I-Stainless Steel 304 (evame ukubhalwa njenge-SUS304 noma i-AISI304) iyinsimbi engenasici ye-austenitic esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene emhlabeni. Ibanga layo lesiShayina lithi 06Cr19Ni10. Okulandelayo kunikeza incazelo enemininingwane yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini, nezinkambu zokusetshenziswa ze-Stainless Steel 304.
I. I-Core Chemical Composition
Ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ye-Stainless Steel 304 kunqunywa ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali okunembayo. Izigaba zokuqamba eziyinhloko (ngokuvumelana ne-ASTM A240standard) zimi kanje:
| Isici | Ibanga Lokuqukethwe (wt%) | Umsebenzi Oyinhloko |
| I-Chromium (Cr) | 18.0–20.0% | Isici esiyinhloko: Yakha ifilimu eqinile ye-chromium oxide, enikeza izici "ezingenasici" kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuyisisekelo. |
| I-Nickel (Ni) | 8.0–10.5% | Isici esibalulekile: Iqinisa ukwakheka kwe-austenitic, ihlinzeka ngokuqina okuhle kakhulu, okungewona uzibuthe, ukushisela, nokumelana nokugqwala okuthuthukisiwe. |
| Ikhabhoni (C) | ≤0.08% | Ithuthukisa amandla. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kungaholela kalula ku-intergranular corrosion ngemuva kokushisela, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenguqulo ye-304L enekhabhoni ephansi. |
| I-Manganese (Mn) | ≤2.0% | Ithuthukisa amandla futhi ithathe indawo yendima ye-nickel. |
| I-silicon (Si) | ≤0.75% | Isebenza njenge-deoxidizer futhi ithuthukisa amandla okushisa okuphezulu. |
| I-Phosphorus (P) | ≤0.045% | Isici sokungcola, sidinga ukulawula (yehlisa ukuqina). |
| Isibabule (S) | ≤0.030% | Isici sokungcola, sidinga ukulawula (kuthinta ukusebenza okushisayo). |
| I-nitrogen (N) | ≤0.10% | Ingathuthukisa amandla, ikakhulukazi ku-304L. |
| Insimbi (Fe) | Ibhalansi | Isisekelo sensimbi. |
Umehluko ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali amamaki aphuma kokunye:
304L: I-Carbon (C) ≤ 0.03%, inciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuzwela kwe-weld.
304H: Ikhabhoni (C) 0.04–0.10%, edizayinelwe ukuthuthukisa amandla ezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokusebenza kokukhasa.
II. Izakhiwo Zemishini Ejwayelekile
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zegumbi lokushisa lokushisa kwegumbi le-Stainless Steel 304 esimweni sokufakwa kwesixazululo (isimo esivame kakhulu esihlinzekwayo) zimi kanje:
| Inkomba yokusebenza | Inani Elijwayelekile | Incazelo |
| Amandla Okuqina | ≥515 MPa | Amandla amakhulu okudonsa amanzi angakwazi ukumelana ngaphambi kokuphuka. |
| Isivuno Amandla (0.2% offset) | ≥205 MPa | Iphuzu lokucindezeleka lapho okubalulekile kuqala khona ukuguquguquka unomphela. |
| Ukwelula (50mm gauge ubude) | ≥40% | Inkomba eyinhloko: Ubude obuphakeme kakhulu bubonisa ubupulasitiki obuhle kakhulu nokuqina, okwenza kube lula ukwenza izinqubo zokubumba ezibandayo njengokudweba okujulile nokugoba. |
| Ukuqina (Brinell Hardness HB) | ≤201 HB | Ubulukhuni obuphansi ngokuqhathaniswa, okubonisa ukuthambekela okubalulekile kokuqina komsebenzi (kuba nzima ngesikhathi sokusebenza). |
| I-Modulus ye-Elasticity | ~ 193 GPA | Ngokufanayo ne-carbon steel, isilinganiso sokuqina kwempahla. |
| Ukuminyana | ~7.93 g/cm³ | Iphansi kancane kune-carbon steel. |
Izici ezibalulekile:
Okungewona uzibuthe: Okungewona uzibuthe kusimo sokukhishwa ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokusebenza okubandayo (njengokusika, ukugoba, ukunyathela), enye i-austenite ingase iguquke ibe i-martensite, okuholela kumagnetism ebuthakathaka. Ubuqiniso akufanele bahlulelwe kuphela ngozibuthe.
Ukusebenza kanzima: Ngokushesha iba nzima futhi ibe namandla ngesikhathi sokusebenza okubandayo, kodwa ipulasitiki iyancipha. Ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kungase kudinge ukuhunyushwa okuphakathi nendawo.
III. Izinkambu Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko
Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu sekukonke, i-Stainless Steel 304 isetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izimboni zempilo yansuku zonke:
| Inkambu yohlelo lokusebenza | Isicelo Esiqondile | Izizathu Zokukhetha 304 |
| Imboni yokupheka neyokudla | Izimbiza, izitsha, izitsha, osinki, ama-countertops; imishini yokucubungula ukudla, amathangi okugcina, amapayipi, izitsha zokudlela. | Ukuphepha Nenhlanzeko: Imelana nokugqwala, kulula ukuyihlanza, ayikho i-leaching eyingozi (ibanga lokudla). |
| I-Architecture & Decoration | Izindonga zamakhethini, i-hardware yomnyango/amafasitela, ama-handrails, imihlobiso ye-lifti, ukufulela, izingxenye zesakhiwo. | Ubuhle Nokuqina: Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqedwa kwendawo (okubhulashiwe, isibuko, ukuqhunyiswa kwesihlabathi), ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle komkhathi, impilo ende. |
| Imishini Yezimboni & Amakhemikhali | Amathangi esitoreji, izinto ezishintsha ukushisa, amapayipi, imikhumbi ye-reactor (yemidiya engagqwali kakhulu), imishini yendwangu/yamaphepha. | I-General Corrosion Resistance: Ukumelana kahle nezinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali nezimo zezimboni, ukusebenza kahle. |
| Imishini Yasekhaya | Izigubhu zomshini wokuwasha, amalayini okushisa amanzi, amakesi kahhavini wemicrowave, omalayini besiqandisi, izinto zangaphakathi zomshini wokuwasha izitsha. | Imelana nomswakama/ukugqwala komusi, iyathandeka ngobuhle, inamandla aphezulu. |
| Ezokuthutha | Ukusikwa kwemoto, izinto zangaphakathi zokuthutha umphakathi, izingxenye zesitsha, izingxenye zesistimu yokukhipha umoya. | Ukumelana nesimo sezulu esihle, kulula ukwakha nokushisela. |
| Ezokwelapha Nezemithi | (Idinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile okungaphezulu) Izisekelo zamathuluzi okuhlinza, izindlu zempahla engahlanzekile, izingxenye zokuthintwa okungezona ezibalulekile kumishini yokwenza imithi. | Kulula ukuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane, amelana nezibulala-magciwane ezivamile. |
| Amandla Nezemvelo | Amayunithi e-flue gas desulfurization, izingxenye ezingezona ezibalulekile ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi, amabakaki okukhweza amaphaneli elanga. | Ukusebenza okuthembekile ezindaweni ezigqwalile ngokumaphakathi. |
IV. Isifinyezo
I-Stainless Steel 304, ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali okulinganiselwe (18/8 chromium-nickel), inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, ukwakheka okungenakuqhathaniswa, kanye nokushisela, okuyenza ibe "insimbi yendawo yonke" yoqobo. Iwukukhetha ukonga kakhulu futhi okuthembekile ezindaweni eziningi ezivamile. Kuphela uma ubhekene nezindawo ezine-chloride ephezulu (njengamanzi olwandle, usawoti ocwengiwe) noma imidiya yamakhemikhali egqwala kakhulu, lapho kudingeka khona ukucabangela ukuthuthukela ku-molybdenum equkethe i-316 stainless steel.
