Kana vanhu vachinzwa 'in powder metallurgy', vanowanzofananidza maitiro akatsvinda, echimanjemanje-press poda, sinter, yaitwa. Chokwadi chiri pauriri hwechitoro chakashata, chizere nekukanganisa uye 'zvinoenderana' nguva idzo mapepa edata haavhare.
Mukaha pakati peSpecial uye Chokwadi
Tora density, semuenzaniso. Wese munhu anodzinga iyo theoretical 100% dense chikamu. Asi mukuita, kuwana yunifomu density, kunyanya mune yakaoma geometries, ihondo nguva dzose. Iwe unogona kuve nekufona ku7.2 g/cm3, uye unoirova paavhareji. Asi, muchinjika-chikamu chikamu, uye iwe unowana magradients-akatetepa zvikamu zvinoridza zvakasiyana pane makuru hubs. Uku hakusi kukundikana kwemaitiro muupfu metallurgy per se, asi hunhu hwakakosha. Dhizaini yemidziyo, kuzadza, kurova kwekudhinda - vese vanosiya zvigunwe zvavo. Ndakaona zvikamu zvichipfuura QA pazviyero uye avhareji density, kungotadza mukuyedza kuneta nekuda kwedhiri redhisheni rakajeka paradius. Ndipo panotanga basa chairo.
Izvi zvinobatana nemafungiro asiriwo emutengi. Vanotumira dhirowa yechikamu chakagadzirwa uye vanobvunza, Unogona here kuita izvi kuburikidza nePM kuchengetedza mutengo? Dzimwe nguva, hongu. Asi kazhinji, dhizaini yacho ine makona akapinza, ukobvu hwemadziro asina kufanana, kana maficha anoda yechipiri machining zvakadaro. Kukosha chaiko muupfu metallurgy iri kugadzirira maitirwo acho kubva pakutanga-inosanganisira dhizaini, kugadzirisa shanduko yemadziro, uye kutsanangura kushivirira uko maitiro acho anogona kunyatsobatika pasina kuashandura kuita machining purojekiti. Idanho rekubvunzana rinowanzo svetuka mukumhanyirwa kwekutora mari.
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu ndeimwe nzvimbo yakaibva ine nuance. Iyo yakajairwa iron-copper-carbon misanganiswa ibasa, asi kana iwe uchida corrosion resistance kana kupisa kwakanyanya kuita, unopinda muma pre-alloyed steels kana stainless. Heino tsanangudzo: ne 316L hupfu husina tsvina, iyo sintering atmosphere inova yakakosha. Kadonhera kadiki muchoto, mweya weokisijeni wasara, uye haungotsvagi ruvara rwepamusoro-unowana chromium oxide kugadzirwa iyo inopedza corrosion kuramba kubva mukati mepakati. Zvinotaridzika zvakanaka kubuda muchoto, asi zvinoita ngura. Iwe unodzidza kuvimba nedovi point analyzers kupfuura maziso ako.
Iko PM Inosangana neBroad Manufacturing Chain
Apa ndipo apo hunyanzvi hwemugadziri wesevhisi yakazara hunova hwakakosha. Chikamu hachizvarirwe muchoto chinopisa chonzi chakakwana. Tora sprocket kana giya rakagadzirwa muupfu metallurgy. Inogona kunge ichida kukwidziridzwa kusvika kumagumo, kiyi yakavharwa, kana mazino pasi. Kana sintering ikasadzorwa kuderedza kukanganisa, mashandiro echipiri aya anodhura, achidya mari yekutanga kuchengetedza. Ndakashanda nevabatsiri vanowana kubatanidzwa uku. Semuenzaniso, Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), nemakumi emakore ekukanda uye kugadzira, inonzwisisa shanduko iyi pakati pemaitiro intuitively. Nepo hwaro hwavo huri mugomba mold uye kukanda mari, misimboti yekubata zvinhu hunhu uye chaiyo sekondari machining inotamiswa zvakananga. Kushanyira nzvimbo yakaita seyavo, unoona michina yeCNC yakagadzirira kupedzisa zvikamu zve-net-shape, zvingave zvichibva pakukanda mold kana PM compact. Iko kugona kudzika kwemvura kunoraira kuti unomhanyisa sei kumusoro kwePM maitiro.
Kutaura nezvechipiri ops, kupisa kurapwa post-sintering inyika yega. Nyaya yekuomesa chikamu chePM haina kufanana nekuomesa simbi yakagadzirwa. Iyo porosity inoshanda setiweki yezvidiki zvinosimbisa kushushikana. Kana iwe ukasangwarira nemhepo yecarburizing uye kudzima mwero, unogona kusimudzira zviyo muganho oxidation padivi pepore, zvichiita kuti chikamu chiite brittle. Isu takadzidza izvi nenzira yakaoma pane batch yekutakura zvinhu. Vakapasa macheki ekuomarara asi vakatanga kutsemuka pasi pe torque. Ongororo yekutadza yakaratidza iyi intergranular oxidation. Kugadzirisa? Iyo yakagadziridzwa yekudziya kutenderera ine yakanyanya kusimba kudzora mamiriro ekunze panguva yekuwedzera-kupararira nhanho. Yakawedzera mutengo uye nguva, asi zvaive izvo kana kurasa iyo application yese.
Dzimwe nguva, mhinduro haisi imwe nzira, asi shanduko yezvinhu. Takanga tine chirongwa chechikamu chepamusoro-soro mumuchina wekugadzira zvokudya. Simbi yakaomeswa yePM yakanga isiri kumira. Takatarisa kupinda nemhangura, asi izvo zvinhu zvakaoma. Ipapo takasimudzira kushandisa musanganiswa wehupfu waigona kugarisa mafuta akasimba, senge huwandu hunodzorwa hwegraphite, yakanyudzwa mumatrix. Yakagadzira hunhu hwekuzvizora hunowedzera zvakanyanya hupenyu hwesevhisi. Rakanga risiri iro bhuku rekutanga sarudzo, asi rakabva mukunzwisisa kuti basa-kudzikisa kupokana uye gakava-raive rakakosha pane kudzingirira simba rekupedzisira.
Iyo Tooling Gaya uye Prototype Zvipingamupinyi
Hapana chinounza dzidziso pasi pasi sekushandisa. Kugadzira uye kugadzira iyo yekufa seti ndipo panowanikwa pfungwa yechikamu chaicho. Kucheneswa kunoyerwa muzviuru gumi zvemainji. Kusapindirana kushoma mukurongeka kwetsvimbo, uye iwe unopfeka kune rimwe divi, zvichitungamira kune chikamu ejection nyaya uye nekukurumidza kutadza kwechishandiso. Mutengo uye nguva yekutungamira yekushandisa ndizvo zvipingamupinyi zvakakura kune prototyping muPM. Hazvina kufanana nekugadzira apo iwe unongogadzirisa nzira. Izvi zvinomanikidza dhizaini yakatsiga. Ini ndinorangarira prototype yekumhanyisa sensor imba uko mutengi airamba achitora nzvimbo yekukwira gomba. Mushure mekugadziridzwa kwechitatu kwechishandiso, mutengo wakapfuura mari yese yaifungidzirwa yegore rekutanga yekuchengetedza. Isu taifanira kusundidzira kumashure uye kupedzisa dhizaini, tichitsanangura kuti kugona muPM kunouya mushure mekunge chishandiso charatidzwa, kwete panguva yekusikwa kwayo.
Ichi chipingamupinyi chepamusoro chekupinda kweprototypes ndosaka vazhinji vachitarisa kumakambani ane hunyanzvi hwekugona. Kana kushanda kwechikamu kusingazivikanwe, zvingave zvine hungwaru kuita prototype kuburikidza neinochinjika maitiro sekudyara mari kana kunyange CNC machining kubva kubhawa stock kusimbisa fomu, kukwana, uye kushanda. Kana dhizaini yavharwa, wobva waisa mari muPM tooling yekugadzira vhoriyamu. Kambani yakaita seQSY, inoshanda kune akawanda maitiro (https://www.tsingtaocnc.com), akaiswa kuraira parwendo urwu chairwo. Ivo vanogona kubata iyo prototype kuburikidza nekukanda kwavo kana CNC zvitoro, vobva vashandura iyo yakakura dhizaini kuenda kuPM yekumhanyisa kugadzirwa, zvese uku vachichengetedza kuwirirana mune zvezvinhu specs uye zviyero zvakakomba kuburikidza nemukati-mumba machining.
Kupfeka kwemidziyo haisi chiitiko chemutsetse; iko kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma kunoshandura zvishoma chikamu chacho. Unogona kutanga kugadzira zvikamu kumusoro kwebhendi rekushivirira, uye zvinodarika 100,000 zvekutsikirira, zvinokukurwa zvichidzika. Maitiro akanaka anosanganisira macheki akarongwa uye gadziriso yezvishandiso, asi iwe unodzidzawo zviratidzo-kudiki kuwedzera ejection simba, diki burr pamupendero chaiwo. Kuibata kunobva kwachengetedza gomo rekurongedza uye kuraswa gare gare.
Atmosphere uye Sintering: The Invisible Hand
Choto chinopisa ndiwo moyo wekushanda, uye mhepo yemhepo iropa rayo rehupenyu. Kumhanyisa 90/10 nitrogen-hydrogen musanganiswa ndeye mwero, asi kuchena kunokosha. A spike muokisijeni kana hunyoro hwemukati, uye uri kunyudza chikepe chezvimedu. Isu takaisa chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa mamiriro ekunze mushure mekurasikirwa nekugadzirwa kwezuva rose kubhodhoro regasi rakasvibiswa. Iyo data yaive yakavhurika ziso-waikwanisa kuona dova richikwira maminetsi pasati paitika chero chirema chekuona. Iye zvino chave chikamu chisingatauriki chekuseta.
Sintering tembiricha uye nguva kutamba. Mabhuku ezvidzidzo anokupa huwandu, taura 1120 ° C kwemaminetsi makumi matatu kune imwe simbi. Asi nzvimbo yako inopisa yevira, chikamu chako chinorodha density pabhandi, kunyangwe hunyoro hwepamhepo hunobata zvikamu zvakasvibira sezvavanopinda - vese vanochinja iyo nzvimbo yakakodzera. Iwe unogadzira resipi yechikamu chimwe nechimwe chemhuri, asi iwe unogara uchichigadzirisa. Kumhanya kwebhandi kunobata nekukurumidza here? Zvikamu zviri pakati pebhandi zvinosvika tembiricha here? Iwe unodzidza kuverenga iyo sintered color uye mhete yechikamu chakabatwa patafura zvakanyanya sezvaunoverenga pyrometer.
Kutonhodza mwero chinhu chiri pasi-chinokurukurwa. Kukurumidza kutonhora kunogona kuita kuti zvikamu zvibude pamusuwo nekukurumidza, asi kune mamwe maalloys, zvinogona kukiya mukushushikana kana kudzivirira kuumbwa kuzere kwematanho esimbi anodiwa. Dzimwe nguva iwe unoda inodzorwa inotonhorera, iyo inovhara iyo choto chekubuda. Kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro kunopesana nemhando yekutengesa-inogadziriswa kwete nebhuku, asi nekuita kwechikamu mumunda. Kana zvikamu zviri kudzoka ne micro-cracks, nzvimbo yekutanga kutarisa ndiyo inotonhorera zone.
Kufunga Kupfuura Mapepanhau
Pakupedzisira, kubudirira muupfu metallurgy ndeyekuona chikamu sehurongwa mukati mehurongwa. Haisi chikamu chega. Inosangana sei neshaft? Iyo inodzvanya-yakakodzera, uye kana zvirizvo, iyo porosity inokanganisa sei kupindira kwakakodzera kuverenga? Isu takanga tine nyaya apo yakanyatso-spec PM bushing yakatsemuka panguva yemusangano we-press-fit. Dambudziko rakanga risiri gwenzi; yaive yehasha yekutsikisa-fit spec yakatakurwa kubva kune yakagadzirwa chikamu dhizaini. Isu taifanira kuverengera iko kukwana zvichienderana neiyo chaiyo yekumanikidza simba reiyo porous zvinhu, kwete yayo theoretical yakasimba density.
Aya maonerwo akarongeka ndiwo anopatsanura mupi wezvikamu kubva kune anogadzira shamwari. Ndechokubvunza kuti, Chikamu ichi chinorehwa kuitei? pane kungoti, Tinogona kugadzira chimiro ichi? Zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa cheni yese yekugovera, kubva pakutsvagisa hupfu (apo kusawirirana kuri mambo) kusvika pakupihwa kwekupedzisira. Ndosaka vagadziri venguva refu, vangave vakanangana nePM, kukanda, kana machining, kazhinji vane ruzivo rwakadzama runoshanda. Vakaona kukundikana, vakaongorora kushomeka kwezvinhu, uye maitiro akagadziridzwa kuti mitsetse irambe ichimhanya. Chiitiko ichocho, rudzi rwakavakwa pamusoro pemakore makumi matatu sezvakacherechedzwa mukushanda kweQSY mukukanda nekugadzira, inozivisa nhanho yega yega-kubva pakusarudzwa kwezvinhu uye dhizaini yekugadzira kusvika pakuwongorora kwekupedzisira-kuona kuti chikamu hachingosangana nekudhindwa, asi chinopona munyika chaiyo.
Saka, pandinofunga nezvekushanda muupfu metallurgy, ishoma nezve maitirwo ebhuku uye zvimwe nezve iyi yakaunganidzwa layer yezvigadziriso zvinoshanda. Iwo munda waunogara uchienzanisa yakanakira fizikisi neicho chaicho chekugadzirwa kwehupfumi uye zvinhu quirks. Hupfu ndiyo yekutanga.
