Tinene zoona, anyamata ambiri ogula zinthu komanso mainjiniya ena amapangira zitsulo ndi zitsulo zamafuta (PM) palimodzi ngati njira zofananira ndi ukonde ndikuzitcha tsiku. Iyi ndi poyambira yabwino, koma imaphonya nkhani yeniyeni. Kusankha sikungokhudza mawonekedwe; ndi za ulendo wa zinthu kuchokera pa mulu wosasunthika kupita ku gawo lolimba, ndi zomwe ulendowo umachita ku moyo wake - microstructure yake, kachulukidwe, ndi denga la ntchito. Ndawonapo mapulojekiti akusokonekera chifukwa wina adaumirira PM pa gawo lomwe likufuna kutulutsa ndalama, kapena mosemphanitsa, kuthamangitsa pepala osamvetsetsa momwe DNA imagwirira ntchito.
The Core Divergence: Liquid vs. Solid State
Uwu ndiye mphanda wofunikira panjira. Kuponya ndi za kulimba kolamulidwa. Mumatenga zinthu, kuzisungunula kukhala zamadzimadzi, ndikuzithira mubowo. Matsenga - ndi mutu - zimachitika pamene ukuundana. Kapangidwe kambewu, kuchepa kwa porosity, kulekanitsa kwa zinthu zophatikizika: zonse zimatengera momwe mumayendetsera kusintha kwamadzi ndi kolimba. Ndi kasungidwe ka ndalama, komwe tayendetsa mapiri ambiri pashopu yathu, mukulimbana ndi chipwirikiti panthawi yothira ndikudyetsa shrinkage kudzera mu chipolopolo chovuta kwambiri. Ndi kuvina kokhala ndi thermodynamics munthawi yeniyeni.
Powder metallurgy, kumbali ina, imadumpha gawo lamadzimadzi (kusiya pambali, koma ndi kutentha kosiyana). Mukuphatikiza ufa wachitsulo mu ufa ndikuwotcha kuti muphatikize tinthu tating'ono. Ubwino wake ndi kusasinthika kowoneka bwino komanso kuthekera kopanga ma aloyi omwe simungasungunuke ndikuponyera, monga ma tungsten ena. Koma chidendene cha Achilles ndi porosity yobadwa nayo. Ma network ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono amachepetsa kufooka ndi kutopa kwa moyo. Mutha kutsitsa-isostatic-press (HIP) mpaka kuchulukira kokwanira, koma tsopano mtengo wanu ukugogoda pa chitseko cha forgings. Ndi masewera osinthanitsa.
Ndikukumbukira gawo la valve la gawo la mafuta ndi gasi. Chojambula choyambirira cha kasitomala chinafotokozera PM chifukwa cha kulolera kwake pamipata ina yakunja. Koma mbaliyo inalinso ndi zigawo zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala ndipo imafunika kupirira kutopa kwakukulu. Tinakankhira mmbuyo, tinaganiza zosintha chipolopolo nkhungu kuponyera yokhala ndi aloyi yochokera ku cobalt, ndikutsatiridwa ndi makina olondola a CNC a ma groove ovutawo. Chikombole cha chipolopolocho chinatipatsa chiwongolero chapamwamba komanso mawonekedwe a isotropic kuposa mchenga wamba, ndipo kudumpha nkhani ya porosity kunali kosakambitsirana chifukwa cha kutopa. Iwo anayesa onse awiri. Gawo lopangidwa ndi makinawo lidapitilira mawonekedwe a PM ndi magawo atatu pakuyesa kutopa. Kodi tikuphunzirapo chiyani? Kulekerera kumatha kupangidwa mu; kukhulupirika kwakuthupi kofunikira nthawi zambiri sikungathe.
Zowona Zakuthupi: Sizinthu Zonse Zomwe Zimayenda Kapena Zophatikizana
Phale lanu lazinthu limatengera njira yanu, nthawi zina mopanda chifundo. Pa Mtengo wa QSY, nthawi zonse timatsanulira chirichonse kuchokera ku chitsulo cha ductile kupita ku ma superalloys opangidwa ndi nickel monga Inconel 718. Ma alloys apamwamba kwambiriwa amakhala ndi madzimadzi oopsa; iwo ndi aulesi ndipo amakonda kuchita molakwika m'zigawo zopyapyala. Kuwathira kumafuna nkhungu yotenthedwa kale ndipo nthawi zambiri kupukuta kapena kuthandizidwa ndi kupanikizika. Simungathe kuphatikizira zambiri mwazinthuzi kukhala ufa ndikupeza gawo logwiritsiridwa ntchito - ma alloyings samasewera bwino panthawi ya ufa wa atomization kapena compaction.
Mosiyana ndi izi, PM ndiye mfumu yazinthu zopangira porous (kuganiza zodzipangira mafuta) komanso kuphatikiza zitsulo zosokoneza. Kuyesa kuchita nawo gawo limodzi ndi 20% voliyumu porosity yosunga mafuta ndikovuta. Koma ndi PM, mumangowongolera kukakamiza kophatikizana komanso kuzungulira kwa sintering. Ndi kaso kuti yeniyeni chosowa. Tinali ndi kafukufuku kamodzi pa crucible ya molybdenum. Kuponya molybdenum? Pafupifupi zosatheka chifukwa cha malo ake osungunuka kwambiri komanso chizolowezi cha okosijeni. PM inali njira yokhayo yotheka, ndipo tinayenera kukana ntchitoyi chifukwa inali kunja kwathu kupopera ndi makina msewu. Kudziwa malire a shopu yanu ndikofunikira monga kudziwa njira.
Ndiye pali nkhani yotsalira. Kuponya zimapanga sprue, othamanga, ndi risers-nthawi zina kulemera kwa zokolola kumakhala kosakwana theka la kulemera kwake kutsanuliridwa. Ndi recyclable, koma remelt mphamvu. PM imadzitamandira pafupi ndi 97% yogwiritsa ntchito zinthu; mumangogwiritsa ntchito ufa womwe mukufuna. Ndilo dalaivala wokwera mtengo wazinthu zodula monga zitsulo kapena ma superalloys. Koma ufa umenewo ndiwokwera mtengo kwambiri pa kilogalamu imodzi kuposa katundu wa ingot. Economic crossover point ndi chandamale chosuntha kutengera mtengo wazinthu ndi gawo la geometry.
Kugwirana Chanza kwa Machining: Kumene Magawo Ambiri Amafotokozedwa
Apa ndipamene lonjezo lapafupi ndi net-shape limakumana ndi gudumu logaya zenizeni. Magawo owerengeka ochepa chabe kapena ma PM amakhala owoneka bwino pamawonekedwe ovuta. Nthawi zonse amafunikira a CNC makina kumaliza. Ndipo momwe makinawo amakhalira padziko lapansi.
Kuponya kwabwino kwabwino mu 17-4PH kosapanga dzimbiri kumatha kukhala ndi 0.5mm mpaka 1mm ya katundu pamalo osindikizira. Imagwira bwino ntchito, mwachidziwikire. Gawo la PM la geometry yofananira, ngakhale pambuyo pa sintering, likhoza kukhala lopweteka komanso losagwirizana. Tizibowo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timakhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa m'mphepete mwa chida chanu chodulira. Mumapeza gawo lokongola, koma moyo wa zida zanu umatsika. Tinayenera kupanga ma protocol osiyana siyana a chakudya/liwiro ndikugwiritsa ntchito zoziziritsa kukhosi zoziziritsa kukhosi pazigawo za sintered motsutsana ndi zopanda kanthu. Mtengo wapambuyo pokonza ukhoza kufafaniza ndalama zomwe zasungidwa ku PM ngati sizikuwerengedwa koyambirira.
Ndipo tiyeni tikambirane za zolakwika. Chilema choponyera - ming'oma yocheperako, kuphatikiza mchenga - nthawi zambiri imakhala macroscopic. Mutha kuziwona ndi PT kapena RT. Chilema cha PM nthawi zambiri chimakhala chobisika: kachulukidwe kachulukidwe, malo ocheperako pang'ono kuchokera kumlengalenga. Zitha kuwoneka pansi pa micrograph kapena kupangitsa gawo lina kulephera pakuyesa kupsinjika kwambiri. Ma paradigms owongolera khalidwe ndi osiyana. Pazinthu zofunikira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri timaumirira kuti tiwunikenso ma radiographic pakuyika, pomwe pazigawo za PM, titha kutchulanso kuyesa kachulukidwe ka batch ndi kusanthula kwa microstructural.
Mtengo wa Equation: Sizophweka
Tooling ndiye chogawa chachikulu choyamba. A zovuta ndalama kuponyera nkhungu, makamaka kwa chipolopolo nkhungu kuponyera, ndi okwera mtengo. Mukupanga kufa kwa phula la sera, ndiye chipolopolo chilichonse cha ceramic ndi chodyedwa. Kwa ma voliyumu otsika, ndi nkhanza. Zida za PM - compaction imafa - ndizitsulo zolimba ndipo zimatha kukhala zokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma mumadula magawo masauzande ambiri. Voliyumu ya breakeven ndiyofunikira. Pakuyenda pansi pa zidutswa za 5000, kuponyera nthawi zambiri kumapambana pamtengo wa zida. Pamwamba pa 50,000, PM imayamba kuwoneka ngati yosatsutsika, malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri komanso magwiridwe antchito.
Koma dikirani, pali nuance. Nanga bwanji ngati mbali yanu ili ndi njira yochepa? Mbali yam'mbali mu nkhungu yoponyera imatha kuyendetsedwa. Chochita cham'mbali mu kufa kwa PM compaction ndizovuta, zimalepheretsa kutulutsa, ndikuyendetsa mtengo wa zida padenga. Mwadzidzidzi, pa gawo lovuta kwambiri la geometrically, mtengo wa nkhungu pagawo lililonse ukhoza kukhala wotsika kuposa zida zakuthambo za PM, ngakhale pamavoliyumu apamwamba. Ndakhala pamisonkhano yopangira kupanga pomwe tidasintha malingalirowo katatu pomwe kapangidwe kake kamasinthira gawo limodzi.
Nthawi yotsogolera ndi mtengo wina wopanda phokoso. Kuponya, kuchokera ku nkhungu kupita ku nkhani yoyamba, kungakhale kofulumira - masabata angapo. Kupeza ufa wachitsulo woyenera, makamaka kwa aloyi yachizolowezi, kumatha kukhala ndi nthawi yotsogolera ya miyezi. Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, tidabweza makasitomala kuti ayambirenso ntchito chifukwa titha kupeza 316L zosapanga dzimbiri kuti tikonzenso pomwe ufa wa 316L udakhala ndi zotsalira zamasabata 26. Kudalirika kwa zinthu zoperekedwa.
Kuganiza Zophatikiza ndi Kuwona Zam'tsogolo
Zosangalatsa kwambiri sizili mu kuponya koyera kapena PM koyera, koma kudera la imvi. Metal Injection Molding (MIM), yomwe kwenikweni imakhala PM yokhala ndi chomangira pulasitiki, imaba gawo lazogulitsa zazing'ono, zovuta. Imapereka kutha kwapamwamba komanso tsatanetsatane kuposa PM yachikhalidwe. Kumbali inayi, muli ndi ma cast-HIP njira pomwe mumatenga ndalama zopangira ndalama ndikuzisindikizira kuti muchotse microporosity, kukupatsani kuponya geometry yokhala ndi kachulukidwe ngati kachulukidwe. Tayesa izi pazigawo zina za turbine zodalirika kwambiri ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi nickel. Zotsatira zake ndi zochititsa chidwi, koma mtengo wake ndi wa bajeti za ndege, osati zamagalimoto.
Ndiye pali binder jetting ndi zina zowonjezera kupanga njira. Ena amati PM moyandikana. Mukusakanizabe ufa, koma wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza popanda kufa. Kwa ma prototypes amodzi kapena cholowa m'malo pomwe mtengo wa zida umapha pulojekiti, ndizosintha. Koma pakupanga ma voliyumu opitilira mazana angapo, liwiro ndi mtengo wagawo lililonse silingakhudzebe miyambo yakale. Ndizowonjezera, osati zolowa m'malo.
Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo pazaka makumi atatu, zomwe zikuchitika si njira imodzi yopambana. Ndi zamasewera apamwamba kwambiri ofananira. Udindo wa katswiri ngati Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. si kungopereka chipolopolo nkhungu kapena kuponya ndalama ndi makina. Ndiko kumvetsetsa kuti katatu kagawo kazinthu-katundu kozama kwambiri kuti kutsogolere kusankha kuchokera pagawo la mapulani. Nthawi zina yankho lolondola ndi kuponyera kowona mtima kwambiri. Nthawi zina ndi gawo lolondola la PM. Nthawi zambiri, ndikudziwa kuti si ndani, komanso kukhala ndi chidziwitso - komanso zipsera za zolephera zakale - kuyimba foni isanatsanulidwe chitsulo kapena ufa usanapangidwe.
