Anthu ambiri akamva mawu akuti ‘gravity cast iron,’ amayerekezera kutsanuliridwa mumchenga. Ndilo poyambira wamba, koma pochita, makamaka pazigawo zomwe zimafunikira kukhulupirika kwenikweni, ndipamene zovuta zimayambira. Liwu lenilenilo likhoza kukhala losocheretsa—sikungonena za chitsulo ndi mphamvu yokoka; ndi za kulimba koyendetsedwa, kapangidwe ka nkhungu, ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe achitsulo m'njira yomwe njira zina monga kuponyera kwamphamvu kwambiri sizingakhudze ntchito zina. Ndawonapo zojambula zambiri zikubwera ndi zinthu zina za 'cast iron' komanso njira yoyitanitsa 'kuponya mphamvu yokoka' popanda kumvetsetsa bwino za kusinthanitsa. Malingaliro nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo, otsika luso. Zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo, inde, koma kuzilakwitsa ndikokwera mtengo, ndipo kuzikonza kumafuna chidziwitso chakuya cha njira zomwe sizidziwikiratu.
Chiyambi cha Njirayi: Zili mu Mold ndi Metal
Kusiyanitsa kwenikweni mu khalidwe kumayamba kalekale chitsulo chisanagunde ladle. Zili mu nkhungu. Popanga zipolopolo, zomwe kampani imakonda Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. ali ndi chidziwitso chakuya mu, nkhungu palokha ndi wochiritsidwa utomoni-mchenga gulu. Mapeto ake ndi apamwamba kuposa mchenga wobiriwira, ndipo kulondola kwake kumakhala kocheperako. Koma potengera mphamvu yokoka, njira zoloweramo—zimene zimatsogolera chitsulo chosungunukacho—ndizo zonse. Simukukakamiza zitsulo kuti zilowe pansi; mukudalira mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu ya mumlengalenga kuti mudzaze chibowo. Ngati zipata zikulakwika, mumapeza mistruns kapena kuyenda kwa chipwirikiti komwe kumakokera ma oxides mu gawolo, ndikupanga zofooka. Ndimakumbukira gulu la matupi a hydraulic valve pomwe tinali ndi shrinkage porosity mosalekeza mu gawo lakuda. Kukonza sikunali kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri; inali kukonzanso chipata kuti chilimbikitse kukhazikika kolunjika ku chokwera chomwe titha kuchidula. Zinatenga kubwereza katatu.
Ndiye pali chitsulo chomwe. 'Chitsulo choponyedwa' si chinthu chimodzi. Pakuponyera mphamvu yokoka, chitsulo chotuwira (flake graphite) ndi chitsulo cha ductile (spheroidal graphite) ndizofala kwambiri, koma machitidwe awo ndi adziko lapansi. Gray iron imakhala yonyowa kwambiri komanso yosinthika koma imakhala yolimba. Chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimba kwambiri komanso kutalika kwake. Kusankha pakati pawo sikungoyang'ana katundu wamakina; ndi mmene amalimbikira. Ductile chitsulo amafuna kusamala inoculation mankhwala atangotsala pang'ono kutsanulira kuonetsetsa graphite mitundu mu mabwalo. Ngati chithandizocho chizimiririka (chili ndi 'zenera' lochepa), kapena ngati sulfure yachulukira muchitsulo choyambira, mumapeza graphite yocheperako, ndipo gawolo limatsika. Ndi nkhani yowongolera njira yokhazikika pa maziko oyambira, osati zomwe mungatchule pachithunzi ndikuyiwala.
Apa ndipamene mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali umafunikira. Wothandizira omwe amayang'anira zonse zoponya ndi zotsatila CNC makina, monga QSY imachitira, ali ndi chidwi chofuna kumveka bwino kuyambira pachiyambi. Amadziwa kuti malo olimba kuchokera ku chitsulo chozizira kapena pobowola pansi amatha kuwononga chida chodulira panthawi yokonza, kutembenuza kuponya kowoneka bwino kukhala nyenyeswa. Kuwongolera kwa njira zawo mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo chachitsulo zimakhudza mwachindunji dipatimenti yawo yokonza makina. Zimakakamiza malingaliro ophatikizika opanga zomwe simumapeza nthawi zonse kuchokera ku maziko omwe amangotsanulira zitsulo.
Kumene Kuponyera Kokoka Kumamveka (ndipo Kumene Kulibe)
Simugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka pakhoma lopyapyala, magawo ogula okwera kwambiri. Ndilo gawo lakupha. Gravity casting's niche ndi yapakati mpaka kutsika kwa magawo omwe ndi ovuta, okhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo amafunikira makina abwino. Ganizirani zoyambira zamakina, nyumba zamapampu, ma gearbox olemetsa, kapena mabatani akulu pazida zamafakitale. Njirayi imalola kugwiritsa ntchito mchenga kuti apange ndime zamkati-chinthu chovuta kwambiri pakufa. Mwachitsanzo, jekete lamadzi lamkati lamutu wa silinda ya kompresa ndi woyenera kwambiri.
Koma pali njira yolephera yomwe ndakumana nayo: kupanga mopitilira muyeso. Akatswiri opanga zitsulo nthawi zina amapanga gawo lokhala ndi nthiti zopyapyala zambiri komanso ukonde kuti achepetse kulemera. Mu mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo, izi zikhoza kukhala tsoka. Zigawo zoonda zimazizira kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kudyetsa koyenera kuchokera ku zokwera, zomwe zimatsogolera ku netiweki ya micro-shrinkage. Gawolo likhoza kupitilira kuyang'ana kowoneka koma kulephera pakuyesedwa kapena kukakamizidwa. Phunziro ndilakuti kupanga chitsulo champhamvu yokoka kumafuna kumvetsetsa malire a maziko - makulidwe ochepa ovomerezeka a khoma, momwe mungasinthire pakati pa zigawo zokhuthala ndi zoonda, ndi malo olimbikitsa. Ndi ntchito yokonza mothandizana, osati kungoponyedwa pakhoma.
Mfundo ina yothandiza ndi ntchito za post-casting. Pafupifupi onse mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo chachitsulo adzafunika makina pankhope zokwerera, mabowo a bawuti, ndi malo osindikizira. Khungu la as-cast ndi lolimba. Choyambira chokhala ndi Integrated CNC makina kuthekera, monga kuwonetseredwa mu mbiri yautumiki wa QSY, kumawonjezera phindu. Amatha kukonza gawolo pogwiritsa ntchito zida za cast datum, kumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe, ndi makina mpaka miyeso yomaliza pakukhazikitsa kumodzi. Izi zimachepetsa nthawi yotsogolera ndikuchotsa zovuta zamalumikizidwe zomwe zimachitika pamene kuponyera ndi makina akugawanika pakati pa ogulitsa awiri popanda kulankhulana.
Zinthu Zakuthupi ndi Funso la Aloyi
Ngakhale zitsulo zokhala ndi imvi ndi ductile zimaphimba 80% ya zosowa, nthawi zina mumafunika zina. Apa ndipamene umayesedwa ukatswiri wa zinthu zakuthambo. Kutchula kwa QSY kugwira ntchito ndi ma alloys apadera ngati opangidwa ndi faifi tambala ndikosangalatsa pankhaniyi. Ngakhale sizofanana ndi zigawo zachitsulo zokokera pansi, zimawonetsa kuthekera kwa sipekitiramu. Mwachitsanzo, gawolo likhoza kukhala ndi chitsulo chachikulu chachitsulo koma chimafuna mpando kapena kuvala pamwamba pa dzimbiri kapena kutentha kwapadera. Nthawi zina, choyambira chikhoza kulangiza kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosakanikirana-monga Ni-Resist for corrosion resistance kapena SiMo ductile iron for high-temperature-m'malo modumphira kuzinthu zosiyana kwambiri, zodula kwambiri.
Vuto lomwe lili ndi zida zapaderazi pakuponya mphamvu yokoka ndi madzimadzi komanso kuchepa. Ma aloyi opangidwa ndi nickel, mwachitsanzo, amakhala ndi kutentha kosiyana kothira komanso kulimba kuposa chitsulo. Kuwathira mumchenga wopangidwa ndi chitsulo kungayambitse kusokoneza kapena kung'ambika ngati mawonekedwe a nkhungu ndi kuzizira kwake sikusinthidwa. Si njira yomwe mungasinthireko mongofuna; zimafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yodzipereka. Uwu ndi mtundu wa luso lakumbuyo lomwe limalekanitsa malo ogulitsa ntchito ndi bwenzi laukadaulo. Zikuwonetsa kuti ali ndi zida zothanirana ndi mafunso omwe si anthawi zonse, omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku kulephera kwenikweni kwa zinthu zomwe zili mumsika.
Kwa ntchito zambiri, komabe, kumamatira kumagulu odziwika bwino achitsulo ndi njira yanzeru. Zosungirako zakuthupi ndizochuluka, magawo a makina ndi odziwika bwino, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wodziwikiratu. Chinsinsi ndikulongosola kalasi molondola pajambula: osati ASTM A48 Class 35 yokha, komanso microstructure yofunikira, chithandizo cha kutentha chomwe chingatheke (monga kuchepetsa kupanikizika pambuyo poponya, komwe kuli kofunikira kuti pakhale bata pamakina), ndi kuyesa kulikonse kwapadera monga kufufuza kwa radiographic kwa madera ovuta. Kumveka uku kumalepheretsa kusamveka bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zoyambira - kaya ndi QSY kapena zina - zimadziwa ndendende bala lomwe akuyenera kukumana nalo.
Ubwino Wophatikizira: Kuchokera ku Mold mpaka Gawo Lomaliza
Kuyang'ana pa unyolo wonse, kuchita bwino kwenikweni popanga zodalirika mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo chachitsulo zimachokera ku kuphatikiza koyima. Pamene chinthu chomwecho chimayang'anira ndondomeko / kupanga nkhungu, kusungunuka ndi kuthira, kutentha kutentha, ndi makina olondola, malupu obwereza amakhala ochepa. Wopanga makina omwe amakumana ndi malo ovuta amatha kubwerera kwa woyang'anira woyambitsa ndikuwawonetsa. Amatha kudziwa limodzi ngati chinali vuto la kuzizira komweko kuchokera ku nkhungu kapena kusakhazikika kwazitsulo. Kuthetsa mavutowa ndikosatheka ndi magawo ogawikana omwe gulu lililonse limaimba mlandu mnzake.
Mbiri yazaka 30 yamakampani pakujambula ndi kupanga, monga QSY's, ikunena za kuphatikiza uku. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mosakayikira awona cholakwika chilichonse ndi kulephera. Chidziwitso cha bungwecho chimamasulira kukukonzekera bwino kwamtsogolo. Amadziwa, mwachitsanzo, momwe angayendetsere gawo lovuta mu nkhungu kuti achepetse kuchepa m'malo ovuta, kapena momwe angapangire cholumikizira chomwe chimawonetsa ngati malo oponyedwa kuti achulukitse kuchotsa katundu m'malo oyenera. Ichi si chidziwitso cha mabuku; ndi chidziwitso cha fuko chomwe chimapezedwa kuchokera kuzaka zambiri ndikupanga magawo, kuchotsa zina, ndikuphunzira chifukwa chake.
Kwa mainjiniya omwe amapeza magawo awa, izi ndiye zosaoneka zomwe mukuyang'ana. Sikuti kungopeza ndalama pa kilogalamu imodzi. Ndizokhudza kuchita ndi wothandizira yemwe amafunsa mafunso okhudza momwe gawolo limagwirira ntchito, momwe zimakhalira, komanso mawonekedwe ake ndi zigawo zina. Anganene kuti onjezani zolembera pang'ono zomwe mwaphonya, kapena kupangira utali wokulirapo kuposa ngodya yanu yakuthwa kuti mupewe kupsinjika ndikuwonjezera kudzaza kwa nkhungu. Kukambitsirana kumeneku, kozikidwa pa zochitika zenizeni zopanga zinthu, ndizomwe zimasandutsa mapangidwe kukhala olimba, opangidwa, komanso odalirika. mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo gawo. Imasamutsa ubale kuchokera ku malonda kupita ku mgwirizano, womwe, pamapeto pake, ndi momwe mumachepetsera chiwopsezo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti polojekiti ikuyenda bwino.
Malingaliro Omaliza: Njira Yowongolera Kusokoneza
Mphamvu yokoka yachitsulo sidzakhala ndi mawonekedwe onyezimira, apamwamba kwambiri opangira zowonjezera kapena kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwakufa. Ndi njira yokhwima. Koma mtengo wake wagona mu kusinthasintha kwake, zinthu zakuthupi, ndipo, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ukatswiri, kusasinthasintha kodabwitsa. Cholinga si ungwiro mwachiwonekere; ikukwaniritsa mtengo wokwanira, magwiridwe antchito, ndi nthawi yotsogolera ya ntchito inayake yamakampani. Zoopsa zake—kupangika kolakwika kwa nkhungu, kusamalidwa bwino kwa zinthu, kusadyetsera kokwanira—zonse n’zodziŵika bwino ndipo zingathe kuthetsedwa ndi kuwongolera mosamalitsa njira.
Chotengera kwa aliyense amene akutchula zigawozi ndikungoyang'ana kupyola mndandanda wa kuthekera koyambira. Yang'anani umboni wowongolera njira zophatikizika, kuchokera kuzitsulo kupita ku makina. Yang'anani mbiri yomwe imasonyeza kuya kwa kuthetsa mavuto. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, konzekerani mwamsanga. Chitani zoyambira ngati co-madivelopa, osati wogulitsa chabe. Gawani zofunikira zogwirira ntchito ndikukhala omasuka kumalingaliro awo pakusintha kwapangidwe kuti apange. Kugwirizana kumeneko ndiko mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni yomwe imakokera kamangidwe kabwino kukhala gawo lopambana, lolimba.
M'dziko lomwe likuthamangira ku mayankho a digito ndi makina, pakadali malo ofunikira panjira ya analogi, kutentha ndi zitsulo. Ndi za kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe cha zinthu pamene zikusintha dziko. Kuchikonza sikuwoneka ngati kupambana kwaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso ngati luso loyeserera - zomwe, mwanjira zambiri, zilili choncho.
