Iyo abantu benshi bumvise 'turbine blade', bashushanya iyi airfoil nziza kandi yaka cyane izunguruka muri moteri yindege cyangwa uruganda rukora amashanyarazi. Igitekerezo gikocamye ni uko byose bijyanye nimiterere yindege. Nubwo ibyo ari ibintu bikomeye, inkuru nyayo-imwe ituma injeniyeri nijoro - ibaho mbere yuko ibona umwuka wose. Nibijyanye no kurokoka mumuriro utazima: ubushyuhe bukabije, imbaraga za centrifugal zigerageza gutanyagura icyuma, hamwe na gaze yangirika. Kubona geometrie neza ni ikibazo kimwe, ariko gukora igice cyicyuma kibaho neza muri ibyo bidukikije niho hajyaho imyaka mirongo yubukorikori nogukora imashini. Aho niho ubumenyi nyabwo bwibigo bifite amateka yimbitse kandi atunganya ibintu, nka Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), biba bidashoboka. Bamaze imyaka isaga 30 mumikino yo gutunganya no gutunganya neza, bivuze ko muriki gice, bivuze ko bashobora kuba barabonye ubwoko bwose bwubwoba, amarira ashyushye, hamwe na drift ibipimo ushobora gutekereza.
Urufatiro: Itangirana na Mold na Melt
Ntushobora gukora imashini ikozwe neza. Nibyoroshye. Kubikorwa-byo hejuru turbine, cyane cyane mu kirere cyangwa mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru bw’inganda, duhora tuvuga ibijyanye no gushora imari, cyangwa ibishishwa. Igishashara cyerekana ibishashara biguha imiyoboro igoye yo gukonjesha - ibyo bice byinzoka imbere yicyuma ni igitangaza cyubwubatsi bugezweho. Ariko amarozi, cyangwa ibiza, bibaho mugihe cyo gusuka. Hamwe nibikoresho nka nikel bishingiye kuri superalloys, ubushyuhe bwisuka hamwe nubushyuhe mbere yubushyuhe bigomba kuba mubyino nziza. Ubukonje bukabije, kandi ukabona nabi; birashyushye cyane, kandi urashobora kubona reaction cyangwa gukura cyane. Ikibazo kirekire QSY yibandaho mugushushanya no gushora imari kubintu bidasanzwe ntabwo ari umurongo wo kwamamaza; ni intambwe y'ifatizo. Ndibuka umushinga hashize imyaka aho twagize ibibazo bihoraho hamwe na micro-porosity mu gice cyumuzi-igice gifunga disiki. Byagaragaye ko igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yo kuva mu iduka ryabigenewe cyari gito, gitera kuzura imvururu muri ako gace gakomeye cyane. Fata ibyumweru byikigeragezo ikora hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kugikemura.
Noneho hariho ibikoresho ubwabyo. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda nicyiciro kinini, ariko kubintu byinshi byinganda za gaz turbine, urimo kwimukira muri cobalt cyangwa nikel ishingiye kuri nikel. Ibi ntabwo ari ibyuma byawe bya buri munsi. Zirasa neza iyo zishongeshejwe, zigabanuka muburyo bwihariye, kandi biragoye kubikoresho nyuma. Guhitamo hagati yicyerekezo gikomeye cyangwa gukina kimwe-kristu imwe ni icyemezo cyibanze-vs-imikorere yafashwe hano. Ubushobozi bwububiko bwo kugenzura imbere imbere ni byose. Isosiyete imaze imyaka 30 ikora, kimwe na QSY, yerekana ko bubatse ubumenyi bwuzuye - butari mu mfashanyigisho - ku buryo bwo gukemura ibyo bishonga byoroshye ku bunini butandukanye no mu bikorwa.
Post-cast, igenzura ryambere ntirisanzwe. Nubugenzuzi bwa radiografiya na ultrasonic. Gushakisha izo nenge imbere. Urashobora kugira icyuma gisa neza neza hanze ariko gifite ihuriro ryibyiza kuruhande rwimbere. Icyo ni igisasu. Uruganda nububiko bwimashini bigomba kuba bihujwe hano, kuko niba NDT isanze inenge ahantu hakomeye, igice ni ibisakuzo. Ntabwo umubare wubumaji bwa CNC ushobora gukosora icyuho cyubutaka.
Imashini ya Tightrope: Gufata kwihanganira igice kigoramye
Aha niho reberi ihurira n'umuhanda. Umuyoboro wa turbine wambaye ubusa ntabwo ari mwiza, udafite stress ya aluminium. Nibintu bigoretse, bigoye-nkuzimu-ikirere kimeze nkibintu byumuyaga hamwe nibibazo bisigaye biturutse ku gukonja. Imashini yambere yo gutunganya op, akenshi umuzi (fir-igiti cyangwa dovetail), ishyiraho datum kubintu byose bikurikira. Niba udashizeho neza iyo nyandiko, umwirondoro wose wa aerodynamic uzaba uzimye. Dukoresha ibikoresho kabuhariwe bifata hejuru ya airfoil hejuru tutabihinduye, nuburiganya ubwabwo. Imbaraga zo gufatana zigomba kuba zihagije kugirango zifashe kurwanya imbaraga zo guca, ariko ntabwo arizo nyinshi nyuma.
CNC gutunganya aya mavuta ni inzira itinda, ihenze. Ntabwo urimo gufata ibice byimbitse. Byerekeranye n'umuvuduko mwinshi wa spindle, igipimo cyukuri cyo kugaburira, hamwe na premium carbide cyangwa ibikoresho bya ceramic bishira vuba vuba. Ijwi ryaciwe rihinduka mugihe igikoresho gitangiye kugenda - ubona urusaku rwinshi. Umukanishi mwiza arabyumva. Umuvuduko ukonje hamwe nugushira nabyo birakomeye, cyane cyane iyo usya impande zoroheje. Ntushobora kureka ubushyuhe bwiyongera, cyangwa utera impagarara zumuriro zangiza igice nyuma yo kudafungura. Nabonye icyiciro cya blade aho ibipimo bikurikirana byari byiza kuri CMM nyuma yo gukora, ariko byahinduwe na bake nyuma yo kwicara ijoro ryose. Icyo cyari ikibazo gikonje cyo gutanga; twarimo umwuzure ariko ntitwabonye umugezi neza muri zone yaciwe kuri kiriya gice cyoroshye.
Ngiyo agaciro k'umuterankunga uhujwe. Iyo gutunganya no gutunganya CNC biri munsi yinzu, nko kubikorwa bya QSY, ibitekerezo byo kugaruka ni bigufi. Niba abakanishi basanze ahantu hahamye cyangwa guhinduranya mubipimo bikurikiranwa no kuranga, barashobora gusubira mumushinga bagahindura inzira. Kugerageza gukora ibi hagati yabacuruzi babiri batandukanye birimo ibyumweru bya imeri, guhinduranya amakosa, no gutinda.
Ubusugire bwa Surface: Birenze Ubworoherane
Nyuma yo gutunganya, ubuso ntabwo bwiteguye. Gusya no gusya bisiga micro-layer yibintu byahungabanye, akenshi hamwe n'amarira mato cyangwa guhangayika bikabije. Kubice biri munsi yikizunguruka, uru ni urubuga rwambere rwo gutangiza. Niyo mpamvu inzira nko kurasa ari itegeko. Itera hejuru hamwe nibitangazamakuru bito kugirango itere urwego rwo guhagarika umutima, ifunga neza urugi hejuru yubutaka. Ariko igomba kugenzurwa - ubukana, ubwishingizi, inguni. Kuringaniza urujya n'uruza rugoye cyane birashobora kurigata neza.
Noneho hariho impuzu. Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) ni ikoti ya ceramic topcoat ukunze kubona itanga ibyuma bya matte, byoroshye. Ariko munsi yibyo bisanzwe ni ikote ryububiko, nka MCrAlY (M kuba nikel cyangwa cobalt), ikoreshwa hakoreshejwe plasma spray cyangwa HVOF. Iyi kote yububiko niyo itanga okiside kandi ikurikiza TBC. Gutegura iyi kote ni iyindi ntambwe isobanutse. Ubuso bukeneye umwirondoro wihariye (akenshi binyuze muri grit guturika) kugirango uhuze imashini, kandi ugomba kuba ufite isuku rwose. Ibisigazwa byamavuta byose bizatera gusiba nyuma. Ndibuka isesengura ryananiwe aho icyuma gisuka TBC muri serivisi. Intandaro? Impinduka mugukora isuku mbere yo gutwika yasize firime yoroheje, itagaragara. Fata amezi kugirango ukurikirane inyuma.
Kuri blade zimwe, cyane cyane mubice bishyushye, urashobora kandi kugira imyobo yo gukonjesha ikoresheje EDM cyangwa laser. Ibyo byobo ni bito, akenshi bifite inguni, kandi kubishyira hamwe nubuziranenge bwabyo ni ngombwa mugukora firime ikonjesha ikingira hejuru yicyuma. Gucukura umwobo ucamo gato-birashobora guhagarika iyo firime no gukora ahantu hashyushye.
Ukuri-Isi Kwiyunga no Kunanirwa
Ibishushanyo mbonera byibitabo ntibikunze kubaho kubanza guhura nukuri. Ubucuruzi busanzwe buri hagati yindege ikora neza. Igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kwifuza ikirere cyiza cyane, cyuzuye amashusho hamwe na radiyo ifatanye kuruhande. Injeniyeri yubushakashatsi azavuga ko bidashoboka guterera nta gipimo kinini gisakaye kubera amakosa. Umukanishi azavuga ko byoroshye cyane kubikoresho na mashini nta kuganira cyangwa kunama. Kwiyunga akenshi birangira ari igice cyijimye gato, cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera cyo kwemerera inzira ikomeye yo gukoresha ibikoresho. Nibiganiro bihoraho.
Uburyo bwo kunanirwa burigisha. Kunanirwa umunaniro akenshi bitangirira kumuzi ya seriveri cyangwa ihuriro rya airfoil na platform. Creep-ihindagurika gahoro, rihoraho munsi yubushyuhe no guhangayika - irerekana nko kurambura buhoro buhoro no kudahindura icyuma mumasaha ibihumbi. Isuri iva mu bice byo mu mugezi wafashwe irashobora gukuraho impande zose, nko kumusenyi. Ariko imwe murimwe kunyerera ni fretting kwambara kumuzi uhuza amaso na disiki ya turbine. Kugenda kwa microscopique munsi yumutwaro bitera kwambara, bishobora kugutera guhangayika no gutangira. Niyo mpamvu rero ibisobanuro byibyo biranga imizi, byakozwe nububiko bwa CNC bushoboye, ni ngombwa cyane-kugabanya iyo mikoro ya mbere.
Wiga kubaha urunigi rwose. Gukina neza byangijwe no gutunganya nabi. Icyuma gikozwe neza neza cyangijwe nuburyo bwo gutwikira butagenzuwe. Numunyururu ufite amahuza menshi, kandi muri rusange kwizerwa nibyiza gusa nkintege nke. Niyo mpamvu gufatanya nuwabitanze kugenzura imiyoboro myinshi, kuva gushonga kugeza kumashini yarangiye, bigabanya ingaruka. Ntabwo ari ibyoroshye gusa; bijyanye no kubazwa ibyakozwe.
Kureba imbere: Gusunika guhoraho
Umurima ntuzigera uhagarara. Hama hariho gusunika hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru kugirango tunoze imikorere ya moteri, itwara iterambere rishya ryimyororokere hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera cyogukonjesha imbere. Gukora inyongeramusaruro (icapiro rya 3D) ubu iri kuvanga kugirango prototyping igoye gukonjesha geometrike idashoboka guta. Ariko kubwinshi bwinshi, bwizewe cyane, gushora imari hamwe no gutunganya neza CNC bigiye kuba urugo rwakazi mugihe kirekire kizaza. Ubumenyi ntabwo buri muri software cyangwa ibikoresho byimashini; ni murwibutso rusange rwa ba injeniyeri nabatekinisiye bakoze ibihumbi byubushyuhe, bashiraho ibihumbi, kandi basesenguye ibice byananiranye.
Ngiyo umutungo udafatika. Iyo urebye umwirondoro w'isosiyete, nk'iy'ikoranabuhanga rya Qingdao Qiangsenyuan (QSY) kuri tsingtaocnc.com, umurongo w'ingenzi ntabwo ari urutonde rwa serivisi gusa nko gushora imari no gutunganya CNC. Nibice birenga imyaka 30. Muri ubu bucuruzi, iyo ngengabihe yerekana ko bakemuye ibyo bibazo bifatika, bakemuye ibyo bibazo byo kugoreka, kandi bubaka ubugenzuzi bukenewe. Birashoboka ko bakoze ibintu byose uhereye kumashanyarazi manini yinganda zinganda kugeza kuri ntoya, zigoye kubice bifasha. Ubunararibonye busobanura muburyo butazwi no gutungurwa gake mugihe cyo gukora - ibyo, kubintu bikomeye nka a turbine, nicyo urangije kwishyura.
Ubutaha rero ubonye icyuma cya turbine, wibagirwe hejuru yumucyo kumasegonda. Tekereza ku rugendo: ifumbire yuzuye ya ceramic, isukwa igenzurwa na superalloy yubushyuhe buhumyi, gukuraho buhoro, gukuramo ibyuma na gahunda ya CNC kugirango ugaragaze imiterere yanyuma, hamwe nubuvuzi bwo hejuru butanga intwaro kurugamba. Ni igihangano cyakoreshejwe metallurgie nubukorikori, aho buri micron yo gutandukana ivuga inkuru.
