zinthu, unali wotsika. Ndiwo malo okoma.
Kulungamitsidwa kwina ndiko kugwira ntchito komwe njira zina sizingathe kuchita. Ndime zoziziritsa zamkati muzitsulo zothamanga kwambiri za brake ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Mukhoza kuyesa makinawo, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Mutha kuyesa kuponya mchenga, koma kumaliza kwake ndi kulondola kwa ndimeyo kumakhala kocheperako, zomwe zingasokoneze kuzizira bwino. Investment casting ndiye njira yokhayo yotheka. Ndi za mtengo wathunthu wadongosolo ndi magwiridwe antchito, osati mtengo wamtengo wamtengo wapatali.
Msampha ndi wongowonjezera. Ndawonapo zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi zololera za +/- 0.5mm zomwe zimatchulidwa ngati kuponya ndalama pamene mchenga woyendetsedwa bwino ukhoza kugwira +/- 0.8mm bwino pamtengo wochepa. Kukambirana kuyenera kuyamba ndi ntchito: Kodi miyeso yeniyeni yofunikira ndi iti? Kodi ma load case ndi chiyani? Kodi nyengo ya dzimbiri ndi yotani? Nthawi zambiri, njira yosakanizidwa imagwira bwino ntchito - gwiritsani ntchito kuyika ndalama pazofunikira, zovuta kwambiri za gawolo, ndikuwotcherera kapena bawuti pamagawo osavuta, otsika mtengo. Kusasunthika pakusankha kwazinthu ndizomwe akatswiri amagalimoto apamwamba sangakwanitse.
Zolephera Zenizeni Zapadziko Lonse ndi Maphunziro
Mumaphunzira zambiri kuchokera ku zolephera kuposa kupambana. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yanga yolimbana ndi izi, tinali ndi dongosolo la matupi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za EGR valve. Zosindikiza zimawoneka bwino. Tinayendetsa kupanga. Kuwunika koyamba kwachitika. Koma pakuyezetsa kwamakasitomala, tinali ndi kulephera kwa 30% kuchokera ku zotayikira zazing'ono. Zowopsa. Chifukwa chake? Mapangidwewo anali ndi kusintha kwakuthwa kwa kutentha kuchokera ku flange wandiweyani kupita ku gawo lopyapyala la chubu. Kulowera kwathu kokhazikika kudapangitsa kuti pang'ono pang'ono porosity mu zone kusintha. Kukonza sikunali kukonzanso; inali njira yosavuta yopangira-kuwonjezera kagawo kakang'ono ka fillet kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kolunjika. Tinatenga mtengo wa batch imeneyo. Phunzirolo linali losathetsedwa: mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa wopanga ndi woyambitsa injiniya mu gawo la DFM (Design for Manufacture) si chinthu chabwino kukhala nacho; ndi njira yokhayo yopangira kutulutsa ndalama zamagalimoto odalirika komanso azachuma.
Phunziro lina linabwera kuchokera ku chitsanzo chongopereka nthawi. Magalimoto amayenda pamindandanda yolimba. Tinali ndi ndondomeko yangwiro ya bracket mkono wolamulira. Kenako, wopangira zinthu zopangira zosefera zathu za ceramic (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina) idasokonekera. Zosefera zatsopanozi zinali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono. Zinali zokwanira kusintha mawonekedwe odzaza, kupanga chipwirikiti chomwe chinayambitsa mafilimu a oxide m'madera osakhala ovuta koma owoneka bwino. Ziwalozo zinali zomveka bwino, koma zowoneka zokanidwa. Icho chinayimitsa mzere. Tsopano tili ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pawiri ndipo tili ndi ma protocol oyendera zinthu zomwe sitinaganizepo kuzifufuza. Njira zothandizira ndi gawo la ndondomekoyi.
Zochitika izi zikutsindika chifukwa chake kukhala ndi moyo wautali m'gawoli ndikofunikira. Kampani yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zopitilira 30, monga QSY, yawona zozungulira izi - kusowa kwa zinthu, kukwera mtengo kwamphamvu, kusinthika kwazomwe zimapangidwira. Chikumbukiro cha bungwe chimenecho ndi chuma chogwirika. Ayenera kuti apanga machitidwe olimba ndi mapulani osunga zobwezeretsera amitundu yolephera, yomwe imamasulira mwachindunji kudalirika kwa makasitomala awo amagalimoto. Sikuti kukhala ndi zida; ndi za kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika cha chochita pamene, mosakayika, china chake sichinalembedwe.
Kuyang'ana Pansi Pa Njira
Ali kuti kutulutsa ndalama zamagalimoto mutu? Magetsi ndiye dalaivala wamkulu, koma osati momwe ena amaganizira. Inde, kuchuluka kwa magawo oponyedwa kumatha kuchepa mugalimoto yamagetsi ya batri poyerekeza ndi injini yoyatsira mkati. Sipadzakhalanso manifolds ovuta kwambiri omwe amadya kapena zigawo zotulutsa mpweya. Komabe, mbali zotsalazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Kupepuka kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse kulemera kwa batri, kukankhira ma aluminium ochulukirapo ndi ma magnesium okhala ndi makoma owonda kwambiri. Makina owongolera matenthedwe a mabatire ndi ma mota amaphatikiza njira zovuta, zophatikizika zamadzimadzi zomwe zili zoyenera kuponya ndalama.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukankhira kwa mapaketi a batri opangidwa kapena zazikulu, zophatikizika zamagalimoto (megacastings) nthawi zambiri ndizomwe zimaponyedwa ndi kuponyera kwakukulu kapena kuponya mchenga chifukwa cha kukula. Koma mkati mwamisonkhano ikuluikuluyi, padzakhala ang'onoang'ono, opsinjika kwambiri, komanso zolumikizira zachinyengo za geometric komwe kuyika ndalama kungakhale njira yabwino yothetsera. Tsogolo liri lochepera pa voliyumu komanso zambiri zamtengo wapatali-kuthetsa zovuta zenizeni, zovuta kwambiri zomwe njira zina zokweza kwambiri sizingathe.
Ukadaulo mkati mwa mazikowo ukusinthanso. Kusindikiza kwa 3D kwa sera kapena zigoba za ceramic ndikuchotsa zina mwazoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida, zomwe zimapangitsa kuphatikizana kopitilira muyeso komanso kujambula mwachangu. Koma imabweretsa zosintha zatsopano - kumatira kwa utomoni, kutenthedwa kwa utomoni. Ndi chida china, osati matsenga wand. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za metallurgy, kasamalidwe ka matenthedwe, ndi mapangidwe a mageti akugwirabe ntchito. The maziko zinachitikira zaka makumi ochiritsira kuponya ndalama ndi zomwe zimalola oyambitsa kutengera bwino matekinoloje atsopanowa popanda kugwera m'misampha yatsopano, yodula. Ndi luso lobwerezabwereza, monganso sayansi.
