Kana mumwe munhu akati 'mhando dzehupfu simbi,' pfungwa zhinji dzinosvetukira dzakananga kuchinyakare press-and-sinter. Ndiro bhiza rebasa, chokwadi, asi rinongova gedhi rekutanga. Hurukuro chaiyo inotanga paunobvunza: ndeipi basa rekupedzisira rechikamu? Iri nyore, rakaderera-stress bushing, kana inhengo yeturbine inoona kupisa kwakanyanya uye kutenderera kwemasimba? Musiyano iwoyo unokubvisa kubva kune rimwe bazi reiyi tekinoroji kuenda kune rimwe zvachose. Ndakaona magadzirirwo akawandisa achiuya umo mainjiniya akatsanangura giredhi rezvinhu asi anga asina kurwa zvizere nemaitiro ekugadzira nzira pahupenyu hwekuneta kana kugadzikana kwechimiro. Iyo gaka pakati peiyo CAD modhi uye iyo sintered chokwadi ndipo panogara marudzi chaiwo ehupfu metallurgy.
Dzvanya uye Sinter: Iyo Yekutanga uye Isingaonekwe Miganhu
Ngatitangei neubiquitous. Iwe unotora hupfu hwesimbi, kazhinji iron-based musanganiswa neimwe mhangura, nickel, uye graphite pre-alloyed kana kusanganiswa mukati, woidzvanya mufire yakaoma patembiricha yekamuri, wobva waipisa muchoto chinodzorwa. Zvisungo zvinoumba kuburikidza ne-solid-state diffusion. Inonyatso shanda kune yakakwira-vhoriyamu, kugadzira chimiro. Magiya, sprockets, zvimiro zvikamu mumidziyo - isingaverengeki mienzaniso.
Asi heino kubata munhu wese anotarisisa: density. Zvakajairwa kudzvanya-uye-sinter zvinowanzokwira kunze zvakatenderedza 92-95% ye theoretical density. Iyo yakasara porosity yakanaka kune akawanda maapplication, asi inouraya dynamic properties. Iyo yekuneta simba curve inodzika kunze zvinoodza mwoyo kare. Ndinoyeuka purojekiti ye hydraulic pombi giya apo yekutanga prototypes kubva kune yakajairwa P/M shopu yakakundikana nekukurumidza kupfuura simbi yakagadzirwa yakaenzana mukutsungirira kuyedzwa. Chikonzero chikuru chakanga chisiri chemakemikari; zvaive zviya zvima microscopic pores kuita as stress concentrators. Taifanira kuchinja kufunga kwedu.
Apa ndipo pane alloy masisitimu uye mafuta ekuzora zvakakosha. FN-0205 (iron ine 2% nickel uye 0.5% graphite) ichaita zvakasiyana zvikuru neFC-0208 (ine 2% mhangura) panguva yekupisa, inokanganisa shanduko ye dimensional uye simba rekupedzisira. Uye dova remhepo yevira rako? Yakakosha pakudzikisira oxide, kunyanya nezvinhu zvakaita sechromium kana manganese. Ita zvisizvo, uye une chikamu chisina kusimba. Haisi nzira chete; ndiko kuedza kwekemikari pasi pekupisa.
Kana Density isiri-Kukurukurirana: Metal Injection Molding uye Beyond
Saka, ko kana iwe uchida pedyo-yakazara density uye chimiro chakaomarara icho machining kubva kubhawa stock inoparadza 80% yezvinhu? Ndihwo humambo hwe Metal Injection Molding (MIM). Unosanganisa hupfu hwakatsetseka nepolymer binder, woigadzira sepurasitiki, wobva wabvisa nekungwarira binder (debinding) usati wanyura. Chikamu chinodzikira zvakanyanya - chakatenderedza 15-20% - asi zvakafanana kana chikafu chako chiri homogeneous. Iwe unowana densities pamusoro pe98%, kazhinji pedyo ne99%.
Runako rweMIM rwuri mune zvakadzama senge tambo dzemukati, undercuts, uye matete madziro. Isu takaishandisa iyo yekuvhiya chiridzwa chikamu, simbi isina tsvina 17-4 PH chikamu chine yakaoma latch mechanism. Kugadzira kwaive kutyisa kwemafixtures uye kuputsika kwemidziyo. MIM yakaiita imwe chete, se-sintered chidimbu. Asi dhiyabhorosi ari mukusunga. Kana iyo binder isina kubviswa zvakafanana, unowana kuputika kana blisters. Iyo inononoka, yakapfava yekudziya kutenderera, kwete hutsinye-simba oparesheni.
Izvi zvinobatana kune rimwe bazi: Kupisa Isostatic Kudzvanya (HIP). Dzimwe nguva unozvishandisa pachezvayo nehupfu mugaba (container HIPing), asi kazhinji, inzira yechipiri yekuvhara yakasara porosity mune imwe sintered part. Taizotora miviri yakaoma yevharuvhu yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekutsikirira-uye-sinter toiisa kuburikidza neHIP kutenderera-yakakwira argon pressure pakupisa kwakanyanya. Iyo inosvina iwo emukati pores kuvhara, zvinoshamisa kuvandudza ductility uye kumanikidza kutendeseka. Iyo inowedzera mutengo, asi yemafuta & gasi zvikamu, itikiti rekukodzera.
Iyo Forging Route: Powder Forging uye Niche Yayo
Zvadaro pane hupfu hwekugadzira. Iwe gadzira preform kuburikidza neyakajairwa kudzvanya, wobva watora iyo sintered (kana dzimwe nguva isina unsintered) preform uye inopisa kuigadzira mufa rakavharwa. Izvi zvinowana kuzara kwakazara uye yakanakisa michina zvivakwa, padyo neakagadzirwa forgings. The material goho rakanakisa. Kwave kuenda-kune-yakanyanya-kushushikana zvinhu zvemotokari senge tambo dzekubatanidza.
Asi mutengo wekushandisa wakakosha, uye unoda vhoriyamu kuti uzvipembedze. Iyo yekupisa manejimendi ine hunyengeri - kutora preform kune chaiyo tembiricha zvakafanana zvekuforoma pasina chikero kana decarburization. Ndakaona miedzo uko preform dhizaini isina kurongeka yakatungamira kufota mapete (laps), chirema chine njodzi muchikamu chine simba. Imhando ine simba yehupfu simbi, asi inoda ruremekedzo rwekugadzira hunyanzvi sesainzi yehupfu.
Kuwedzera Kugadzira: Iyo New Frontier Mumhuri
Iwe haugone kutaura nezve mhando nhasi usingabatanidze yekuwedzera kugadzira, kana Upfu Bed Fusion. Sarudza Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Iyi isimbi yehupfu mumutauro wayo chaiwo: kuvaka chidimbu nechidimbu nekunyungudusa upfu hune simba rakanangana. Iyo density inogona kuita 99.9%+ kana ma paramita akadanwa mukati.
Rusununguko rune shanduko, asi kupedzisa kwepamusoro uye kushushikana kwemukati ndiko kutengeserana. Iyo se-yakadhindwa pamusoro ine hunhu hukasha kubva pachidimbu chehupfu yakanyungudika, iyo inotyisa kuneta kana isina kurapwa. Uye iyo yakasara kushushikana kubva nekukurumidza kupisa uye kutonhora kunoda kuzorora kwekushushikana kana kupisa isostatic kudzvanya kutenderera. Isu takaiongorora kune yakasarudzika, yakaderera-vhoriyamu impeller dhizaini kuQingdao Qiangsenyuan. Iyo geometry yaive yakanakira iyo, asi kune inodiwa pamusoro pekuvimbika uye mutengo pachikamu pavhoriyamu yedu, takazoenda nekudyara kwekudyara kweiyo prototype run. AM yaive chishandiso chakakwana, asi kune iro basa chairo, yanga isiri chishandiso chakakodzera. Ndiwo musiyano wakakosha.
Iko Kukandira uye Powder Metallurgy Migwagwa Inoyambuka
Izvi zvinondiunza kune tangent yakakodzera. At Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), nemakumi emakore emugoko uye kukanda mari, hurukuro yacho inowanzoenda kune kuita kwezvinhu. Kana mutengi achida chikamu mune nickel-based superalloy yepamusoro-tembiricha sevhisi, sarudzo pakati pekudyara kwekudyara uye nzira yehupfu yesimbi seHIP inova pakati. Kukandira kunogona kubata mahombe, akaomesesa zvimiro zvinoyevedza, asi chimiro chezviyo uye mukana we micro-porosity ndiyo miganho. Powder HIPing inokupa yakanaka, yakafanana microstructure, zvakanyanya isotropic zvivakwa. Sarudzo inoenderana nehukuru, kuoma, zvinodiwa zvepfuma, uye saizi yakawanda. Dzimwe nguva, mhinduro yakanakisa ndeye hybrid: kushandisa preform yekukandira uye wozoisa poda-inotorwa coating kuburikidza ne thermal spray yekupfeka kuramba. Hazvirevi kuti mumwe ari nani; ndezvekubatanidzwa kwakakodzera kwemaitiro.
Chinhu Chisingatarisirwi: Hupfu pachahwo
Ese marudzi aya anotsamira pane yekutanga zvinhu: hupfu. Gasi atomized, mvura atomized, plasma inotenderera electrode process (PREP) -iyo nzira yekugadzira inotsanangura chimiro chechidimbu, kugoverwa kwehukuru, uye mukati me microstructure. Kune MIM, unoda izvo zvakanaka, zvakatenderedzwa zvimedu zvekuyerera kwakanaka uye kurongedza. Zvekutsikirira zvakajairwa, zvisingaite, zvimedu-atomized mvura zvinopindirana zviri nani kune simba rakasvibira. Kana iwe uri kushanda neanoshanda alloys setitanium kana akakosha alloys QSY rondedzero (cobalt-based, nickel-based), kubata hupfu pasi pemhepo inert hakugone kutaurirana. Oxygen pickup muurayi akanyarara we ductility.
Ndakadzidza izvi nenzira yakaoma kare. Batch ye316L stainless poda yeMIM yaive nehunyoro hwepamusoro zvishoma pane spec. Yakakonzera kupatsanurwa kwebinder-powder panguva yekuumbwa, zvichitungamira kune voids yaingoonekwa mushure mekupisa. Batch yese yaive scrap. Hupfu ndiyo hwaro. Chikanganiso ipapo hachigoni kugadziriswa zasi kwerwizi.
Saka, pandinofunga nezve 'mhando dzehupfu metallurgy,' ndiri kunyatsofunga nezvemuti wesarudzo. Tanga nebasa rechikamu, zvivakwa zvayo, geometry yayo, uye mutengo unogamuchirika. Iyo nzira inokuendesa kune iyo chaiyo hupfu uye nzira yekusimbisa yekusimbisa. Haisi rondedzero yezvasarudzo; kutevedzana kwehunyanzvi uye hupfumi hwekutengeserana, nemweya weporosity unovanda kumashure kwesarudzo dzese. Chinangwa ndechekusarudza maitiro anoita kuti chipoko chinyangarike, kana kuti chiite kuti chisakuvadze kuhupenyu hunodiwa nechikamu.
