Anthu ambiri akamva zaukadaulo wa nyukiliya wa ufa, nthawi yomweyo amajambula magiya oponderezedwa komanso opindika. Ndiwo zinthu zolowera, kutha kwa zinthu. Kuzama kwenikweni, ndi kumene kukhumudwa ndi chidwi zimayambira, ali mu kamangidwe ka aloyi, pambuyo-processing, ndi kusamalira kusiyana pakati wangwiro labu chitsanzo ndi kupanga kuthamanga kwa magawo zikwi khumi kuti onse ayenera kugunda yeniyeni kachulukidwe ndi kumakanika mphamvu. Sikungopanga mawonekedwe; ikupanga kachipangizo kakang'ono kuchokera pansi.
Aloyi Si Njira Yokha
Mutha kugula zosakaniza zachitsulo-copper-carbon pashelefu, ndipo zimagwira ntchito 80% yazogwiritsa ntchito wamba. Koma pamene kasitomala amakonda Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. amabwera ndi pempho la chigawo chomwe chiyenera kupirira kutentha kwapamwamba mu pompu ya mankhwala, masewerawa amasintha. Mbiri yawo pakuponyedwa kwapadera kwa aloyi kumatanthawuza kuti amamvetsetsa zinthu zakuthupi pamlingo wakuya. Kukambitsiranako kumachoka pa ufa wotchipa kwambiri kuti tingatani kuti tifanizire ntchito ya aloyi opangidwa ndi faifi tambala, koma ndi mwayi waukonde wa PM?
Apa ndipamene ufa wopangidwa ndi pre-alloyed motsutsana ndi ma elemental blends amakhala chisankho chofunikira. Ndi makina opangidwa ndi nickel, kupita njira yotsatiridwa kale kumakupatsani homogeneity, koma ufa ndi wovuta, wosakanizika. Mumagulitsa kukanikiza kosavuta kuti mupeze zotsatira zofananira za sintering. Takhala milungu ingapo kuphatikizira kuchuluka kwamafuta ndi kukanikiza kwamafuta kuti tingopezanso 0.1 g/cm3 mu kachulukidwe kobiriwira pa analogi yovuta ya Inconel yopangidwa kale ndi alloyed. Nthawi zina, yankho silikhala m'manyuzipepala, koma posankha njira yosakanizidwa - maziko a ufa wopangidwa kale ndi makina omangira makonda, omwe amayambitsa zovuta zake panthawi yolemba.
The sintering atmosphere imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Mpweya wosavuta wa endothermic sangadulire ma aloyi awa. Tikulankhula za ng'anjo za hydrogen zovundikira kwambiri kapena zowonongeka kwambiri, zokhala ndi mafunde olondola owongolera kutentha kwa carbide. Pezani kuzizira kolakwika, ndipo mumatha kukhala ndi gawo lomwe makina ngati magalasi, osasunthika, akung'amba particles, kuwononga zida zamtengo wapatali za CNC mu post-sinter Machining stage yomwe makampani ngati QSY angagwire. Ndi nthawi yocheperako pomwe zolakwika za PM zimasanduka mutu wamachining wa munthu wina.
Kachulukidwe: Kuthamangitsidwa Kwamuyaya
Choyera choyera ndi kachulukidwe kokwanira, kapena pafupi momwe mungathere malonda. Kwa zigawo zomangika, makamaka zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa forgings, porosity ndi mdani wa mphamvu zotopa. Kukanikiza kawiri ndi kuwirikiza kawiri (DPDS) ndilo yankho labukhu, koma limawonjezera mtengo ndi nthawi yozungulira. Takhala ndi chipambano chochulukirapo, nthawi zina, ndikuphatikizana kofunda pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wopaka polima. Ufa umayenda bwino, umanyamula mofanana mukufa zovuta - ganizirani za mawonekedwe okhwima omwe angatheke popanga ndalama zomwe QSY imachita, koma ndi ufa wachitsulo. Kudumpha kwa kachulukidwe kuchokera ku firiji kupita ku 130 ° C kuphatikizika kumatha kukhala kofunikira, nthawi zina 0.2-0.3 g/cm3, komwe kumatanthawuza mwachindunji katundu wabwino.
Ndiye pali zitsulo jekeseni akamaumba (MIM), amene kwenikweni ndi nthambi chabe teknoloji ya powder metallurgy. Zimakufikitsani pafupi ndi kachulukidwe wathunthu ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa, kupikisana ndi kuyika ndalama. Koma kuzungulira kwa debinding kumakhala kowopsa ngati sikukuyendetsedwa bwino. Ndawonapo gulu lonse la zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za MIM blister chifukwa chosungunulira chinali chaukali kwambiri, kutsekereza mpweya womwe umakulirakulira pakuwotcha. Mtengo wa kulephera kumeneko sunali ufa wokha; inali nthawi yotayika mu ng'anjo ya ng'anjo yomwe imayenda kwa maola 20+.
Ntchito za post-sintering ngati kutentha kwa isostatic (HIP) zimatha kuchiritsa porosity yamkati, koma ndi njira yoyamba. Simumapanga gawo la $2. Amasungidwa m'mlengalenga kapena zoyika zachipatala. Mtengo wachigamulo nthawi zonse umatsikira ku zofunikira zogwirira ntchito motsutsana ndi mtengo wamtengo. Ntchito yanga yambiri ndikuyendetsa mtengowo ndi kasitomala.
PM Akakumana ndi Machining: The Interface
Iyi ndi mphambano yofunikira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa. Magawo ochepa a PM ndi owoneka bwino. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse mumafunika ntchito yachiwiri: kukula, kupanga ndalama, kapena kupanga makina. The porosity imasintha momwe zinthu zimadulira. Ndi abrasive. Simathamangitsira kutentha kutali ngati chitsulo cholimba. Timagwira ntchito limodzi ndi anzathu opanga makina - ndipo kampani yomwe ili ndi ukadaulo wazaka makumi atatu wa QSY waukadaulo wa CNC ndiwothandiza kwambiri - kupanga magawo.
Mwachitsanzo, kupanga sintered chitsulo flange. Ngati kachulukidwe kake ndi kosagwirizana, chidacho chimakumana ndi kukana kosiyanasiyana, kumayambitsa macheza komanso kutha kwa pamwamba. Tidali ndi mlandu pomwe akatswiri a CNC anali kudandaula za kuvala kwa zida mwachangu. Vuto silinali kalasi ya zida; chinali kachulukidwe pang'ono kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi pa gawo lopanikizidwa, chifukwa cha ufa wosafanana wodzaza ufa. Kukonzekera kunali kukonzanso kayendedwe ka nsapato za chakudya ndipo mwinamwake kuwonjezera sitepe yosakanikirana kuti iwononge ma agglomerates a ufa. Ndizigawo ting'onoting'ono timeneti timalekanitsa gawo logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lodalirika.
Nthawi zina, njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kupanga gawo kuti muchepetse makina. Siyani pa sintered pomwe mungathe, tchulani zololeza makina omwe amapangitsa kusiyana kwa sintering shrinkage. Ndi ntchito yophatikizana pakati pa mainjiniya a PM ndi katswiri wamakina, osati kugawana motsatizana.
The Special Alloys Niche ndi Real-World Compromises
Ntchito ya QSY yokhala ndi cobalt ndi nickel-based alloys pakuponya ndiyofunika kwambiri. Zidazi nthawi zambiri zimafunidwa kwa PM pazovala komanso kutentha kwambiri. Koma ufa wa izi ndi wokwera mtengo, ndipo zenera la sintering ndi lopapatiza. Kutentha kwambiri, mumapeza kukula kwakukulu kwa tirigu ndi magawo a eutectic omwe amafooketsa gawolo; bwino kwambiri, ndipo sichinasinthidwe kwathunthu.
Tinayesa aloyi ya cobalt-chromium pampando wa valve. Mayesero a labu anali akulonjeza. Koma popanga, kusunga mphamvu yeniyeni ya kaboni mumlengalenga wa sintering kudutsa ng'anjo yayikulu sikunali kotheka. Mbali za m’mphepete mwa bwatolo zinkasefukira mosiyana ndi zapakati. Chotsatira? Kuuma kosagwirizana. Mipando ina inkatha miyezi, ina inkatha zaka. Wothandizirayo, momveka bwino, adabwereranso ku njira yopangidwa ndi makina. Kulephera kumeneko kunandiphunzitsa kuti kwa ma aloyi ochita bwino kwambiri, kukhudzidwa kwa njira ya PM kumatha kupitilira phindu lake lazachuma pokhapokha mutakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera pafakitale, zomwe sizikhala zandalama.
Nkhani zopambana zilipo, ndithudi. Zitsulo za zida zopangidwa kudzera pa PM, monga ma giredi a CPM, ndi apamwamba kuposa omwe amaponyedwa mwachizolowezi chifukwa cha kugawa bwino kwa carbide. Ndiko kupambana kwaukadaulo. Koma ndi kupambana komangidwa pazida zenizeni komanso kudziwa, osati makina osindikizira.
Kuyang'ana M'tsogolo: Ndi Za Kuphatikizana, Osati Kungopanga
Tsogolo la teknoloji ya powder metallurgy, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndizochepa pakupanga zida komanso zambiri zopanga zida zapadera. Ganizirani zopanga zowonjezera - ndizosanjikiza-ndi-wosanjikiza PM. Kapena kuphatikiza kwa ufa wachitsulo wa amorphous kukhala zigawo zambiri. Mfundo yake ndi yofanana: tengani tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikusakaniza kuti tikhale olimba.
Maphunziro ochokera ku chikhalidwe cha PM-kusamalira ufa, kuwongolera mpweya, kasamalidwe ka shrinkage-zonse zimagwira ntchito kumadera atsopanowa. Makampani omwe azichita bwino ndi omwe amamvetsetsa sayansi yakuthupi, osati makina okakamiza okha. Makampani omwe ali ndi cholowa choyambira ndi makina, monga QSY, ali ndi mwendo chifukwa amawona moyo wonse: kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira mpaka kumaliza, gawo logwira ntchito. Amamvetsetsa kuti kupindika kwa sintering ndikofunikira ngati kuchuluka kwa chakudya cha makina.
Kwa aliyense amene amalowa mu izi, malangizo anga ndikugwirana manja ndi ufa. Imvani kuyenda kwake. Yang'anani pa sintered microstructure pansi pa maikulosikopu pamodzi ndi deta yamakina yoyesera. Gwirizanitsani ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'onoting'ono gwirizanitsani ndi ming'alu ya kutopa. Ndilo luso la tsatanetsatane, kumene kusintha kwa 1% mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko kungayambitse kusintha kwa 10%. Ndilo vuto lokhazikika, ndi chidwi chenicheni cha izo.
