Ngativei vakatendeseka, vazhinji vekutenga zvinhu vakomana uye kunyangwe vamwe mainjiniya anokanda uye poda metallurgy (PM) pamwe chete sepadhuze-net-shape maitiro uye voridaidza zuva. Ndiyo nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga, asi inopotsa nyaya chaiyo. Sarudzo haisi yechimiro chete; iri pamusoro perwendo rwechinyorwa kubva pamurwi wakasununguka kuenda kune chakasimba chikamu, uye izvo rwendo rwunoita kumweya wayo - microstructure yayo, density, uye sirin'i yekuita. Ndakaona mapurojekiti achikanganiswa nekuti mumwe munhu akasimbirira PM kune chimwe chikamu chakachemerera chekudyara mari, kana zvakasiyana, kudzingirira pepa pasina kunzwisisa maitiro eDNA.
The Core Divergence: Liquid vs. Solid State
Iyi ndiyo forogo yakakosha mumugwagwa. Casting ndeyekudzorwa kusimba. Iwe unotora zvinhu, unozvinyungudutsa mumvura, uye woidururira mugomba. Mashiripiti—uye kutemwa nomusoro—zvinoitika sezvainotonhora. Chimiro chezviyo, shrinkage porosity, kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvealloying: zvese zvinorairwa nemabatiro aunoita iyo mvura-kune-yakasimba shanduko. Nekudyara kwekudyara, kwatakamhanyisa makomo ezvimedu muchitoro chedu, uri kurwa hondo yekurwisana nemhirizhonga panguva yekudira uye nekudyisa shrinkage munzira yese kuburikidza neyakaoma ceramic shell. Iko kutamba ne thermodynamics munguva chaiyo-nguva.
Powder metallurgy, kune rumwe rutivi, inosvetuka chikamu chemvura zvachose (kunyura parutivi, asi ndiyo imwe mhando yekupisa). Uri kubatanidza hupfu hwesimbi mudhifi wobva wadziisa kuti usanganise zvimedu. Iyo inobatsira ndeye phenomenal dimensional kuenderana uye kugona kugadzira alloys iwe haugone kunyungudika nekukanda, semamwe tungsten macomposites. Asi chitsitsinho cheAchilles ndeyekuzvarwa porosity. Iyo network yediki voids inodzikamisa ductility uye kuneta hupenyu. Unogona kupisa-isostatic-press (HIP) kusvika padhuze-yakazara density, asi ikozvino mutengo wako uri kugogodza pamusuwo wefogi. Iwo mutambo wekutengesa.
Ini ndinorangarira chikamu chevharuvhu chechikamu chemafuta & gasi. Kudhirowa kwekutanga kwemutengi kwakatsanangudza PM nekuda kwekushivirira kwayo pane mamwe magiropu ekunze anonyengera. Asi chikamu ichi zvakare chaive nezvikamu zvitete-madziro uye chaida kutsungirira kuneta kwepamusoro-soro. We pushed back, suggested switch to shell mold casting ine cobalt-based alloy, inoteverwa nechaiyo CNC machining kune iwo akakosha grooves. Iyo shell mold yakatipa kupedzwa kwepamusoro uye yakanyanya isotropic zvimiro pane zvakajairwa kukanda jecha, uye kusvetuka nyaya yeporosity kwaive kusinga taurike pakuneta. Vakaedza vari vaviri. Iyo yakakandwa-yakagadzirwa chikamu yakapfuura iyo PM prototype nechikamu chetatu mukuyedzwa kwekuneta. Tinodzidzei? Kushivirira kunogona kugadzirwa mukati; kuvimbika kwezvinhu zvinokosha kazhinji hakugoni.
Material Realities: Kwete Zvese Zvinoyerera kana Compacts
Yako yezvinhu palette inoraira nzira yako yekuita, dzimwe nguva nehutsinye. At QSY, tinogara tichidurura zvinhu zvose kubva kune ductile iron kusvika kune nickel-based superalloys seInconel 718. Aya ma-alloys anonyanya kushanda ane mvura inotyisa; vane usimbe uye vanowanzoita zvisina kunaka muzvikamu zvitete. Kuadira kunoda zviumbwa zvakafayirwa uye kazhinji vacuum kana kumanikidza rubatsiro. Iwe haugone kubatanidza yakawanda yeiyi kuita fomu yehupfu uye kuwana chinoshandisika chikamu-zvinhu zvinosanganiswa hazvitambe zvakanaka panguva yehupfu atomization kana compaction.
Sezvineiwo, PM ndiye mambo wemidziyo yeporous (funga wega-kuzora mabheji) uye yekubatanidza refractory simbi. Kuedza kukanda chikamu neinoenderana 20% volumetric porosity yekuchengeta oiri inhamo. Asi nePM, iwe unongodzora iyo compacting kumanikidza uye sintering kutenderera. Iyo yakanaka kune icho chaicho chinodiwa. Isu takambo bvunza nezve molybdenum crucible. Kukanda molybdenum? Zvinenge zvisingaite nekuda kwekunyanya kunyungudika uye oxidation maitiro. PM ndiyo chete nzira inoshanda, uye taifanira kuramba chirongwa ichi sezvo chaive kunze kwedu kugadzira uye kugadzira lane. Kuziva miganhu yechitoro chako kwakakosha sekuziva maitiro.
Ipapo pane nyaya yakarasika. Casting inogadzira sprue, runners, uye risers-dzimwe nguva huremu hwegoho huri pasi pehafu yehuremu hwakadirwa. Iyo inogona kushandiswazve, asi iri remelt simba. PM inodada pedyo ne97% kushandiswa kwezvinhu; unongoshandisa hupfu hwaunoda. Ndiwo mutyairi mukuru wemutengo wezvinhu zvinodhura senge simbi dzemidziyo kana superalloys. Asi iyo poda pachayo inodhura zvakanyanya pakirogiramu pane ingot stock. Economic crossover point inzira inofamba yakavakirwa pamutengo wezvinhu uye chikamu geometry.
Iyo Machining Handshake: Iko Zvikamu Zvizhinji Zvinonyatsotsanangurwa
Apa ndipo apo vimbiso yepedyo-neti-chimiro inosangana neguyo rechokwadi. Mashoma mashoma akakandwa kana PM zvikamu zvechokwadi net-chimiro cheyakakosha interfaces. Vanenge vachida nguva dzose CNC machining finish. Uye machina avo akasiyana nenyika.
Iyo yakanaka yemhando yekudyara inokanda mu17-4PH isina tsvina inogona kungove ne 0.5mm kusvika 1mm yemasheya panzvimbo yakavharwa. Inoshanda zvakanaka, zvakafanotaurwa. A PM chikamu cheiyo geometry yakafanana, kunyangwe mushure mekuita sintering, inogona kuve yakashata uye isingaenderani. Iwo ma microscopic pores anoita senge madiki madiki anokwenya mupendero wechishandiso chako chekucheka. Iwe unowana chimiro chakanaka, asi hupenyu hwako hwekushandisa hunodonha. Isu takafanirwa kugadzira zvakasiyana zvachose zvekudyisa/kumhanyisa maprotocol uye kushandisa zvakanyanya hutsinye kutonhorera kune sintered zvikamu zvinopesana neakakanda mablanks. Mutengo wepashure-yekugadzirisa unogona kudzima mari yekumusoro kubva kuPM kana isina kuverengerwa pakutanga.
Uye ngatitaure pamusoro pezvakaremara. Chirema chekukanda - shrinkage cavity, jecha kubatanidzwa - kazhinji macroscopic. Unogona kuzviona nePT kana RT. Kukanganisika kwePM kunowanzo kuve kwakajeka: density gradient, nzvimbo yakaderedzwa kabhoni kubva kumhepo inoyerera. Inogona kungoonekwa pasi pemicrograph kana kuita kuti chikamu chikundikane muyedzo yekushushikana kwakanyanya. Iwo emhando yekudzora maparadigms akasiyana. Kune dzakakosha zvinhu zvine simba, isu tinowanzo simbirira pakuongorora radiographic yekukandira, nepo kune zvikamu zvePM, isu tinogona kutsanangura batch density bvunzo uye microstructural ongororo.
Mutengo Equation: Hazvina Kumbo Nyore
Tooling ndiyo yekutanga huru divider. Yakaoma mari yekukanda mold, kunyanya ye shell mold casting, inodhura. Iwe uri kuvaka difa yewakisi pateni, ipapo yega yega ceramic shell inodyiwa. Kune mavhoriyamu akaderera, zvine hutsinye. PM tooling-iyo compaction inofa-isimbi yakaoma uye inogona kudhura-ziso-inodhura, asi iwe unobaya zvikamu zvemakumi ezviuru zvematenderedzwa. Iyo breakeven volume ndiyo yakakosha. Kune inomhanya iri pasi pe5000 zvidimbu, kukanda kazhinji kunohwina pamutengo wekushandisa. Pamusoro pe50,000, PM inotanga kutaridzika isingadzivisiki, chero zvinhu uye basa rekuita.
Asi mira, pane nuance. Ko kana chikamu chako chine undercut? A side core mune yekukanda mold inogoneka. Chikamu-chiito muPM compaction die chakaoma, chinomisa chikamu ejection, uye chinotyaira mutengo wekushandisa padenga. Kamwe kamwe, kune icho chikamu chakaomesesa chejometri, mutengo wekukanda pachikamu chimwe nechimwe ungave wakadzikira pane wePM's astronomical tooling, kunyangwe pamavhoriyamu akakwirira. Ndakagara pamisangano yekugadzira-yekugadzira apo isu takapeta kurudziro katatu sezvo dhizaini yakagadzirisa imwe undercut chimiro.
Nguva yekutungamira ndiyo imwe mari yakanyarara. Nzira yekukanda, kubva pakuumbwa kusvika kune yekutanga, inogona kukurumidza-mavhiki mashoma. Kutsvaga iyo chaiyo simbi poda, kunyanya kune yakajairwa alloy, inogona kuve neinotungamira nguva yemwedzi. Munguva yekushambadzira ketani yemakore mashoma apfuura, takadzora vatengi kukanda nekuda kwekuti taigona kuwana 316L Stainless bar stock yekugadziriswa apo 316L poda yaive nemavhiki makumi maviri nematanhatu kumashure. Kuvimbika kwezvinhu zvekutengesa.
Hybrid Kufunga uye Remangwana Glimpse
Izvo zvinonyanya kunakidza zviitiko hazvisi mukukanda kwakachena kana PM yakachena, asi munzvimbo yegrey. Metal Injection Molding (MIM), inova PM ine bhainda repurasitiki, iri kuba mugove kubva kudiki, yakaoma yekudyara castings. Inopa zvirinani kupedzisa kwepamusoro uye ruzivo pane yechinyakare PM. Kune rimwe divi, iwe une cast-HIP maitiro kwaunotora yekukandira mari uye inopisa-isostatic-idzvanya kuti ubvise microporosity, ichikupa iwe kukanda geometry ine forged-senge density. Takaedza neizvi pane zvimwe zvemhando yepamusoro turbine zvikamu ne nickel-based alloys. Mhedzisiro yacho inokatyamadza, asi mutengo ndewebhajeti remuchadenga, kwete mota.
Ipapo kune binder jetting uye dzimwe nzira dzekuwedzera dzekugadzira. Vamwe vanoidaidza kuti PM padyo. Uchiri kusanganisa hupfu, asi layer by layer pasina kufa. Kune imwe-kure prototypes kana legacy chikamu kutsiva uko tooling mutengo unouraya purojekiti, iri mutambo-kuchinja. Asi kune mavhoriyamu ekugadzira pamusoro pemazana mashoma, kumhanya uye ne-chikamu mutengo haugone kubata echinyakare maitiro. Zvinotsigirana, hazvisati zvachinja.
Tichitarisa kumashure kwemakumi matatu emakore, maitiro haasi maitiro ekukunda. Ndezveimwe yakaomesesa yekufananidza mutambo. Basa renyanzvi se Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) haisi yekungopa chete shell mold kana Investment casting uye kugadzira. Iko kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu-zvinhu-maitiro matatu matatu zvakadzika zvakakwana kutungamira sarudzo kubva padanho repurani. Dzimwe nguva mhinduro yakarurama ndeyekukanda kwepamusoro-kutendeseka. Dzimwe nguva ichokwadi PM chikamu. Kazhinji, kuziva kuti ndeipi iyo isiri, uye kuva neruzivo-uye mavanga kubva mukutadza kwekare-kuita iyo kufona simbi isati yadirwa kana hupfu hwakambobatanidzwa.
