Lapho abantu abaningi bezwa 'i-wax casting elahlekile', babona ngeso lengqondo ingxenye yokugcina yensimbi ekhazimulayo—i- turbine blade, i-implant yezokwelapha, ucezu lobucwebe obuyinkimbinkimbi. Okucwebezelayo, cishe njalo, yisikhunta. Igobolondo le-ceramic elingewona umkhiqizo, kodwa ngaphandle kwalo umkhiqizo uvele ungekho. Yindawo engeyinhle echaza yonke into. Futhi kunombono oyiphutha ovamile, obizayo wokuthi iphethini ye-wax iyingxenye enzima. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, yilapho umsebenzi wangempela ungakaqali. Isikhunta yilapho inqubo iwinwa noma ilahleka.
Umdlalo We-Shell: Konke Mayelana Nezendlalelo
Ake sikhulume ngegobolondo ngokwalo. Akuyona i-dip-and-dunk eyodwa. Kuyisiko. Uqala ngomhlangano we-wax-isihlahla, amaqoqo, noma yini oyenzayo. Ijazi lokuqala, i-prime slurry, libaluleke kakhulu. Lesi isixhumi esibonakalayo esithwebula yonke imininingwane yephethini yakho ye-wax. Uma une-surface finish specs ye-Ra 3.2 noma engcono, leli jazi linquma ukuthi uzolishaya yini. Ngike ngabona izitolo zisebenzisa i-zircon-based slurry yalesi sendlalelo sokuqala, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezinobuqotho obuphezulu njengalezo ezisemkhathini noma zezokwelapha. Ufulawa we-refractory lapha muhle kakhulu, ucishe ufane nofulawa ongabhaka ngawo. Zikhona izigaxa? Uzozibona kamuva njengamaqhuqhuva ekulingiseni. Kuqinisekisiwe.
Inqubo ye-stuccoing elandela ukucwiliswa ngakunye ingenye ikholi yokwahlulela. Usayizi wokusanhlamvu we-stucco—silica ehlanganisiwe, i-alumina, isihlabathi se-zircon—uyanda ngongqimba ngalunye. I-stucco yokuqala ingaba i-200-mesh, cishe uthuli, ukugcina imininingwane. Ngejazi lesine noma lesihlanu, usebenzisa i-coarser 30-50 mesh material ukwakha ukujiya namandla we-dewax futhi uthele. Isigqi siyikho konke: dip, drain, stucco, dry. Phinda. Indawo yokomisa inguzakwethu othule. Kunomswakama kakhulu, futhi izingqimba ngeke zelaphe kahle; igobolondo lihlala 'liluhlaza' futhi libuthakathaka. Kushisa kakhulu futhi komile, futhi uzibeka engcupheni yokuqhekeka ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwe-solvent esheshayo. Ngike ngaba namaqoqo egunjini lokomisa elingalawulwa kahle aphuma nohlobo lwesikhumba esinesikhumba esisho inkinga kamuva.
Nenani lezendlalelo? Lokho akuveli encwadini. Isithombe esincane se-bronze singase siphume ngezingqimba ezingu-5-6. I-nickel-based turbine turbine blade ethela ngo-1500°C+? Ubheke 9, mhlawumbe 12 izendlalelo. Uyakha kuze kube yilapho igobolondo libe ne-heft ethile, umsindo othize ongacacile lapho ulithinta. Kuyinto ethintekayo. Umgomo igobolondo elikwazi ukusinda ekushiseni okushisayo (imvamisa i-autoclave yesitimu kulezi zinsuku) bese ibamba umfula wensimbi encibilikisiwe ngaphandle kokugoqeka noma ukuqhekeka. Leyo yiyo yonke inhloso ye isikhunta se-wax esilahlekile.
I-Dewaxing: Isikhathi Seqiniso
Lokhu ukuhlola kwangempela kokuqala kwegobolondo lakho. Zonke lezo zendlalelo ezicophelelayo sezizoshiswa nge-flash. Indlela endala yomlilo we-flash ngokuvamile ayisekho-ingcolile kakhulu, icindezela kakhulu kugobolondo. Manje sekungama-autoclave omusi anengcindezi ephezulu. Isimiso silula: ukushisa ngokushesha igobolondo, ncibilikisa i-wax ngaphakathi. Ukubulawa akunjalo. Izinga lokushisa nokukhuphuka kwengcindezi liyiresiphi. Ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi i-wax ekhulayo ingaqhumisa igobolondo ngaphandle ngaphakathi njengebhomu. Ihamba kancane kakhulu, futhi i-wax ingase incibilike futhi iphume ngokungalingani, ishiye izinsalela ezizosha kamuva futhi zidale ukukhubazeka.
Ngikhumbula umsebenzi wemizimba yamavalvu ensimbi engagqwali. Amaphethini we-wax ayeminyene. Siqhube umjikelezo ojwayelekile we-autoclave. Umphumela waba izinga lokuphuka kwegobolondo elingu-30%. I-wax, evaleleke phakathi nezingxenye eziwugqinsi, yanda ngokushesha kunokuba ikwazi ukuphuma ngesistimu yesango. Kwakudingeka sibuyele emuva futhi siguqule amaphethini we-wax-engeza ama-vents angaphakathi, ushintshe umklamo wesango-ukuze kube lula ukukhishwa kwe-wax. Kwakuyisifundo esinonya: ukwakheka kwesikhunta kuqala ngengcina, kodwa kufanele kuqinisekiswe esigabeni se-dewax. Igobolondo aligcini nje; usengxoxweni enodlame nengcina eklanyelwe ukuyishintsha.
Ukubuyiselwa kwe-wax kuwumhlaba wawo. Ukhipha i-wax, uyayihlunga, uyixube nengcina entsha ukuze ugcine izakhiwo. Kodwa leyo ngenye indaba. Igobolondo manje alinalutho, lintekenteke, futhi libambe imbobo ephelele yengxenye yakho. Kubizwa ngokuthi isimo esiluhlaza. Isitobhi esilandelayo: isithando somlilo.
Ukushiswa Nokuthulula: Lapho Ikhemistry Yenzeka khona
Isithando somlilo esivuthayo senza imisebenzi emibili: sisusa noma yiziphi izinsalela zokugcina ze-wax noma umswakama, futhi sishise izinhlayiya ze-ceramic ndawonye, siphendule igobolondo eliluhlaza libe isikhunta esiqinile, se-monolithic. Izinga lokukhuphuka libalulekile futhi. Udinga ukushisa kancane kancane izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kokudala amagesi aqhekeza igobolondo. Umjikelezo ojwayelekile ungase ubambe ku-200°C ihora, bese ukhuphuka kancane uye ku-900-1000°C. Awuyishisi nje; uguqula ikhemistri ye-binder odongeni.
Yilapho ulwazi lwezinto ezibonakalayo luyisihluthulelo khona. Uma uthela ingxubevange yezokwelapha ye-cobalt-chrome, ukwakheka kwegobolondo lakho kudinga ukumelana nokungena kwensimbi kulelo zinga lokushisa elithile. Igobolondo elidizayinelwe i-carbon steel lingase livele lihlangane ne-cobalt, libangele ukungcoliswa kwendawo. Izinkampani ezinolwazi olujulile lwezinto ezibonakalayo, njengokuthi I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd.(QSY), bakhe lolu lwazi enqubweni yabo phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Esizeni sabo, tsngtaocnc.com, bakhuluma ngokusebenza nge-cobalt ne-nickel-based alloys. Lokho kungitshela ukuthi kungenzeka benze ukwakheka kwegobolondo elithile—mhlawumbe nge-zircon eyengeziwe noma izibophezelo eziyisipesheli—ukuphatha ukusebenza kabusha okuphezulu kanye nezinga lokushisa elithela lawo ma-alloys. Akuyona inqubo ejwayelekile.
Uma isikhunta sishisa (ngokuvamile usithela sisemakhulu ambalwa amadigri Celsius ukuze uvimbele ukushaqeka okushisayo nokuthuthukisa uketshezi lwensimbi), uyathela. Insimbi ishaya i-ceramic. Lesi yisikhathi lapho isikhunta se-wax esilahlekile fakazela ukubaluleka kwabo. Kumele bamelane nokucindezeleka okushisayo, ingcindezi ye-metallostatic, futhi bangathuli noma yikuphi ukungcola. Igobolondo elingashiswanga kangako lingase libhilikike. Umuntu oxoshwe ngokweqile angase abe brittle. Iwindi elincane.
Knockout kanye Nomphumela
Ngemuva kokuthi ukubunjwa kuqinisiwe futhi kupholile, uthola ukuphula isikhunta. Kuyinqubo eyanelisayo, enobudlova—izindiza zamanzi, ukundindizela, ngezinye izikhathi amandla anonya. Igobolondo elenziwe kahle kufanele liphume libe yizicucu, hhayi uthuli. Uma isiphenduke impushana, kungenzeka ukuthi ibingashiswa kancane. Uma ihlanganiswe nensimbi ngamachashazi, lokho kusabela—okungalungile kwegobolondo lengxubevange.
Ingaphakathi lembobo yegobolondo, lelo elithinte insimbi, lixoxa indaba. Kufanele kube bushelelezi uma kuqhathaniswa. Uma ubona ukuthungwa kwekhasi eliwolintshi kumaholoholo, okuhunyushwa ngokuqondile endaweni yokulingisa. Lobo bunzima buvame ukuvela ekubeni ijazi lokuqala le-slurry libe likhulu kakhulu noma i-stucco yokuqala ingashumeki kahle. Irekhodi le-forensic lokucwiliswa kwakho kokuqala. Wonke amaphutha ngaphakathi kwesikhunta iba isici esihle ekubunjweni. Akukho ukucasha.
Yilapho izindleko zangempela zesici sesikhunta zibonakala khona. Umgodi ongaphezulu ekubunjweni ungase ugaywe. I-mistun evela kugobolondo eliqhekekile? Lokho ukulahlekelwa okuphelele, futhi ulahlekelwe yilo lonke inani elengezwe kusukela kuphethini ye-wax kuye phambili. Isikhunta siyinto edliwayo, kodwa yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eketangeni.
Ngale Kwezinga: Izingqinamba kanye Nezingcingo Zokwahlulela
Akuwona wonke ama-molds adalwe alinganayo. Cabanga ngengxenye enamashaneli ajulile, amancane—njengepuleti lokupholisa eliwuketshezi lezinto zikagesi. Ukuthola i-slurry ukuthi igqoke ngokulinganayo phakathi kwalawo mashaneli ngaphandle kokubamba umoya kuyiphupho elibi. Ungase udinge ukusebenzisa i-vacuum-assisted coating, noma ujikeleze isihlahla ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa. I-drainage iyinkimbinkimbi; i-slurry ingahlanganisana futhi idale izindawo eziwugqinsi ezibangela ukuqhekeka kwegobolondo kamuva.
Noma ama-cores. Ngezinye izikhathi udinga imigodi yangaphakathi engakwazi ukwakhiwa yi-wax yodwa. Ufaka ama-ceramic cores kuphethini ye-wax ngaphambi kokugoqa. Manje igobolondo lakho kufanele lihlangane noma okungenani lifake lo mgogodla ngesikhathi sokudubula nokuthulula. Ukwandiswa kokushisa okuhlukile phakathi kwegobolondo nezinto eziyinhloko kuwukuhluka okusha ngokuphelele. Uma zinganyakazi ndawonye, umgogodla ungashintsha noma uqhekeke, wonakalise ijometri yangaphakathi. Lena insimu ethuthukisiwe, lapho isikhunta siba isakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela.
Bese kuba nesikali esiphelele. Ngisebenze ekubunjeni izingxenye ezingaphezu kwemitha ubude. Igobolondo lento enkulu kufanele lisekele isisindo salo ngesikhathi liphathwa. Ukuhlelwa kokucwiliswa, ukomiswa, kanye nokuhambisa lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu, ezintekenteke kuwumsebenzi wobunjiniyela ngokwawo. Awukwazi nje ukulandela imanuwali. Uthuthukisa amaqhinga—ama-rack angokwezifiso, ukulandelana okukhethekile okomisa. Kulapho iminyaka engu-30 yokusebenza, njengalokho i-QSY ecaphuna khona, ihumusha ohlotsheni lomuzwa ojulile, oxazulula izinkinga. Ufunda ukuthi igobolondo elihle lizizwa kanjani ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamaphethini. Kuwumsebenzi wezandla obekwe phezu kwesayensi.
Ngakho-ke uma ubheka ukufakwa kwe-investment ngokunemba, ungavele ubone insimbi. Bona isipoki segobolondo le-ceramic elenzile. Yonke i-contour, yonke indawo engaphezulu, lonke udonga oluncane luwubufakazi bekhwalithi nokulawulwa kwalezo ezifakwe izingqimba, zobumba ezishisiwe. isikhunta se-wax esilahlekile. Bangofakazi abangaculwa, abachithiwe kuyo yonke inqubo. Ukuzilungisa akusona isinyathelo; kuyinqubo. Konke okunye ukulungisa noma ukuhlanza.
