Xa usiva i-'powder metallurgy steel', umfanekiso ongoko nangoko unokuba zezi zinto zigqibeleleyo, zisebenza ngokuphezulu ngqo kwiphepha ledatha elebhu. Ubunyani bomgangatho wevenkile buhlala bumdaka, kukho urhwebo phakathi kwesa sakhiwo silungileyo kunye noqoqosho olukhohlakeleyo lwemveliso. Akunjalo nje ngokucofa kunye nokuntywila; imalunga nokulawula okulindelweyo-zombini izinto kunye nezomthengi.
Umsantsa phakathi kwePhepha eliKhethekileyo kunye noMgangatho wevenkile
Sihlala sifumana imibuzo, ngamanye amaxesha ngokusebenzisa amaqabane afana Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), abanamava anzulu ekujuleni nasekusebenzeni, bebuza ukuba inxalenye eyenziwe ngoku ngokusasazwa kotyalo-mali ingatshintshelwa umgubo wesinyithi ngexabiso okanye ukusebenza. Umbuzo wokuqala kukuba asinakuze? kodwa sifanele? Kwisixhobo esintsonkothileyo esifuna amandla aphezulu okudinwa, i-PM inokuphumelela. Kodwa kwizindlu ezilula, ezinodonga olungqingqwa, ukwenziwa kwemveli okanye ukwenziwa komatshini ukusuka kwisitokhwe sebha kuhlala kuhlala kunexabiso eliphantsi, ngakumbi kwimithamo esezantsi. Umtsalane wemilo ekufutshane ne-net-shape unamandla, kodwa iindleko zezixhobo zokufa kwezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zinokuba ngumbulali weprojekthi.
Ndikhumbula iprojekthi yecandelo levalvu yehydraulic. Umzobo uchaze ukuxinana kwe-7.4 g/cm3 kwi powder metallurgy intsimbi ukuqinisekisa ukuvuza kokuqina. Siyifumene ngokucinezela kabini kunye nokucutha, kodwa i-dimensional warpage post-sintering yayiliphupha elibi. Inxalenye yayijongeka ilungile iphuma ezikweni, kodwa imilinganiselo yeCMM ixelele ibali elahlukileyo. Sichithe iiveki silungisa uyilo lwefom yangaphambili, ngokusisiseko sisakha ngokugqwetheka kwelinye icala, eliziva lichasene ngokupheleleyo. Isebenzile, kodwa yongeza i-15% kwixesha lophuhliso. Leyo yindleko efihliweyo-ukuphindaphinda.
Apha kulapho ukuba neqabane lobuchwephesha kungaxoxiswana. Nokuba ngeyona nkqubo ilungileyo ye-PM, uhlala ufuna ipasi lokugqibela lokunyamezelana okanye ukugqitywa komphezulu. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, kunye nabo CNC Machining ubuchule, buba yimfuneko. Awunako nje ukubanika inxalenye ye-sintered kwaye ulindele imimangaliso; izinto eziphathekayo ziziphatha ngokuhlukileyo kunentsimbi ekhandiweyo. I-abrasive ngakumbi kwaye inokuba ne-porosity. Sifunde ukucacisa ukuxinana kwe-sintered kunye nobunzima kumzobo esiwuthumela koomatshini, hayi nje ibakala lealloy. Inqaku elinje liqulethe i-porosity eshiyekileyo, sebenzisa izixhobo ezibukhali kusindisa wonke umntu intloko ebuhlungu.
IiNuances zeMathiriyeli eziNgaphaya kweIron kunye neCarbon
Isiseko somgubo wentsimbi siseyile nje. Ubugcisa bukwizongezo-umgubo owenziwe ngaphambili kunye nezinto zokuthambisa. Ukusebenzisa umgubo odityanisiweyo onje nge-Distaloy, ene-nickel kunye nobhedu olufakwe ngaphambili kumasuntswana entsimbi, kunika iipropathi ezininzi ezilinganayo emva kokuntywila xa kuthelekiswa nokuxuba nje umgubo wesiseko. Kodwa ibiza kakhulu. Kwisicelo sokugqoka okuphezulu, sinokuhamba kunye nomgubo wensimbi owenziwe ngaphambili oqukethe i-molybdenum, emva koko songeze ubhedu kunye negraphite ukuze sibe namandla. Umoya we-sintering uba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu-i-vacuum encinci okanye i-ammonia eqhekekileyo ukunqanda ukuchithwa kwe-decarburization. Yenza loo nto iphosakeleyo, kwaye intsimbi yakho eqinile ayiyi kuqina.
Kukho uluvo olungalunganga oluqhelekileyo lokuba amalungu e-PM abuthathaka ngokwendalo. Ayiyonyani ukuba yenziwe kakuhle. Ngenkqubo yokuqina kwemeko efana ne-carbonitriding, siphumelele ubulukhuni bomphezulu be-60 HRC powder metallurgy intsimbi amacandelo osasazo lweemoto. Undoqo kukuzuza ingxinano eyaneleyo kuqala. Inxalenye kwi-6.8 g/cm3 iya kuba ne-porosity edibeneyo efunxa igesi ye-carburizing kwaye ikhokelela kubunzulu betyala obungahambelaniyo. Yityhale iye ku-7.2 okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye iziphatha njengesixhobo esiqinileyo ngexesha lonyango lobushushu.
Ibali lokungaphumeleli: sake sazama ukwenza i-lever encinci, ephezulu yamandla kunye ne-undercut. Uyilo lwabiza i-undercut ukuba yenziwe ngexesha locinezelo ukunqanda umatshini wesibini. Kwakubonakala kukrelekrele. Kodwa ngexesha lokukhutshelwa kwidayisi, elo candelo lithambileyo, lidityanisiwe kodwa lingekabizi (into esiyibiza ngokuba yinxalenye eluhlaza), laqhekeka phantse ngalo lonke ixesha. Sizame ukuxutywa kwe-lubricant eyahlukeneyo kumxube we powder ukuphucula ukuhamba kunye nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana, kodwa uxinzelelo lomatshini lwaluphezulu kakhulu. Kwafuneka sihlengahlengise inxalenye, senze lula imilo kwaye samkele umsebenzi we-CNC kamva wokudala i-undercut. Kwakuyimeko yeklasi yokugqithisa ukuba yintoni amandla aluhlaza anokusingatha. Isifundo yayikukuyila inkqubo, hayi ukunyanzela inkqubo ukuba ilingane uyilo.
Xa i-PM idibana nezinye iinkqubo
Le yindawo enomdla. Iinkampani ezifana QSY jonga kwi utyalo mali kwaye iqokobhe ngundo ukuphosa. Ke i-PM ikhuphisana nini, kwaye izalisekisa nini? Kwii-alloys ekunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa, njenge-nickel-based superalloys, zombini i-PM kunye nokuphosa utyalo-mali ngabakhuphisani. I-PM inokubonelela ngesakhiwo sengqolowa ecolekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezinkulu kakhulu (cinga ngaphezu kwe-10 kg), ucinezelo olukhulu alunakwenzeka, kwaye ukuphosa kusalawula. Siye sabona iindlela ezixubeneyo apho i-PM pre-form entsonkothileyo iye yadityaniswa ize idityaniswe nesamente okanye indibano engoomatshini ngokusebenzisa ibrazing okanye iwelding. Yi-niche, kodwa isombulula iingxaki ezithile.
Kwiwebhusayithi yabo, tsngtaocnc.com, i-QSY idwelisa izinto ezifana ne-cobalt-based kunye ne-nickel-based alloys. Aba ngabagqatswa abaphambili be-PM ngokunjalo, ngakumbi kumalungu afuna ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye neempawu zokunxiba, njengezihlalo zevalvu okanye iiblade zeinjini yomoya. Indlela yomgubo inokunciphisa inkunkuma yempahla kwezi ngxubevange ezibizayo. Umceli mngeni kukutshisa ngaphandle kokwazisa izinto ezingcolisayo; ihlala ifuna amaziko anevacuum ephezulu. Iindleko zelo xesha lesithando somlilo zibhaka kwixabiso lenxalenye. Ke i-matrix yesigqibo ihlala ibuyela kumthamo, ubunzima, kunye neendleko zempahla.
Ndiyifumana imisebenzi yangemva kwe-sintering inika umdla. Inxalenye ye-sintered ayigqitywanga. Isenokufuna ubungakanani (ucinezelo lokugqibela kwidayiti), unyango lomphunga lwe-oksidi yomphezulu kunye nokutywinwa okuphakathi, okanye iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokwaleka. Sakha saba neqela lamalungu aphumelele zonke iimvavanyo zoomatshini kodwa asiphumelelanga kuvavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa lokumelana nokudleka. I-porosity, nokuba ayidityaniswanga, yayisibambisa isisombululo se-plating, esathi kamva saphuma saza sabangela amadyunguza. Ulungiso yayilinyathelo lokufakwa kweresin phambi kokubekwa-inkqubo elula, enexabiso eliphantsi engasoloko ikwi-spec sheet eqhelekileyo kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezithile.
INyaniso yezoQoqosho kunye neNiche yamandla
Ekupheleni kosuku, powder metallurgy intsimbi asiyombumbulu yomlingo. Yinkqubo enendawo emnandi kakhulu. Umthamo ophezulu (ukwenza i-amortize tooling), imodareyitha ukuya kwi-complexity ephezulu (ukuphucula inzuzo ye-net-shape), kunye nezinto ezixhamla kwi-microstructure ye-PM. Cinga ngee-sprockets ze-injini yemoto, iigiya zezixhobo zamandla, okanye izinto zokutshixa. Kwiprototypes enye-off okanye imiqulu ephantsi kakhulu, udla ngokuba ngcono machining ukusuka eqinileyo, nokuba yinkcitho. I-break-ven point sisihloko esiqhubekayo sengxoxo.
Apho ikhazimla khona kukudityaniswa kwezinto ongenakukwazi ukufikelela kuyo ngokulula kwenye indawo. Ukwenza inxalenye kunye nesakhiwo se-gradient-thi, enye isiphelo esityebileyo ngobhedu ukwenzela ukuqhuba ngcono kwe-thermal kunye nesinye isiphelo intsimbi esemgangathweni yamandla-inokwenzeka kumjikelo omnye we-press-sinter kunye noyilo oluhlakaniphile lokufa kunye nokufakwa komgubo. Siye sazama nge-self-lubricating bear ngoluhlobo, sisebenzisa isakhiwo sentsimbi esinengxuma esingeniswa ngepolymer. Isebenzile, kodwa ukulawula ubunzulu bokungena ngokuqhubekayo ibingumceli mngeni esingazange siwusombulule ngokupheleleyo kwimveliso yobuninzi.
Ukujonga indawo ebanzi, intsebenziswano phakathi kwabavelisi be-PM kunye neengcali ze-machinist ezichanekileyo yinto ehambisa icandelo elisebenzayo. Inkampani efana Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. imele amandla asezantsi okwenza ukuba i-PM isebenze kwizicelo ezichanekileyo. Senza i-close-net-shape ingenanto kunye neempawu zayo eziphathekayo ezilawulwayo; bayizisa kumda wayo wokugqibela kunye nesiphelo somphezulu. Yi-handoff efuna ukuqonda okwabelwanayo-ukwazi ukuba umphezulu we-sintered wahlukile, ukwazi apho i-porosity inokuba khona, kunye nokulungelelanisa ukutya, isantya, kunye neendlela zesixhobo ngokufanelekileyo. Loo ncoko yababini, ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na isixhobo esinye sesixhobo, yinto eguqula umgubo wesinyithi ube yinxalenye yomatshini othembekileyo.
