Xa abantu abaninzi besiva 'icasting', baba nomfanekiso wesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sigalelwa kubumba lwesanti. Leyo yinguqulelo yothando. Inyani luthethathethwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamabhongo oyilo, i-fiziksi yezinto, kunye nendalo yokungaxoleli yokuqina. Eyona ngcamango iphosakeleyo? Ukuba yinkqubo ephantsi, ephantsi yobugcisa bokwenza iindawo ezilula. Zama ukuxelela loo nto injineli enencakuba yeinjini yokuthembeka ephezulu engaphumelelanga ngenxa ye ukuphosa isiphene singabonakali ngeso lenyama.
Undoqo: Imalunga neMold
Yonke into iqala kwaye ihlala iphela ngokungunda. Ukhetho phakathi kokugaywa kwesanti, ukutyala imali, okanye ukubumba iqokobhe akukho malunga neendleko nje; imalunga nejometri ozama ukuyiphumeza kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu okufunayo. Umzekelo, ukubunjwa kweqokobhe, ethandwa yinkampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) idwelisa njengento ekhethekileyo, ikunika ukugqibezela okungcono kunye nokuchaneka komda kunesanti eluhlaza eqhelekileyo. Uyisebenzisa xa ufuna ukwenza indawo eninzi efana neenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo, cinga iibhloko ze-injini okanye imizimba yevalvu. Iqokobhe lifana nekopi ecekethekileyo, eqinileyo yeceramic yepateni yakho.
Ulwahlulo lotyalo-mali sesinye isiphelo sobunzima. Ngokusisiseko ukhulisa iqokobhe le-ceramic elijikeleze ipateni ye-wax, unyibilikise i-wax, kwaye ugalele isinyithi kwindawo. I-wax ivumela ubunzima obuphambeneyo-i-undercuts, iipaseji zangaphakathi, isicatshulwa esihle. Kodwa inkqubo inde, kwaye iindleko ngokungunda ziphezulu. Ayiyomibaleko yevolyum ephezulu. Uyibona kumacandelo e-aerospace, izixhobo zotyando. Ubuchule apha kukulawula inaliti ye-wax, ukudipha ukuze kwakhiwe iqokobhe, kunye ne-dewaxing elawulwayo ngaphandle kokukrazula iqokobhe elibuthathaka. Umngxuma omnye wokugquma iqokobhe lithetha iphiko kwicala lokugqibela, elinokuthetha icandelo elichithiweyo.
Apho abantu bakhubeka khona kukwipateni. Nokuba yeyeqokobhe okanye isanti, ipateni kufuneka ichaze ukushwabana. Iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ziyancipha ngemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo. Ipateni yentsimbi engwevu ayinamsebenzi kwi-aluminiyam ukuphosa ukuba ufuna ukuchaneka. Kwaye kufuneka ubandakanye idrafti-i-taper ebusweni obuthe nkqo-ukuze ukwazi ukutsala ipateni esantini ngaphandle kokukrazula isikhunta. Ndibone iiprojekthi zilibazisekile iiveki kuba umyili, oqhele ukwenza machining e-CNC, wathumela imodeli yodonga oluthe nkqo lwe-90-degree. Ayinakuphoswa. Kuya kufuneka uyitshise emva, eyoyisa injongo.
Izinto eziphathekayo ayikoKhetho nje kwiPhepha leDatha
Ukukhetha izinto ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwa sisiqalo sencoko, hayi isiphelo. Ngaba sithetha 304, 316, 17-4PH? Ngamnye uqukuqela ngokwahlukileyo, ucutheka ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye usabela ngeoksijini ngokwahlukileyo ngexesha lokugalela. Ezona zikhohlisayo zialloys ezikhethekileyo ezikhankanywa yi-QSY, njenge-nickel-based okanye i-cobalt-based superalloys. Ezi zivame ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo-ukushisa okuphezulu, ukubola okukhulu. Bakhohlakele ukuphosa.
Ingxaki ngezi ngxubevange kukuziphatha kwazo okunyibilikayo kunye nokusebenza kwakhona. Bahlala beneendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika, ngoko ke isithando somlilo sakho kunye nezixhobo ezinqamlezileyo kufuneka zimelane naloo nto. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, banokusebenza. Ukuba awulumkanga umoya osesithandweni (usebenzisa i-vacuum okanye i-inert gas), izinto ozifunayo-njenge-aluminiyam okanye i-titanium yokomeleza-ziya kukhupha i-oxidize ngaphandle kokunyibilika. Ushiyeke nekhemistri engahambelani ne-spec. Ndikhumbula umsebenzi wokudubula umlomo kwi-cobalt alloy. Imitsi embalwa yokuqala ibinomsebenzi ongahambelaniyo. Kuyavela ukuba, ukuguquguquka okuncinci kwiqondo lobushushu elithululwayo kwakubangela into ebizwa ngokuba yi-microsegregation - izinto ezithile ziqina kuqala, zenza iindawo ezibuthathaka. Kwafuneka siqinise ifestile yokulawula ubushushu ngama-30 ngokukaCelsius, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba sihlengahlengise zonke iipyrometers zethu.
Emva koko kukho isango kunye nokunyuka. Le yinkqubo yemibhobho oyiyileyo yokufumana isinyithi kwindawo yokungunda (amasango) kunye nokushwabana kwesondlo njengoko siqina (izinyusi). Kwi-bracket yensimbi elula, imigaqo eqhelekileyo iyasebenza. Kwizindlu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo kwi-ductile iron, iba yinto yobugcisa. Ufuna ukuba isinyithi sizalise isikhunta ngokukhawuleza kwaye siphazamise ngokwaneleyo ukuba singakhenkcezisi kwangaphambi kwexesha, kodwa kungekhona ukuphazamisa ukutshabalalisa ukubumba kwaye kudala ukubandakanywa kwesanti. Izinyusi kufuneka zihlale zinyibilikile ixesha elide kunelona candelo lishinyeneyo, zisondla isinyithi elulwelo ukubuyisela ukushwabana. Yifumane kakubi, kwaye ufumana i-shrinkage porosity-i-spongy, indawo ebuthathaka ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhangeleka njengenxalenye eqinile. Uvavanyo olungonakalisi njenge-X-reyi luya kuyifumana, kwaye ke inxalenye ibe yi-scrap.
Apho ukuCasa kunye noMatshini zingqubana
Ambalwa kakhulu amacandelo alungele ukusetyenziswa njenge-cast. Phantse bonke bayayifuna umatshini. Kulapho ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Foundry kunye nevenkile yomatshini bubaluleke kakhulu. Inkampani eyenza zombini, njenge-QSY ngokuchazwa kwayo CNC Machining amandla, inenzuzo enkulu. Bayaluqonda lonke uhambo.
Undoqo kukucwangcisa oomatshini kwasekuqaleni. Kufuneka ubeke imathiriyeli eyongezelelweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-machining allowance, kuwo nawuphi na umphezulu oza kusikwa. Kodwa awukwazi nje ukongeza i-3mm kuyo yonke indawo. Ukongeza kakhulu kuthetha ukuba uchitha intsimbi ebiza kakhulu kwaye unyusa ixesha lomatshini. Ukongeza okuncinci kakhulu, kwaye umsiki unokungacoci yonke indawo, eshiya isiqwenga solusu lwangaphambili. Okubi nangakumbi, ukuba ukujula ngokwako akuzinzanga ngokwemilinganiselo (igqwethiweyo ngexesha lokupholisa), umatshini unokufumanisa ukuba akukho nto inokusikwa kwindawo enye kwaye ininzi kakhulu kwenye.
Oku sikufunde kabuhlungu kwiprojekthi yokwakhiwa kwempompo. Ukubunjwa kwaphuma kakuhle, kodwa kwakunesaphetha esincinci, mhlawumbi i-1.5mm ngaphezu kobude be-500mm. Ayiqhelekanga kwimilo emide, enebhokisi. Inkqubo yethu yomatshini ithatha indawo ethe tyaba ngokugqibeleleyo. Ukupasa kokuqala kumatshini wokusila we-CNC kuthathe inxeba elinzima kwelinye icala kwaye kwakunzima ukukrwela elinye. Kuye kwafuneka siyeke, silungise kwakhona, kwaye sisebenzise iprobe ukwenza imephu eyona ndawo, emva koko silungelelanise iindlela zesixhobo. Yongeza iiyure. Ngoku, kwimigangatho ebalulekileyo yokukhwelana, sinokuchaza unyamezelo oluthe tye kumzobo wokuphosa okanye uyilo kwiimbambo ezicwangcisiweyo zokunciphisa i-warpage. Luhlobo lokucinga lwenkqubo enqamlezileyo olwahlula umthengisi wamalungu kwiqabane lemveliso.
Idabi loMgangatho ongabonakaliyo: Uvavanyo olungonakalisi
Unokuba nokuphosa okujongeka ngokugqibeleleyo oko kukusilela ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi. Kulapho i-NDT ingena khona. Ukuhlola okubonwayo linyathelo lokuqala-ukukhangela iziphene ezicacileyo zomphezulu njengezitshixo ezibandayo (apho imijelo emibini yesinyithi ingazange idibanise) okanye imingxunya yesanti. Uvavanyo lokungena kwedayi lufumana iintanda kumphezulu. Kodwa isiqinisekiso sokwenyani sivela kwiindlela ezibona ngaphakathi.
Uvavanyo lweRadiographic (X-reyi) ngumgangatho wegolide wokufumana i-voids yangaphakathi, i-shrinkage, okanye inclusions. Ukhangela izithunzi kwifilimu. Kodwa iyacotha kwaye iyabiza. Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic luyakhawuleza ukubona iziphene ezingaphantsi komhlaba, njengokuqhekeka okungaphantsi komphezulu. Isebenza ngokuthumela amaza omsindo ngentsimbi kunye nokuphulaphula i-echoes. Ubuchule bochwephesha bokutolika imiqondiso yinto yonke.
Umceli mngeni kukuba i-100% ye-NDT kwindawo nganye ayifane ibe noqoqosho. Uphuhlisa isicwangciso sesampulu esekwe kukubaluleka kwenxalenye. Isibiyeli sokuhombisa sinokufumana umfanekiso obonakalayo kuphela. Umzimba wevalvu equlathe uxinzelelo lwesixhobo sokulawula ioyile? Oko kukufumana i-100% yeX-reyi kuwo onke amacandelo abalulekileyo. Umgangatho osebenza kuwo-i-ASTM, ISO, MIL spec-ichaza ubungakanani obamkelekileyo kunye nokuxinana kweziphene. Ngamanye amaxesha, ufumana isiphene esikwi-spec kodwa kwindawo embi. Ngaba uyayithumela ngenqanawa? Leyo yifowuni yomgwebo, incoko kunye nenjineli yomthengi. Kuye kwafuneka ndixoxe ukuba i-pore encinci, eyedwa kude kuyo nayiphi na indawo yoxinzelelo ayingomngcipheko osebenzayo, ukugcina inxalenye yexabiso elivela kumgqomo we-scrap. Ngamanye amaxesha, kufuneka ube nguwe obiza ukusilela, nokuba kubuhlungu.
I-Real-World Compromise: Iindleko, ixesha, ukusebenza
Ekugqibeleni, ukuphosa imalunga nokufumana ulungelelwano olunokwenzeka. Umyili ufuna i-lightweight, high-high, i-thermal esebenzayo, inxalenye yejometri eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokugqiba isibuko. Isebe lokuthenga liyifuna ngeedola ezingama-50 iyunithi. Imveliso idinga amaqhekeza angama-10,000 ngekota elandelayo.
Kuya kufuneka uchithe ezo mfuno. Ubunzulu beJiyometri bukutyhalela ekutsaleni kutyalo-mali, nto leyo inyusa ixabiso kwaye inokucothisa umthamo. Iziqwenga ezingama-10,000 zikutyhalela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lokufa okanye ukungunda okusisigxina, okunqanda ukhetho lwemathiriyeli kwaye akunakufezekisa ubunzima bangaphakathi. Amandla aphezulu angafuna intsimbi okanye i-alloy ekhethekileyo, elawula iinkqubo ezithile zesantya esiphezulu. Uphelela esiphakathini, mhlawumbi ngokugalelwa kwesanti eyilwe kakuhle kunye nokusetyenziswa ngobuchule kweecores, kwi-iron ductile, enemigangatho ebalulekileyo eyenziwe ngoomatshini. Ayisiyo inguqulelo egqibeleleyo yayo nayiphi na enye efanelekileyo, kodwa yinguqulelo enokwenziwa ngokuthembekileyo, ngeendleko, ngexesha.
Nantso inyaniso ebonakalayo. Ayikokufikelela kwimfezeko kuphawu olunye. Kumalunga orchestrating zonke variables-indlela ngundo, impahla, gating, unyango ubushushu, machining-ukubetha indawo emnandi isicelo. Umthengisi onamashumi eminyaka kumdlalo, njengefemu eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, ubone oku kurhweba izihlandlo eziliwaka. Ayenzi nje ushicilelo; bafunda phakathi kwemigca yeemfuno, belindele ukuba le nkqubo iza kuzilwela phi, kwaye iqhubela phambili iprojekthi kwisiphumo esinokwenziwa. Lelona xabiso lokwenyani, kwaye yinto oyifundayo kuphela ekuyenzeni ingalunganga amatyeli ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuyilungisa ngokuqhubekayo.
