Kana vanhu vazhinji vakanzwa 'advanced powder metallurgy', vanobva vangofunga nezve high-tech aerospace zvikamu kana pamwe izvo zvakaomarara zvekurapa. Izvo hazvina kukanganisa, asi zvishoma zvekupenya kwebhurocha rekuona. Chokwadi, kugaya kwezuva nezuva kwacho, kuri pamusoro pekugadzirisa matambudziko anobatika: unowana sei iro giya rakaomarara kuti ribate chimiro chayo kuburikidza nekunyungudika pasina kurwisa, kana kuti iwe unogara uchirova density ye7.4 g / cm3 pane yekugadzira inomhanya ye50,000 zvidimbu? Chikamu 'chepamusoro' hachingori hupfu hwezvinhu; ndiyo ketani yese yekufunga, kubva pakubata hupfu kusvika pakuita saizi yekupedzisira. Zvitoro zvakawanda zvinoti kugona pano, asi dhiyabhorosi ari mumashoko mazhinji mapeji asina kana kutaura.
Nheyo: Inotanga uye Inomira neUpfu
Wese munhu anotarisa pamusoro pekudzvanya uye kunyura, asi kana hupfu hwako husina kunaka, uri kuvaka pajecha. Ndakaona mapurojekiti achitadza nekuti gasi atomize simbi isina hupfu yakange ine zvishoma kuremerwa saizi yekugovera. Kuyerera mukufa kwaive kusingaenderane, zvichitungamira kune density gradients yaingoratidza sepakatsemuka mushure mekupisa kupisa. Iwe haugone kuzvigadzirisa gare gare. Sarudzo pakati pemvura atomize uye gasi atomized haisi mari chete; ndezvechikamu chekupedzisira chehupenyu hwekuneta. Kune yakakwira-stress mota yekubatanidza tsvimbo yatakashanda pairi, iyo gasi-atomized poda's spherical particles uye yakaderera okisijeni yemukati yakanga isingagone kutaurirana, kunyangwe pamutengo we30%. Ndipo apo advanced powder metallurgy zvechokwadi inotanga-pamwero wezvigadzirwa, nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro ehupfu morphology inoraira zvese kuzasi.
Ipapo ndipo pane kusanganisa. Zvinonzwika zviri nyore: sanganisa hwaro hwesimbi hupfu negraphite, lubricant, uye pamwe imwe mhangura. Asi kuwana homogeneous musanganiswa usinga patsanure panguva yekufambisa kuenda kumapepanhau idiki fomu reunyanzvi. Isu takambove nebatch yezvikamu uko kuomarara kwepamusoro kwaive kwakakwana, asi iyo yepakati yaive yakapfava. Zvakatitorera vhiki kuti tizvitsvakire kumashure kwekusanganiswa kwemafuta panguva yakawedzerwa zvishoma. Iyo 'advanced' process yakadzikiswa nechinhu chakakosha kubata nyaya. Icho chiyeuchidzo chinozvininipisa kuti tekinoroji iyi inogara pamharadzano yekemesitiri, fizikisi, uye inoshanda kwazvo mechanic engineering.
Iyi granular yekutarisa pane feedstock ndosaka kudyidzana nevanovimbika vatengesi kwakakosha. Hazvisi zvekungotenga hupfu; ndezvekuita nenhaurirano yehunyanzvi pane mijenya-ku-mujeti kuenderana. Kambani yakaita seQingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), ine makumi emakore ekukandira nemachining, inonzwisisa izvi mukati. Nepo musimboti wavo pa https://www.tsingtaocnc.com inosimbisa kukanda kwegomba uye CNC machining, iyo yenguva refu yekubatirana nesainzi yemidziyo-kunyanya alloys akakosha senge nickel-based-inoshandura mururemekedzo rwekutanga kune zvivakwa zvezvinhu zvinobatsira zvakananga chero foray mukugadzira poda metallurgy chikamu chekugadzira kana kupedzisa.
Iyo Inodzvanya Nyaya Yekushandisa uye Green Simba
Tooling dhizaini yePM inyika zvayo. Haisi mhango chete; ihurongwa hwekugovera hupfu, kugadzika, uye kuburitsa. Draft angles ishoma, kukora kwemadziro kusiyanisa, uye undercuts kazhinji haaende kunze kwekunge uri kuita simbi jekiseni molding (muzukuru wePM). Isu takagadzira chishandiso che sprocket ine diki helical zino fomu. Papepa, zvakanga zvakanaka. Mukuita, iko kusaenzana kukweshana panguva yejection kwakakonzera maminiti laminations muchikamu chegirinhi. Vaive vasingaonekwe kusvika pakupisa, pavakavhura sezvikanganiso zvidiki. Taifanira kudzoka, gadzirisa iyo yekushandisa pamusoro pekupedzisira uye ejection sequence - madiki tweaks anodhura mavhiki maviri mukuedzwa kunomhanya.
Simba rakasvibira-simba rechikamu cheupfu chakamisikidzwa chisati chanyura-ndicho chimwe chakakosha asi chinowanzo furatirwa parameter. Iyo inosarudza kana chikamu chako chinogona kupona chichibatwa, de-upfu, uye kuiswa pane sintering tray. Yakanyanya kuderera, uye inoputsika; yakanyanya kukwirisa, uye unogona kunge wakanyanyisa compacting, izvo zvinounza matambudziko ayo. Ndinoyeuka mutengi kubva kuindasitiri yezvishandiso zvemagetsi aida imba yakaoma, yakatetepa-yakavakirwa. Isu takawana iyo geometry, asi iyo yakasvibira chikamu chaive chisina kusimba chaitoda tsika robhoti yekubata system. Chikamu chaive kubudirira kwehunyanzvi, asi hupfumi hwekugadzira hwakava hwakaoma. Ndiko kugaro tengeserana mukati advanced powder metallurgy: kusundira geometrical miganho uchichengetedza kusimba kwekugadzira.
Apa ndipo apo kuwirirana ne post-sinter machining kunova kwakakosha. Kazhinji, maitiro ePM anokuwana iwe 95% ipapo, asi kushivirira kwakakosha kana maficha akaita semaburi akaiswa zvinoda machining. Kuve nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira-mumba, senge QSY yakazvitsaurira CNC kugona, mukana mukuru. Iwe hausi kungoita PM chikamu; uri kugadzira nzira yekugadzira. Iyo machinist inofanirwa kunzwisisa chimiro chesintered material - iri porous, iyo inokanganisa kupfeka kwezvishandiso uye kucheka masimba zvakasiyana pane yakagadzirwa. Iyo yakavharwa-loop ruzivo kubva ku sintering kune yekupedzisira machining inodzivirira yakawanda yekunongedza zvigunwe uye yakakundikana zvikamu.
Sintering: Pane Mashiripiti uye Zvikanganiso Zvinoitika
Sintering ndiwo moyo wekuita. Kutamba kunopisa nenguva, tembiricha, uye mhepo. Iyo yakajairwa mesh bhandi choto yakanaka kune akawanda zvikamu, asi kana iwe ukapinda advanced powder metallurgy ine alloys epamusoro-soro, iwe unowanzo kutarisa vacuum sintering kana high-pressure atmospheres. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira zvisungo zvesimbi pakati pehupfu pasina kunyungudutsa chinhu chose. Chiyero chakapfava.
Atmosphere control ndiyo zvese. Kudonha kudiki muchoto chehydrogen-nitrogen kunogona kuunza okisijeni, zvichitungamira kune oxidation yepamusoro inoparadza chikamu. Isu takambopisa batch yenickel-based alloy zvikamu zve corrosive environment application. Iyo density uye kuomarara bvunzo dzaive dzakakwana post-sinter. Asi panguva yekuongororwa kwesalt-spray yemutengi, vakafoira nguva isati yakwana. Mupari wemhosva? Kabhoni inodzikira pasi isingaonekwe, mashoma mamicrons akakora, zvichikonzerwa nekusaenzana kwemhepo panguva yekupisa kwepamusoro. Matanda echoto airatidza kunyura kushoma kwegasi kwataibvisa seruzha. Chakanga chiri chidzidzo chinodhura mukurinda data.
Chiyero chekutonhodza chimwe chibatiso. Kune mamwe magiredhi esimbi, unogona kugadzirisa chikamu chekutonhora chechoto kuti uwane chaiyo microstructure, zvinobudirira kuita kupisa kwekupisa mu-line. Uku kubatanidzwa chiratidzo chemaitiro epamberi. Iyo inobvisa chechipiri oparesheni asi inoda kudzora kwakanaka. Zvinondiyeuchidza nezve chaiyo inodiwa mukudyara kwekudyara maitiro eturbine blades, uko kudziya kwekutonga kunotsanangura chimiro chezviyo. Makambani ane hunyanzvi hwekudzora kusimba, seaya ane ruzivo mukudyara kwekudyara (yakakosha sevhisi yeQSY), ane yekupisa maitiro intuition iyo inofambiswa zvakananga kuti igone kubata sintering curve.
Post-Processing: Iko Kugadzira-kana-Kuputsa Kupera
Vazhinji vanofunga kuti chikamu chinoitwa mushure mekuita sintering. Kure nazvo. Sintered zvikamu zvinowanzoda saizi (yekupedzisira kudzvanyazve), kurapwa kweutsi, kuisirwa mafuta, kana machira akasiyana. Steam kurapwa, semuenzaniso, inogadzira magnetite (Fe3O4) layer inovandudza kuomarara uye kusadzivirirwa nekuora kwezvikamu zvine iron-based. Asi kana tembiricha yehutsi kana nguva yadzimwa, unowana okisidhi isiriyo, uye chikamu chinoita ngura pachinzvimbo chekuchengetedzwa. Idanho rekupedzisa rinoda kuremekedzwa kwakawanda sechiitiko chikuru.
Oil impregnation yakajairika kune self-lubricating bearings. Pfungwa ndeyekuzadza iyo yakabatana porosity nemafuta. Zvinonzwika zvakananga, asi kuwana kuzara, yunifomu yekumisikidza mune yakakwira-vhoriyamu batch inonetsa. Isu takashandisa vacuum impregnation masisitimu, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, chikamu chekumisikidza munyaya dzebhasiketi. Chikamu chine buri risingaoni chinogona kubata mweya, zvichigadzira nzvimbo yakaoma inotungamira mukupfeka nguva isati yakwana. Kugadzirisa izvi hazvisi zvemhando yepamusoro tech; ndezvekufunga kwekugadzirisa dhizaini uye kugadzirisa mashandiro.
Uku kufunga kwekupedzisa ndiko kunopatsanura chikamu chinoshanda kubva pachikamu chinogara. Ndihwo huzivi humwe chete hwaunoona mune yakakwirira-kutendeseka kukanda uye machining mashandiro. Huwandu hwekupedzisira haungori muchimiro chepedyo-neti; iri mukuita kwakavimbiswa. Kana mugadziri akaita seQSY anonyora basa ravo necobalt uye nickel-based alloys yekuda maapplication, zvinoreva kugona-kwakazara kwete kungoumba asi kupedzisa chikamu kuti urarame mamiriro epasirese-kungave kunobva mukukanda kana PM compaction kufa.
Iyo Chaiyo-Nyika Yakakodzera uye Economic Reality
Saka riini advanced powder metallurgy zvine musoro? Haisiyo yega sarudzo. Iwe unogara uchiiyera ichipesana nemachining kubva kubhawa stock, investimendi yekukandira, kana forging. Iyo inotapira nzvimbo yakaoma, yakakwira-vhoriyamu zvikamu uko kushandiswa kwezvinhu kwakakosha. Funga nezvehelical giya rekutapurirana: kuchigadzira kubva kusimbi simbi marara pamusoro pe60% yezvinhu semachipisi. PM inogona kunge iine 95% goho rezvinhu. Paunenge uchigadzira mazana ezviuru, iyo mari yekuchengetedza inobhadhara chishandiso nekukurumidza.
Asi hazvisi zvezvose. Mavhoriyamu akaderera? Mutengo wekushandisa unoiuraya. Zvikamu zvakakura zvakanyanya? Dzvanya tonnage uye saizi yevira inomisa. Zvikamu zvinoda zvakanyanyisa, isotropic ductility? Zvinhu zvakakandwa zvichiri kuhwina. Chinokosha kuongorora kwechokwadi. Ndakataura nevatengi kuti vasashandise PM apo yavo prototype vhoriyamu ye500 zvimedu hazvina kupembedza $80k tooling, kuvatungamirira panzvimbo kumachina kana kunyange binder jetting ye prototyping. Chinangwa ndechokushandisa chishandiso chakakodzera chebasa racho.
Tichitarisa kumberi, kubatanidzwa kwetekinoroji ndiko kune kunotevera kuwana. Kubatanidza PM preforms nediki diki CNC machining, kana kushandisa PM kugadzira yakasarudzika zvinhu composites (semhangura-yakapinzwa simbi yekukwirisa conductivity uye simba) izvo zvisingagoneke kugadzira nedzimwe nzira. Iri mune idzi nzira dzakasanganiswa umo iyo yakadzika yekugadzira chiitiko chekambani inova yakakosha. Kugona kutarisa chikamu chinodhirowa uye kwete kungoona chikamu chePM, asi kuona nzira inogona kusanganisira PM yemuviri, chimiro chakagadzirwa cheshinda yakakosha, uye coating yakasarudzika yekusapfeka-ndiwo magumo, anoshanda ekupedzisira ehupfu simbi. Iyo inomira kuve yakamira yega uye inova ine simba kadhi mune yakafara dhizaini yekugadzira mhinduro.
