Idan ka tambayi wani ya ayyana simintin saka hannun jari, sau da yawa za ka sami layin littafi: daidaitaccen tsarin yin simintin ne ta amfani da harsashi yumbu. Wannan ba laifi ba ne, amma yana kama da kwatanta mota a matsayin abin hawa mai ƙafa huɗu—ta rasa duk abin da ke sa ta kaska. A cikin duniyar gaske, musamman bayan shekaru talatin a cikin wannan wasan, ma'anar tana cikin cikakkun bayanai, sasantawa, da kuma warware matsalolin da yake buƙata. Ba wai kawai yin hadaddun siffofi ba ne; shi ne game da sarrafa hargitsi na thermal fadada, gating zane mafarki mafarki, da kuma har abada yaki da saman lahani. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin hakan don kyawawan sassan sararin samaniya ne, amma wannan kuskure ne na kowa. Na ga an yi amfani da shi don komai daga maƙallan famfo mai sauƙi zuwa na'urar dasa ta likita inda rami ɗaya zai iya nufin gazawa.
Tushen Tsarin: Kakin zuma, Shell, Zuba
Bari mu fara da abubuwan yau da kullun kamar yadda suke faruwa a ƙasa. Zuciyar saka hannun jari shine tsarin kakin zuma. Yana da sauƙi, amma cakuda kakin zuma kanta kimiyya ce ta mallaka. Yayi laushi sosai, kuma yana lalacewa yayin sarrafawa; ya yi karyewa sosai, kuma yana tsage lokacin da kake ƙoƙarin haɗa itace mai rikitarwa. A shagon mu, mun share shekaru muna yin tweaking wannan. Kuna allurar kakin zuma a cikin ƙirar aluminium - galibi ana yin ta ta hanyar injin CNC don daidaito - don ƙirƙirar kwafin ɓangaren ƙarshe. Sa'an nan, da hannu ko da mutum-mutumi za ka walda waɗannan alamu a kan tsakiyar kakin zuma sprue don samar da bishiya. Wannan mataki na yaudara ne mai mahimmanci. Ƙirar kusurwa da ƙirar haɗin gwiwa a nan suna yin umarni da kwararar ƙarfe daga baya. Yi kuskure, kuma za ku sami tashin hankali wanda ke jawo haɗawa cikin simintin gyare-gyare ko haifar da rufewar sanyi.
Mataki na gaba shine gina harsashi yumbura. Wannan shine inda kalmar saka hannun jari ta fito - kuna saka hannun jarin tsarin tare da kayan da ba su da tushe. Yana da tsarin tsoma-da-dunk: na farko mai kyau zirconia ko alumina slurry, sa'an nan wani m stucco na fused silica ko mullite. Kuna maimaita wannan sau 6 zuwa 9, bushewa tsakanin riguna. Ƙwarewar ba kawai a cikin maimaitawa ba; yana cikin yin hukunci akan slurry danko yau da kullun. Danshi ya shafe shi. Zazzabi yana shafar shi. Idan rigar farko ta yi sirara sosai, shigar ƙarfe yana lalata ƙarshen saman. Ya yi kauri sosai, kuma yana iya kama iskar gas ko fashe yayin cirewa. Na tuna wani batch na wasu bakin karfe bawul inda muka garzaya da bushewa. Harsashin ya yi kama da kamala, amma a lokacin dewax autoclave, tururi ba zai iya tserewa da sauri ta cikin rigar ciki mai kauri ba. Harsashi sun fashe daga matsi na ciki. Jimillar hasara. Gaskiyar ita ce ma'anar ta ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan gazawar.
Bayan dewaxing da harbe-harbe, an bar ku da rami mai yumbu mai yumbu mai zafi. Zubawa ita ce fasaharta. Don kayan kamar alawa na tushen nickel ko na tushen cobalt, waɗanda muke ɗauka akai-akai, kuna ma'amala da matsanancin yanayin zafi da ƙarfi mai sauri. Ba kawai ku zuba ba; kana bukatar ka sarrafa thermal gradient. Zuba a hankali sosai, kuma ƙarfen ya yi sanyi kafin cika sassan sirara. Zuba da sauri, kuma kuna lalata cikin yumbu mai rauni, yana gabatar da lahani kamar yashi. Har yanzu ƙirar tana kusa da 1000°C lokacin da narkakken ƙarfe ya same shi. Wannan girgizar zafin rana lokaci ne mai ma'ana - a zahiri. Sakamakon nasara mai nasara a cikin wani ɓangaren siffa mai kusa-net, amma ma'anar nasara yana da isasshen iyaka a cikin ƙira don ba da damar yin amfani da injin CNC na gaba don buga juzu'i.
Inda Ma'anar Ya Samu Gaske: Kalubalen Material
Yi magana da duk wani tsohon soja, kuma za su gaya muku cewa don ayyana simintin saka hannun jari da gaske, dole ne ku yi magana da kayan. Ba tsari ɗaya ba ne. Zaɓin gami yana yin umarni da kowane siga a sama. Ɗauki 17-4 PH bakin karfe. Dokin aikin gama gari ne, amma yana da kula da ƙimar sanyaya. Idan ba a sarrafa sanyaya harsashi ba, zaku iya samun matakan da ba a so waɗanda ke kashe kayan aikin injiniya. Sannan kuna da superalloys, tushen nickel da na tushen cobalt. Waɗannan su ne don matsananciyar yanayi - injin turbine, abubuwan shaye-shaye. Ma'anarsu na castability yana da tsauri. Suna da manyan wuraren narkewa kuma suna da saurin haifar da abubuwa masu cutarwa na kusa-kusa (TCP) idan ba a sarrafa ƙarfi sosai ba.
Wannan shi ne inda gwaninta ke haifar da ka'idar. Littafin karatun na iya cewa a yi amfani da saurin zubo don sassan bakin ciki. Amma tare da gawa na tushen cobalt, zubar da sauri zai iya haifar da yage mai zafi saboda gami yana da tsayin daskarewa. Kuna buƙatar daidaita zub da sauri tare da mold preheat zafin jiki. Mun koyi wannan akan aikin don abokin ciniki na petrochemical. Bangaren ya kasance grid mai haɗaɗɗiya mai ƙara kuzari a cikin gami da nickel-chromium. Gudun farko ya haifar da bala'i masu zafi a cikin gidan yanar gizon. Maganin ba a cikin gating; yana cikin goyan bayan zafin zafin jiki da kusan 50 ° C don ƙirƙirar ƙaramar zafi mai ƙarfi, ƙarfafa ƙarfafawar kwatance. Wannan gyare-gyare ba ya taɓa kasancewa a cikin ma'anar asali, amma shine ainihin aikin.
Kuma kar mu manta da kayan ferrous kamar carbon da gami karfe. Sun fi yin afuwa akan raguwa amma suna iya yin zalunci akan harsashi. Babban zafi zai iya haifar da halayen ƙarfe-harsashi, wanda zai haifar da matsala mai wuya, gilashin saman da ake kira shigar ƙarfe. Don magance wannan, ƙirƙira na farko na slurry gashi yana da mahimmanci - sau da yawa yana buƙatar matattara ta musamman ko ƙari. Tattaunawa ce ta yau da kullun tsakanin masanin kimiyyar kayan aiki da injiniyan tushe. Lokacin da muka ce mun ƙware a waɗannan kayan a QSY, yana nufin mun gina ɗakin karatu na waɗannan dabarar, girke-girke na gyarawa sama da shekaru 30. Ba layi ba ne; littafi ne na matsalolin da aka warware.
Hannun Hannun Injin: Daga Casting zuwa Ƙarshe Sashe
Babu ma'anar simintin saka hannun jari da aka kammala ba tare da tattauna abin da zai faru bayan an ƙwanƙwasa harsashi ba. An bar ku da simintin gyare-gyaren da ke da ƙofofi da masu gudu, kuma wasu saman za su buƙaci injina. Wannan shi ne mahimmin handoff. Alkawarin saka hannun jari yana kusa da sifar hanyar sadarwa, amma kusa shine lokaci mai sassauƙa. Don nau'in nau'in na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, zaku iya samun haƙuri mai mahimmanci a cikin 0.05mm. Tsarin simintin gyare-gyare shi kaɗai ba zai iya riƙe hakan ba. Wannan shi ne inda kayan haɗin gwiwar, kamar abin da muka gina a Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), ya nuna darajar su. Samun CNC machining a cikin gida ba kawai dacewa ba ne; tsarin kula da inganci ne.
Masu injin suna buƙatar fahimtar simintin. Suna buƙatar sanin inda yuwuwar raguwar porosity na iya kasancewa (sau da yawa kusa da wuraren da za a daskare) don guje wa faɗuwar kayan aiki a ciki. Suna buƙatar fahimtar alawus ɗin hannun jari. Yawancin lokaci muna barin 0.5mm zuwa 2mm akan filaye masu mahimmanci, amma wannan ya dogara da sashin lissafi da gami. Bakin karfe mai bakin bakin bango zai iya jujjuyawa yayin sanyaya, yana buƙatar ƙarin haja. Masu shirye-shiryen CNC da injiniyoyin kafa dole su yi magana da yare ɗaya. Na ga ayyukan sun gaza saboda an ƙera simintin gyare-gyare ba tare da wani tunani ba don sarrafa mashin ɗin, wanda ya haifar da mummunan mafarki mai girgiza da ba a iya gani a gadon CNC.
Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine ya sa yawancin abokan ciniki, musamman waɗanda ke cikin sassa kamar makamashi ko injinan masana'antu, ke neman kantin tsayawa ɗaya. Ba kawai suna son mai siyarwa wanda zai iya ayyana simintin saka hannun jari ba; suna son wanda zai iya isar da gamayya, bangaren aiki. Suna aiko mana da bugu don famfo gidaje a duplex bakin karfe. Muna gudanar da kwaikwaiyo don ƙarfafawa, samar da kakin zuma gyare-gyare, jefa shi, zafi-bi da shi ga lalata juriya, sa'an nan inji flange fuskõkinsu da ango ramukan a kan mu CNC cibiyoyin. Rahoton dubawa na ƙarshe ya yi nuni da amincin simintin gyare-gyare (X-ray) da ma'aunin injina (CMM). Wannan shine cikakken ma'anar aiki.
Matsalolin gama gari da Kusan Tarkon Dama
Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin fahimtar abu shine ganin inda ya karye. Babban sashi na aikina shine bayan mutuwar mutum akan simintin gyare-gyaren da ba a yi takamammen bayani ba. Rikici akai-akai yana dagula tsarin gating. A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingantaccen ciyarwa, injiniyoyi wani lokaci suna tsara manyan sanduna masu gudu masu ruɗi. Wannan yana ƙara ƙarar ƙarfe da ake buƙata, farashin harsashi, da lokacin tsaftacewa. Mafi muni, zai iya haifar da wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da lahani na raguwa a cikin ɓangaren kanta. Wani lokaci, gating mafi sauƙi a tsaye daga sashin mafi nauyi shine mafi kyau. Kiran hukunci ne, kuma kawai kuna haɓaka wannan hukuncin ta ganin gazawar.
Wani tarko yana ɗauka duka zuba jari yana da inganci-madaidaici. Haƙurin da za a iya samu aiki ne na girman sashi, gami, da sarrafa tsari. Don ƙaramin sashi, barga mai ƙarfi, ± 0.13mm a kowace 25mm yana da ma'ana. Amma don babban firam a cikin ƙarfe na carbon, kuna iya kallon ± 0.5mm ko fiye saboda raguwar da ba a iya faɗi ba. Alkawarin da yawa a matakin ambato shine girke-girke na bala'i. Dole ne in zauna tare da tallace-tallace kuma in bayyana cewa kawai saboda za mu iya jure wa kan wasan golf ba yana nufin za mu iya kan jikin bawul ɗin kilogiram 20 ba. Ma'anar tsari yana da ginanniyar canji.
Tsammanin ƙarewar saman kuma yana buƙatar sarrafawa. Fuskar simintin simintin gyare-gyare daga kyakkyawan harsashi yumbu na iya zama santsi sosai, kusan 3.2 μm Ra. Amma wannan ba gogewar madubi bane. Idan abokin ciniki yana buƙatar madubi don aikace-aikacen kwararar ruwa, wannan shine aikin goge goge na biyu. Maganar ita ce, tsarin yana da iyaka. Ƙarfinsa yana da rikitarwa da sassauƙar kayan abu, ba lallai ba ne ya cimma cikakkiyar kyakkyawan ƙarshe ko mafi tsananin haƙuri da kanshi. Yana daga cikin masana'antar muhalli.
Neman Gaba: Ma'anar Juyawa
Don haka, don da'irar baya da ƙoƙarin ayyana simintin saka hannun jari a hanyar da ke nuna bene na bita, shine wannan: daidaitaccen tsari, tsarin simintin ƙirar ƙira wanda nasararsa ta dogara ne akan hulɗar sarrafawar samfurin kakin zuma, harsashi yumbu mai laushi, da narkakken ƙarfe, tare da cikakkiyar ƙimarsa ta gane ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa shi tare da ƙira mai tunani da aiwatar da simintin bayan simintin kamar magani mai zafi da machining. Sarka ce, kuma kowane hanyar haɗin gwiwa-daga allurar kakin zuma zuwa QC ta ƙarshe—dole ne ta riƙe.
Ma'anar ba ta tsaya ba. Tare da zuwan bugu na 3D don kakin zuma kai tsaye ko ma samar da yumbu, iyakokin suna blurring. Yanzu za mu iya samar da alamu guda ɗaya don samfurori ba tare da kayan aiki ba, wanda shine juyin juya hali don ci gaba. Amma ainihin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi — canja wurin zafi, ƙarfafawa, ƙarfin ƙarfe — ya kasance iri ɗaya ne. Sabbin kayan aikin kawai bari mu yi kasawa da sauri kuma mu koyi sauri.
Ga kamfani kamar QSY, tare da shekarun da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin bel ɗin sa, ma'anar ita ma tana cikin ilimin da aka tara. Yana a cikin daure na slurry girke-girke, da database na solidification kwaikwayo na sassa daban-daban iyalai, da ƙwararrun idanu na ma'aikaci wanda zai iya duba wani dewaxed harsashi da sanin ko yana da sauti. Kuna iya samun ma'anar asali a ko'ina. Amma ainihin, gritty, fahimta mai amfani-wanda ke mayar da zane zuwa abin dogara, babban aiki a cikin simintin ƙarfe, ƙarfe, ko kayan aikin nickel na tushen-abin da kawai za ku samu daga yin shi, rana da rana, da koyo daga kowane zuba, mai kyau da mara kyau. Wannan shi ne jarin, fiye da simintin gyare-gyare.
