Uma ubona i-'Inconel 718 investment casting' ku-spec, ivamise ukuza neshidi ledatha elihlanzekile elifaka kuhlu amandla aqinile aqinile kanye nokumelana nokukhuphuka kufika ku-1300°F. Lokho ishidi elingavamile ukukusho inkani ye-alloy ngesikhathi sokuchithwa kwegobolondo, noma ukuthi ukungaqondi kahle okuncane ekungeneni kwesango kungashintsha kanjani ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi ye-turbine ibe yisisindo sephepha ebiza kakhulu. Kunombono oyiphutha ovamile wokuthi ngenxa yokuthi i-superalloy esetshenziswa kabanzi, inqubo isezingeni elifanayo. Akunjalo. Udeveli usekulawuleni okushisayo—uphatha ukushisa hhayi nje ngesikhathi sokuthela, kodwa kusukela lapho uqala ukwakha igobolondo le-ceramic.
Umdlalo We-Shell: Ngaphezu Kwe-Ceramic Dip
Ukuqala ngephethini ye-wax, inqubo ibonakala iqondile. Kodwa nge-718, i-gamma prime ephezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphindwe kabili kwe-gamma okuyinikeza lezo zakhiwo ezinhle nakho kuyenza ibe yiphupho elibi lokondla ukuncipha kokuqina. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa isakhiwo sesihlahla esifanayo ongasisebenzisa ku-304 engenasici. Lokhu ngikufunde kabuhlungu emsebenzini wokuqala womshini ovuthayo. Sisebenzise uhlelo olujwayelekile lokungena phezulu, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-wax okuhle, igobolondo eliphelele. I-NDT iveze inethiwekhi ye-microshrinkage kumalugi aminyene akhuphukayo. Impahla yayizwakala, kodwa ingekho umsindo ngokwanele. Ukucaciswa kubize ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic, futhi sehlulekile. Inkinga kwakungeyona i-alloy chemistry; kwaba ukuthi ibanga lethu lokudla lalingenele ezicini zokuqiniswa eziqondile ze-718. Bekufanele sibuyele emuva, sengeze izikhuphukeli ezengeziwe, futhi empeleni ukwanda i-modulus ezigabeni ezithile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqiniswa kokuqondisa maqondana neziphakeli. Yengeze izindleko nesikhathi ikhwotheshini yokuqala engakaze ithathwe.
Bese kuba khona igobongo uqobo lwalo. Amasistimu ajwayelekile we-zirconia/silica binder angasebenza, kodwa ezingxenyeni ezinezindonga ezincane noma izingxenye ezidinga ukuqedwa okukhethekile, sishintshele kumajazi obuso asuselwe kusilika. Ukungqubuzana kokwandisa okushisayo akubi kakhulu, kunciphisa ingozi yokudabula okushisayo njengoba ukupholisa okukhulu kwe-718 kuphola futhi kuvumelana negobolondo eliqinile. Kungumniningwane omncane, kodwa ukweqa lokho kuhlola kufana nokuthatha yonke i-plaster iyafana ekwakheni indlu. Ungase uthole isakhiwo, kodwa imifantu izoxoxa indaba.
Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi eyenziwe ngayo I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY). Sekungamashumi eminyaka besegeyimu, futhi indlela yabo yokwakha amagobolondo ye-nickel alloys iyindlela. Akukhona nje ngemijikelezo yediphu; imayelana nezindawo zokomisa ezilawulwayo phakathi kwejazi ngalinye ukuvimbela i-warpage yegobolondo. Ku-718, lapho ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokusakazwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwehlise lezo zigaba zokuqinisa, igobolondo elihlanekezelwe lingaholela ekucindezelekeni okusalayo engxenyeni ethi 'as-cast' okuthi ngisho nokwelashwa kwesixazululo kube nzima ukuyilungisa ngokugcwele. Amashidi enqubo yawo ahlala egcizelela ukulawulwa kokuswakama kwe-ambient—imininingwane evame ukunganakwa kodwa ebalulekile ekuzinzeni kohlangothi.
I-The Pour: Lapho I-Theory Ihlangana Neqiniso Elincibilikisiwe
Ukuncibilika nokuthela i-Inconel 718 ngaphansi kwe-vacuum umkhuba ojwayelekile wokulawula i-oxidation nokulahlekelwa kwesici esishintshashintshayo. Kodwa 'under vacuum' akusona isimo esinambambili. Izinga libalulekile. I-vacuum ephezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuncibilika ingaholela ekuhwamukeni okukhulu kwe-chromium. Ugcina ungaphakathi kwe-spec ye-nickel ne-niobium, kodwa i-chromium yakho iyagxuma, ibe nomthelela ukumelana ne-oxidation. Sisebenzisa i-vacuum enolaka kancane ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kokuqala, bese siyayinyusa ukuze icwengwe. Kungumdanso, hhayi ukushintshashintsha.
Izinga lokushisa lokuthulula lingenye ikholi yokwahlulela ebalulekile. Idatha ithi i-liquid icishe ibe ngu-1330°C. Ukuthela kushisa kakhulu kuholela ekukhuleni okubi kakhulu kokusanhlamvu kanye nokusabela okukhulu kwegobolondo, okonakalise indawo engaphezulu. Ukuthela okuphansi kakhulu kumema ama-mistuns, ikakhulukazi eziteshini zokupholisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Indawo emnandi ivamise ukuba newindi eliqinile elingu-20-30°C ngaphezu kwe-liquidius, futhi kuya ngengxenye yejometri. Ngomzimba we-valve wesigaba esiwugqinsi, ungase uye phezulu ukuze uthuthukise uketshezi. Ngobakaki we-aerospace onezindonga ezincane, wehla ngendlela ongalokotha ngayo. Ayikho impendulo etholakala emhlabeni wonke, yingakho ukuqhutshwa kwezinqubo zemfundo kungaxoxiswana.
Umzamo owodwa ongaphumelelanga wawuhilela indlu yokupompa. I-geometry yayinama-flange aminyene kanye nama-web angaphakathi amancane. Sithele ngezinga lokushisa lokuvumelana. Ama-flanges ayelungile, kodwa ama-webs abonisa ukuvala okubandayo. Ukulungisa kwakungekona nje ukulungisa izinga lokushisa; kudingeke ukuthi sidizayine kabusha isango ukuze silethe insimbi eshisa kakhulu ngokuqondile kulezo zingxenye ezincane ngokugeleza okulawulwayo, okungenaziyaluyalu. Yengeza ubunkimbinkimbi esihlahleni se-wax kodwa yagcina ingxenye. Yilapho umuzwa we-Foundry, njengesikhathi eside ukutshala imali ukugxila esitolo esifana ne-QSY, kubonisa inani layo. Cishe baye babona ikhulu ukuhlukahluka kwale nkinga.
Umphumela: Ukwelashwa Kokushisa Kuyingxenye Yenqubo Yokusakaza
Ukucabanga ukwelashwa kokushisa njengomsebenzi ohlukile, ngemuva kokusakazwa kuyiphutha nge-718. Isakhiwo se-as-cast sichaza ngokuqondile lokho ukwelapha okushisa kungakwazi futhi okungenakukufeza. Ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kuyisixazululo esifinyelela ku-980°C, okulandelwa umjikelezo wokuguga kabili. Kodwa uma unokuhlukaniswa okunzima kwe-dendritic esakhiweni sabalingisi (okuvamile ekutshalweni kwezimali), isikhathi sokwelashwa kwesixazululo singase singanele ukwenza i-homogenize ingxubevange. Uthola ubulukhuni obufanele ngemva kokuguga, kodwa ukuqina komthelela kungase kungahambisani.
Sake saba neqoqo lezinto eziphumelele zonke izivivinyo zemishini kodwa zehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi enkonzweni yokudlidliza okuphezulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Metallurgical kukhomba izindawo ezenziwe zasendaweni zesigaba se-brittle Laves, i-eutectic ene-niobium ecebile eyakha ngesikhathi sokuqina uma ukupholisa kungalawulwa. Isixazululo se-anneal besingakaqedwa ngokuphelele. Imbangela yalandelwa emuva ekupholiseni izinga lokupholisa ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo ngemva kokuthelwa. Besipholisa ngaphansi kwe-vacuum egcwele, okuyi-insulator enhle kakhulu. Ukunciphisa ukupholisa ngokugcwalisa emuva nge-argon ngemuva kokuqina kokulingisa kusize ukwehlisa ubukhali bokuhlukaniswa, okunikeza ukwelashwa okushisayo okulandelayo ithuba lokulwa. Yengeze isinyathelo, kodwa yenza inqubo yaqina.
Lokhu kusebenzisana yingakho izitolo ezihlinzeka ngokudidiyelwe CNC imishini kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa, njengengxenye yesevisi yabo njengezinhlaka ze-QSY, kunenzuzo. Abakwazi ukuphatha lezi zigaba njengezisele. Umakhi wemishini udinga ukwazi ukuthi ingabe okokusebenza kuzosebenza ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ingxenye, futhi lokho kunqunywa umlando wokulingisa nokushisa. Iphoqa umbono ophelele wochungechunge lokukhiqiza.
Amandla: Isithiyo Sokugcina
Wonke umuntu ukhuluma ngokusakaza okungu-718, kodwa ingxoxo ivame ukufihla ukuwenza. Izinto ezigugile zidume kabi futhi zisebenza nzima ngaso leso sikhathi. Uma inqubo yakho yokulingisa ishiya okuqinile, okuhlanganisiwe okuphukayo noma isikali se-alumina sangaphezulu kusuka ekuphenduleni kwegobolondo, uzobhubhisa amathuluzi okusika ngesikhathi sokudlula kokuqala. Ikhwalithi ye-as-cast surface ibaluleke kakhulu. Isistimu yegobolondo enhle kanye nokuthululwa okulawulwayo kunciphisa lesi sikali, kodwa okunye ukwelashwa kwendawo yesibili njengokuqhunyiswa okuqhumayo noma ukugaya amakhemikhali okuthambile kungase kudingeke ngaphambi kokuba ithuluzi lokuqala lithinte ingxenye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezelwa okuyinsalela kwenqubo yokulingisa kungaba okubalulekile. Uma ucindezela ingxenye egcizelelwe ku-fixture futhi uthathe ukusikeka okukhulu, ukhulula lokho kucindezeleka, futhi ingxenye iyanyakaza. Ungase ubambelele ekusebenzeni kokuqala, kodwa okwesithathu, konke kuvaliwe. Umjikelezo ofanele wokunciphisa ukucindezeleka ngaphambi kwanoma yimuphi umshini omkhulu ubalulekile. Kwesinye isikhathi, kuyafaneleka ukwenza imishini enzima, bese kuba enye impumuzo yengcindezi, bese uqeda ukwenza imishini. Kuzwakala kungasebenzi, kodwa ishibhile kunokuchitha ukulingisa osekucishe kwaqedwa ngoba kusonteke ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokugcina okuyisicefe.
Yilapho imodeli yesevisi ephelele ifakazela khona ukubaluleka kwayo. Umthengisi ophethe i- ukutshala imali kuye kumamachine okokugcina, njengezinkonzo ezikhonjiswe kuplathifomu ye-QSY, igqugquzelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe yonke inqubo yokwenziwa. Bangase baphakamise ukungeza isibonelelo somshini endaweni ethile noma ukuguqula kancane irediyasi yefillet engabalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyelela kwamathuluzi. Lena imininingwane esebenzayo, eyonga izindleko evela ekuphatheni konke ukuhamba komsebenzi, hhayi nje ukuthela.
Isiphetho: Luhlelo, Hhayi Isinyathelo
Ngakho, i-'Inconel 718 investment casting' akuyona inqubo eyodwa oyi-oda kukhathalogi. Kuwuhlelo lwezinqumo ezincike kwezinye: ikhemikhali yegobolondo, idizayini yokufaka isango, amaphrofayili ashisayo ngesikhathi sokuthela nokuphola, amapharamitha okwelapha ukushisa, kanye nesu lomshini. Ukulungiselelwa okuncane endaweni eyodwa kungasulwa ngokungahambi kahle kwenye. Izitolo ezihlale ziletha izingxenye ezithembekile yizona eziqonda lesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo. Abagcini nje ngokuthela insimbi esikhunjeni se-ceramic; baphatha uhambo olulawulwayo lwe-thermal kanye ne-metallurgical kusuka ku-wax kuya engxenyeni ephelile. Ishidi ledatha likunikeza indawo oya kuyo, kodwa ulwazi lwaphansi lwesitolo lubonisa okuwukuphela kwendlela esebenzayo yokufika lapho.
Lapho uhlola umphakeli, bheka ngale kohlu lwamathuluzi. Buza mayelana nezinhlelo zabo zegobolondo ezithile zama-alloys e-nickel ephezulu. Buza ngomjikelezo wabo wokwelapha ukushisa ojwayelekile we-as-cast 718 nokuthi bawufanelekela kanjani. Buza ukuthi baphatha kanjani inguquko ukusuka ekulingiseni kuye ekwenzeni imishini. Izimpendulo zizokutshela okuningi kakhulu mayelana nekhono labo kunanoma iyiphi incwajana ecwebezelayo. Umehluko phakathi kokulingisa okusebenzayo kanye nengxenye yobuqotho obuphezulu ukule mininingwane eqoqiwe, ezuzwe kanzima yokwenza.
