Mukamva 'mavavu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri', malingaliro ambiri amalumphira molunjika ku zida zopukutidwa, zowoneka bwino zomwe zili m'ndandanda. Ndilo lingaliro lolakwika loyamba. Zowona ndi dziko la kutentha, kukula, ndi kukambirana kosalekeza pakati pa zitsulo, geometry, ndi mtengo. Sizongokhudza kutsanulira 316 chosungunuka mu nkhungu; ndi za kusamalira solidification shrinkage mu thupi zovuta, kuonetsetsa zosapanga dzimbiri ma valve castings khalani ndi kukhulupirika kuti mugwire 1000 PSI ndi media zowononga, osati kungowoneka bwino papepala. Ndawona zojambula zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu CAD koma ndizosautsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukonzanso kokwera mtengo kapena, choyipitsitsa, kulephera kwamunda.
Chovuta Chachikulu: Zonse Zili mu Geometry
Matupi a valve ndi ovuta kwa oyambitsa. Iwo si midadada wamba. Muli ndi mipata yodutsana, makulidwe a makoma osiyanasiyana kuzungulira madoko, ndi nkhope zovuta za flange. Kutentha kwamphamvu panthawi yozizira kumakhala koopsa ngati sikunayendetsedwe. Chigawo chokhuthala chodyera khoma lopyapyala? Ndi malo otentha omwe amadikirira kuti apange shrinkage porosity, pomwe kukakamizidwa kumafunika kwambiri. Tinaphunzira izi movutirapo pa dongosolo loyambirira la matupi a valve pachipata. Mapangidwe a kasitomala anali ndi mawonekedwe okongola, ophatikizika, koma makonzedwe apakati anali ovuta kutulutsa bwino. Zotsatira zake zinali 30% ya zinyalala kuchulukira mkati porosity anapeza pa makina. Phunziro silinali longoyang'ana bwino X-ray; zinali zokhuza kutenga nawo gawo pamapangidwewo kuti apereke malingaliro ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono ndi ma radiyo osinthika omwe amapangitsa kuti zitsulo ziziyenda ndikuchepa modzidzimutsa.
Apa ndipamene kusankha kwa foundry kumakhala kofunikira. Pazigawo zamkati za globe kapena valavu ya mpira, kuumba zipolopolo nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kutha bwino komanso kulondola kwambiri kuposa mchenga wobiriwira. Koma kwa mavavu okulirapo, olemera kwambiri, chotchingira cholimba komanso chokwera mu nkhungu yamchenga zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kuti zisachepetse. Ndi kusinthanitsa. Ndikukumbukira projekiti ina Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. kumene ife tinali prototyping angapo matupi valavu zowongolera mu duplex zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Makhalidwe olimba azinthu ndizovuta. Gulu lawo, lotsamira pa luso lawo la nkhungu, lidaganiza zopanga makonzedwe osinthidwa omwe amadyetsa chitsulo kuchokera pansi kupita pansi, kuchepetsa chipwirikiti ndi kuphatikiza kwa oxide. Sizinali njira yamabuku, koma idagwira ntchito. Mutha kuwona njira yawo yama geometri ovuta patsamba lawo https://www.tsingtaocnc.com - ndizochepa pa zonena zowoneka bwino komanso zambiri zakusokonekera kwa njira zofananira, zomwe zimakhala zoona.
Ndiyeno pali Machining allowance. Aliyense amafuna kuchepetsa izo kuti apulumutse pa makina opangira. Koma ngati mudula kwambiri, kusintha pang'ono pakuponya kapena kusakwanira pamwamba kumatanthawuza kuti gawolo ndi lopanda ntchito mutapanga ndalama pakuponya. Timayimilira pa 3mm chilolezo pa nkhope zovuta ambiri athu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ma valve castings, koma pakugwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri, titha kukulitsa izi. Ndi zotchingira zenizeni. Katswiri wamakina amafunikira china chake choti agwiritse ntchito, makamaka mukakhala ndi +/- 0.5mm kulolerana pamlingo wapakati ndi kumaso.
The Material Maze: 304, 316, CF8M, ndi Beyond
Ingopangani kuchokera pa 316. Ndilo pempho wamba. 316 Koma chiyani? Kuponya ofanana CF8M? Munagwiritsa ntchito 316 bar stock pazinthu zina? The chemistry ndi makina katundu amasiyana. Alloy yoponyera iyenera kukhala ndi madzi abwino komanso kukana kung'ambika kotentha. Zinthu za silicon ndizokwera kwambiri. Ngati simunatchule zachindunji, mupeza gawo lomwe limayesa mfuti ya PMI ya Cr/Ni/Mo koma silingakhale ndi mphamvu yofunikira pa ntchito ya cryogenic. Ndakhala maola ambiri ndikuwunikira zakuthupi pa ma PO. Sizoyenda; ndikuletsa valavu kuti isang'ambe panthawi yoyesa kuthamanga.
Ndiye pali ma aloyi apadera a ntchito yovuta. Tinagwira ntchito yofuna ma aloyi opangidwa ndi faifi tambala kuti tigwiritse ntchito gasi wowawasa. Kuponyedwa komweko kunali theka la nkhondoyo. Kutentha kwa kutentha pambuyo poponya kuti akwaniritse kukana kwa dzimbiri kofunikira komanso kuchepetsa nkhawa kunali kuvina kosakhwima. Kuthamanga kwambiri, mumatha kusweka; mochedwa kwambiri, mumapeza mvula yosayenera. Kuwongolera ng'anjo ya ng'anjo ndi QA pambuyo poponya kumakhala kofunikira. Kampani ngati QSY, yomwe imalemba ma aloyi apadera monga cobalt ndi faifi tambala muzinthu zawo, imamvetsetsa izi. Sikuti kukhala ndi aloyi; ndi za kukhala ndi ndondomeko yolamulidwa kuti azichiza. Kugwira ntchito kwawo kwanthawi yayitali, monga tafotokozera m'mawu awo oyamba, kukuwonetsa chidziwitso chazomwe zachitika, zomwe ndi zomwe mukuguladi.
Ndipo tiyeni tikambirane za kukonza weld. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira, koma ndi mbendera yofiira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ena. Chofunika kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ndi zolemba. Kukonza pang'ono pamalo osafunikira kutsatira WPS yoyenerera ndi chinthu chimodzi. Kukonzanso kwakukulu pakhoma lokhala ndi zokakamiza ndi zina. Njira yabwino ndiyo kupanga ndi kukonza kuti muchepetse kukonzanso, koma zikachitika, kutsata kwathunthu sikungakambirane. Dongosolo labwino lidzakhala lokhazikika.
Kuchokera Kuyimba Mwankhanza mpaka Gawo Lomaliza: The Machining Handoff
Apa ndi pamene ntchito zambiri zimapunthwa. Kujambula kokongola kumafika pamalo ogulitsira makina, ndipo sangathe kukhazikitsa datum yodalirika. Kapena amapeza malo ovuta omwe amawononga chida. Kuphatikizika kwa kuponyera ndi kupanga makina pansi pa denga limodzi, kapena pansi pa mgwirizano wolimba, ndi mwayi waukulu. Katswiri wa makinawo ayenera kumvetsetsa kupotoza komwe kungachitike, ndipo choyambiracho chiyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pakukonza.
Ndawonapo makonzedwe pomwe mazikowo amapereka ma lugs kapena mabwana makamaka kuti makinawa agwiritse ntchito ngati malo otsekera, omwe amachotsedwa pambuyo pake. Ndilosavuta, mgwirizano wanzeru. Pamene choumba ndi makina ndi zinthu zosiyana, kuloza chala kumayambira pomwe kukula kwake kwatha. Kodi chinali kusintha kwakukulu panthawi ya kuponyera, kapena gawo lomwe linagogomezedwa panthawi ya clamping? Ndi masewera okwera mtengo ofufuza. Chitsanzo cha kupereka zonse kuponya ndi CNC makina, monga QSY imachitira, imachepetsa izi. Chiwopsezo cha mayankho ndi chamkati. Gulu la makina limauza gulu loponyera za khoma losasinthika lopyapyala pabowo linalake, ndipo chitsanzocho chikhoza kusinthidwa kuti chitsatire. Kuwongolera kosalekeza kumeneko ndikovuta kuwerengera mu mawu otchulira koma ndikofunikira m'kupita kwanthawi.
Kumaliza pamwamba ndi njira ina yogwira. Pamwamba ngati-cast kuchokera ku nkhungu ya chipolopolo ikhoza kukhala yabwino pamagawo ena amkati, koma malo osindikizira amafunikira makina. Chojambula chojambula chiyenera kusonyeza izi. Kufotokozera za 63 Ra pamtunda ngati-cast ndi zongopeka. Muyenera kudziwa zomwe zingatheke kuchokera mu ndondomekoyi ndikukonzekera masitepe opangira moyenera.
Ubwino: Kuposa Satifiketi
Aliyense akufuna MTR (Material Test Report) ndi lipoti la hydrotest. Ndiwo ma table stakes. Khalidwe lenileni lili mu ndondomeko amazilamulira inu konse. Kodi chemistry yosungunuka imagwirizana bwanji kuchokera ku kutentha kupita ku kutentha? Kodi nkhungu ndi zingwe zimawunikiridwa bwanji musanathiridwe? Kodi protocol ya non-destructive test (NDT) ndi chiyani? Kwa otsutsa zitsulo za valve, tinasamuka kuchoka kumalo osadziwika bwino kupita ku 100% radiography ya makoma omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Zinawonjezera mtengo, koma zidachotsa chiwopsezo cha njira yotayira yomwe ikupita mosazindikirika. Ndi chisankho chamalonda chotengera kuopsa kwa pulogalamuyo.
Dimensional kuyendera ndi chilombo chake. Kuyang'ana makiyi ochepa ndi ma calipers sikokwanira pa thupi lovuta la vavu. Kuyang'anira Nkhani Yoyamba (FAI) yokhala ndi CMM pazitsanzo ndikofunikira. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, mukuyang'ana chitsanzo. Kusasinthika kwa njira yowumba ndizomwe zimatsimikizira kuti gawo lililonse ndi labwino. Izi zimabwereranso ku luso la foundry ndi kukonza zida. Chovala chapateni chowonongeka chidzasuntha pakapita nthawi, pang'onopang'ono.
Pomaliza, kulongedza ndi kutumiza. Zikumveka ngati zazing'ono, koma kuyang'ana pa nkhope ya flange kuchokera pakuyika kosakwanira kungapangitse kuponyera kosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutsekera koyenera, kutsekereza, ndi chitetezo cha malo opangidwa ndi makina ndi oponyedwa ndiye gawo lomaliza, lomwe nthawi zambiri limamanyalanyazidwa. Katswiri wovala amapeza izi popanda kuuzidwa.
The Real-World Cost Equation
Mtengo pa kilogalamu ndi njira yowopsa yofananizira zosapanga dzimbiri ma valve castings. Kuponya kotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri kumakhala chinthu chokwera mtengo kwambiri mukangopanga zotsalira zamakina, kuchedwa kubereka, komanso kumutu kwamutu. Mtengo uli mu kuchuluka kwa zokolola, kusasinthika kwa dimensional, ndi chithandizo chaukadaulo. Choyambitsa chomwe chimafunsa mwatsatanetsatane za pulogalamuyi ndi yomwe ikuganiza momwe angapangire gawolo kuti ligwire ntchito, osati kukhalapo kokha.
Ntchito zochepa, zosakanikirana kwambiri ndizoyeso zenizeni. Kukhazikitsa matupi 50 apadera a ma valve ndikosiyana ndi dongosolo lopanga la 5000. Mtengo wa chitsanzo, uinjiniya wamabokosi oyambira, kakulidwe kazinthu - izi zimachepetsedwa pazigawo zochepa. Apa ndipamene kusinthika kwa foundry ndi kufunitsitsa kuti agwirizane ndi mayankho kumapindulitsa. Sikuti kukhala ndi ng'anjo yaikulu; ndi za kukhala ndi maganizo oyenera pa ntchito zovuta, zochepa.
Pamapeto pake, ma valve opambana achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amabwera ku mgwirizano. Ndi zokambirana pakati pa wopanga, woyambitsa, ndi wamakina. Cholinga chake ndikumasulira chofunikira chogwira ntchito mu geometry yolimba, yopangidwa, mu aloyi yoyenera, ndi njira yodziwikiratu komanso yowonekera pomaliza, yodalirika. Ndizosokoneza, zobwerezabwereza, komanso zodzaza ndi kunyengerera. Koma mukamakonza bwino, kuponyedwa kopanda ulemu, kowoneka bwino kumakhala mtima wa valve yomwe imagwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri popanda lingaliro lachiwiri. Ndiko kutsiriza kwenikweni komwe kuli kofunikira.
