Bari mu kasance masu gaskiya, yawancin samarin sayayya da ma wasu injiniyoyin dunƙule simintin gyare-gyare da foda (PM) tare a matsayin tsarin tafiyar da tsarin da ke kusa da kuma kiran shi a rana. Wannan wurin farawa ne mai kyau, amma ya rasa ainihin labarin. Zaɓin ba wai kawai game da siffar ba; game da tafiyar kayan ne daga tulun sako-sako zuwa wani tsattsauran bangare, da abin da wannan tafiyar ke yi ga ruhinsa — ƙananan tsarinsa, da yawa, da rufin aiki. Na ga ayyukan sun ɓace saboda wani ya nace ga PM don wani ɓangaren da ya yi kururuwa don saka hannun jari, ko akasin haka, yana bin takaddun takamaiman ba tare da fahimtar tsarin DNA ba.
Babban Bambanci: Liquid vs. Solid State
Wannan shine babban cokali mai yatsu a hanya. Yin wasan kwaikwayo shine game da ƙarfafawar sarrafawa. Zaki dauko abu ki narke a cikin ruwa ki zuba a cikin rami. Sihiri - da ciwon kai - yana faruwa yayin daskarewa. Tsarin hatsi, ƙanƙanta porosity, rarrabuwar abubuwa masu haɗawa: duk ana yin su ta hanyar yadda kuke sarrafa canjin ruwa-zuwa mai ƙarfi. Tare da saka hannun jari, wanda muka gudanar da tsaunuka na sassa a shagonmu, kuna yaƙi da tashin hankali yayin zubawa da ciyar da raguwa ta hanyar hadadden harsashi yumbura. Rawa ce tare da thermodynamics a ainihin-lokaci.
Ƙarfe na foda, a gefe guda, ya tsallake yanayin ruwa gaba ɗaya (rabewa, amma wannan wani nau'in zafi ne). Kuna haɗa foda mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe a cikin mutuwa sannan ku dumama shi don haɗa abubuwan. Fa'idar ita ce daidaiton girman girma da kuma ikon ƙirƙirar gami ba za ku iya narkewa da jefawa cikin sauƙi ba, kamar wasu abubuwan haɗin tungsten. Amma diddigin Achilles shine ainihin porosity. Wannan hanyar sadarwa na ƙananan ɓangarorin suna iyakance ductility da rayuwar gajiya. Kuna iya hot-isostatic-latsa (HIP) zuwa kusan cikakkar yawa, amma yanzu farashin ku yana kwankwasa kofa. Wasan ciniki ne.
Na tuna wani ɓangaren bawul na sashin mai & iskar gas. Zane na farko na abokin ciniki ya ƙayyadad da PM don tsananin jurewarsa akan wasu ɓangarorin waje masu wayo. Amma sashin kuma yana da sassan sirara-bangon kuma yana buƙatar jure gajiya mai tsayi. Mun ja da baya, muka ba da shawarar canzawa zuwa harsashi mold simintin gyaran kafa tare da gawa na tushen cobalt, sannan kuma mashin ɗin CNC daidaitaccen mashin ɗin don waɗannan tsagi masu mahimmanci. Tsarin harsashi ya ba mu kyakkyawan yanayin ƙarewa da ƙarin kaddarorin isotropic fiye da simintin yashi na yau da kullun, kuma tsallake batun porosity ba zai yiwu ba don gajiya. Sun gwada duka biyun. Bangaren da aka yi da simintin gyare-gyare ya wuce samfurin PM da kashi uku a gwajin gajiya. Darasi? Ana iya yin juriya a cikin injin; Muhimmancin kayan abu sau da yawa ba zai iya ba.
Haƙiƙanin Abu: Ba Komai Yake Gudu ko Ƙarfafawa ba
palette ɗin kayan aikinku yana ba da umarnin hanyar aiwatar da ku, wani lokacin ba tare da tausayi ba. A QSY, Mu routinely zuba kome daga ductile baƙin ƙarfe zuwa nickel-tushen superalloys kamar Inconel 718. Wadannan high-yi gami da m fluidity; suna sluggish kuma suna iya yin kuskure a cikin ƙananan sassan. Zuba su yana buƙatar gyare-gyaren da aka rigaya da kuma sau da yawa vacuum ko taimakon matsa lamba. Ba za ku iya haɗa yawancin waɗannan a cikin nau'in foda ba kuma ku sami sashi mai amfani - abubuwan haɗin gwiwar ba sa wasa da kyau yayin atomization foda ko compaction.
Sabanin haka, PM shine sarkin kayan porous (tunanin bearings masu shafan kai) da kuma na ƙarfafa karafa masu ɓarkewa. Ƙoƙarin jefa wani sashi tare da daidaitaccen 20% volumetric porosity don riƙe mai babban mafarki ne. Amma tare da PM, kawai kuna sarrafa matsa lamba da zagayowar sintering. Yana da kyau ga wannan takamaiman buƙata. Mun sami bincike sau ɗaya don molybdenum crucible. Yadda ake yin molybdenum? Kusan ba zai yuwu ba saboda matsananciyar narkewar wurinta da yanayin iskar oxygen. PM ita ce kawai hanyar da za ta iya, kuma dole ne mu ƙi aikin kamar yadda yake a wajenmu yin simintin gyaran kafa da injina layi. Sanin iyakokin shagon ku yana da mahimmanci kamar sanin hanyoyin.
Sai kuma abar labarin. Yin wasan kwaikwayo yana haifar da sprue, masu gudu, da masu tashi-wani lokaci nauyin yawan amfanin ƙasa bai kai rabin nauyin da aka zuba ba. Ana iya sake yin amfani da shi, amma makamashi ne na remelt. PM yana alfahari kusa da 97% amfani da kayan aiki; kawai kuna amfani da foda da kuke buƙata. Wannan babban direban farashi ne don kayan tsada kamar karfen kayan aiki ko superalloys. Amma wannan foda ita kanta ta fi tsada a kowane kilo fiye da kayan da aka samu. Maƙasudin ƙetare tattalin arziƙi shine maƙasudi mai motsi dangane da farashin kayan aiki da juzu'i.
Gaggawar Hannun Machining: Inda Mafi yawan Sassa ke Ainihin gaske
Wannan shi ne inda alkawarin-siffar-kusa-da-kusa ya hadu da dabarar nika na gaskiya. Ƴan simintin simintin gyare-gyare ko ɓangarorin PM suna da ainihin siffa ta yanar gizo don mu'amala mai mahimmanci. Kusan koyaushe suna buƙatar a Injin CNC gama. Da kuma yadda suke na'ura ke raba duniya.
Kyakkyawan simintin saka hannun jari mai inganci a cikin bakin bakin 17-4PH na iya samun kawai 0.5mm zuwa 1mm na haja akan saman rufewa. Yana sarrafa injina da kyau, ana iya faɗi. Sashe na PM na nau'in lissafi mai kama da haka, ko da bayan an haɗa shi, na iya zama mai ɓarna da rashin daidaituwa. Waɗancan ƙuruwan da ba su gani ba suna yin kama da ƙananan ɓangarorin da ke ɓata gefen kayan aikin ku. Kuna samun kyakkyawan girma, amma rayuwar kayan aikin ku ta ragu. Dole ne mu haɓaka ka'idojin ciyarwa/gudu daban-daban kuma mu yi amfani da ƙarin sanyaya mai ƙarfi don sassan da ba su da tushe da simintin gyare-gyare. Kudin aiwatarwa na iya goge ajiyar gaba daga PM idan ba a ƙididdige shi da wuri ba.
Kuma bari mu yi magana game da lahani. Lalacewar simintin gyare-gyare-ragon raguwa, haɗar yashi-yawanci macroscopic ne. Kuna iya ganin shi tare da PT ko RT. Rashin lahani na PM sau da yawa yana da dabara: ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi, yanki mai ƙarancin carbon-dan kadan daga yanayin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Yana iya nunawa a ƙarƙashin micrograph kawai ko kuma ya sa wani sashe ya gaza a cikin gwajin matsananciyar damuwa. Hanyoyin sarrafa inganci sun bambanta. Don mahimman abubuwan haɓakawa, galibi muna dagewa kan bincikar simintin rediyo don simintin gyare-gyare, yayin da ga sassan PM, muna iya ƙididdige gwajin ƙima da ƙima.
Ƙimar Kuɗi: Ba Mai Sauƙi ba ne
Kayan aiki shine babban rabo na farko. A hadaddun zuba jari simintin gyaran kafa mold, musamman ga harsashi mold simintin gyaran kafa, yana da tsada. Kuna gina mutu don ƙirar kakin zuma, to kowane harsashi yumbu abin amfani ne. Don ƙananan juzu'i, zalunci ne. PM kayan aiki - da compaction ya mutu - suna da taurare karfe kuma zai iya zama ido-wateringly tsada, amma ka buga fitar da sassa na dubun dubatar hawan keke. Ƙararren ƙarar maɓalli ne. Don gudanar da ƙasa da guda 5000, yin simintin yakan yi nasara akan farashin kayan aiki. Sama da 50,000, PM yana fara kallon maras ƙarfi, yana ba da kayan aiki da aikin aiki.
Amma jira, akwai nuance. Idan sashinku yana da abin rufe fuska fa? Ana iya sarrafa cibiya ta gefe a cikin simintin gyare-gyare. Wani mataki na gefe a cikin ƙarancin ƙarancin PM yana da rikitarwa, yana iyakance fitar da sashi, kuma yana tafiyar da farashin kayan aiki ta cikin rufin. Ba zato ba tsammani, don wannan ɓangaren juzu'i mai rikitarwa, farashin simintin kowane sashi na iya zama ƙasa da kayan aikin sararin samaniya na PM, har ma a mafi girma. Na zauna ta cikin tarurrukan ƙira-don-ƙera inda muka juyar da shawarar sau uku yayin da ƙirar ta tweaked fasalin da aka yanke.
Lokacin jagora wani tsadar shiru ne. Tsarin simintin gyare-gyare, daga mold zuwa labarin farko, na iya zama da sauri-yan makonni. Samar da madaidaicin foda na ƙarfe, musamman don ƙirar al'ada, na iya samun lokacin jagora na watanni. A lokacin sarkar samar da kayayyaki na ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, mun komo abokan ciniki zuwa simintin gyare-gyare kawai saboda za mu iya samun 316L na bakin karfe don sake narkewa lokacin da foda na 316L yana da sati 26. Amincewar abubuwan wadata.
Hasashen Tunani da Hange na gaba
Abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa ba su kasance cikin simintin gyare-gyaren simintin gyare-gyare ko tsantsar PM ba, amma a cikin yanki mai launin toka. Ƙarfe Injection Molding (MIM), wanda shine ainihin PM tare da mai ɗaure filastik, yana satar kaso daga ƙananan ƙananan simintin saka hannun jari. Yana ba da mafi kyawun ƙarewa da cikakkun bayanai fiye da PM na gargajiya. A gefe guda, kuna da tsarin simintin-HIP inda zaku ɗauki simintin saka hannun jari da zafi-isostatic-latsa shi don kawar da microporosity, yana ba ku simintin simintin gyare-gyare tare da ƙirƙira-kamar yawa. Mun gwada wannan akan wasu abubuwan haɗin injin turbin masu inganci da su nickel tushen gami. Sakamakon yana da ban sha'awa, amma farashin na kasafin kuɗin sararin samaniya ne, ba na mota ba.
Sa'an nan akwai binder jetting da sauran ƙarin fasaha masana'antu. Wasu suna kiran shi PM kusa da shi. Kuna har yanzu kuna haɗa foda, amma Layer by Layer ba tare da mutuwa ba. Don samfuri guda ɗaya ko maye gurbin ɓangaren kayan aiki inda farashin kayan aiki ya kashe aikin, mai canza wasa ne. Amma don ƙididdigar samarwa sama da ƴan ɗari, saurin gudu da kowane sashe har yanzu ba za su iya taɓa hanyoyin gargajiya ba. Yana da kari, ba maye ba tukuna.
Idan aka waiwaya baya sama da shekaru talatin, yanayin ba shine nasara ɗaya ba. Yana da game da mafi nagartaccen wasan daidaitawa. Matsayin gwani kamar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) ba kawai don bayarwa ba harsashi m ko zuba jari da machining. Yana da a fahimci cewa alwatika-tsari na kayan abu-dukiya-tsari da kyau sosai don shiryar da zaɓi daga matakin zane. Wani lokaci amsar da ta dace ita ce simintin gaskiya. Wani lokaci madaidaicin sashin PM ne. Sau da yawa, sanin wanda ba haka ba ne, da kuma samun gogewa-da kuma tabo daga gazawar da ta gabata-don yin wannan kiran kafin a zubar da ƙarfe ko kuma a haɗa foda.
