Jonga, ukuphosa isanti yomxhuzulane. Ivakala ngokuthe ngqo, akunjalo? Phalaza isinyithi esityhidiweyo kwi-mold yesanti, vumela ubunzima be-gravity yenze into yabo, qhekeza inxalenye. Ndiyivile le nguqulo yenziwe lula izihlandlo eziliwaka, kwaye yeyona nto ikhokelela kwimbono yokuqala engalunganga: ukuba yinkqubo nje ephantsi, ephantsi yetekhnoloji yeemilo ezilula. Inyani, i-nuance, kulapho ubugcisa bokwenyani bukhona. Asikokwenza nje imilo; imalunga nokulawula ukuqina kuloo mngxuma wesanti, ukulawula ukuhanjiswa kobushushu ngento enobumdaka ngokoqobo, kwaye ulindele ukuba isinyithi siya kuziphatha njani xa sitsalwa phantsi kuphela bubunzima baso. Lowo ngumsantsa phakathi kokusakha okusebenzisekayo kunye nemfumba yenkunkuma. Ndikhe ndazibona iivenkile zithotywa bubulula obucacileyo emva koko zinyanzeliswa yimiba ye-porosity okanye imilinganiselo engahambelaniyo, yonke into ngenxa yokuba baphatha isanti njengesitya nje, ingeyiyo inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yobushushu.
Isanti AsiyoSanti Nje
Oku mhlawumbi ngowona mba ungahoywanga. Xa sithetha nge ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane ngundo, asithethi ngesanti yaselwandle. Yinkqubo eyenziweyo. Isibophelelo-nokuba yintlabathi eluhlaza (ihlanganiswe ngodongwe), i-resin-bonded, okanye enye into-itshintsha ngokupheleleyo umdlalo. Isanti eluhlaza inaloo plastiki, enika into emangalisayo kwiijometri ezithile kwaye ivumela i-shakeout efanelekileyo. Kodwa umxholo wokufuma? Iphupha elibi lokuhlala ungaguquguquki kwimozulu efumileyo. Ukutshintsha kwepesenti okanye ezimbini kunokukhokelela kwiziphene zerhasi, loo ntsimba yepinhole phantsi kwesikhumba sokugalela oyifumana kuphela ngexesha lomatshini. Ndikhumbula ibhetshi yezibiyeli zentsimbi esizenzileyo; umphezulu wawubonakala ugqibelele, kodwa ivenkile yomatshini yasibiza ngeefoto zemingxuma emincinci yonke indawo ejongene nayo. Umoni? Ukufuma kumanzi ngobusuku esabumba elo candelo. Isanti yafunxa ukufuma okongezelelekileyo, okwathi kwajika kwaba ngumphunga ngoko nangoko intsimbi ibetha kuyo.
Emva koko unesanti eboshwe nge-resin, njenge-furan okanye i-phenolic-urethane. Uzinzo olungcono kakhulu lwe-dimensional kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu, yiyo loo nto zihlala zisetyenziselwa ii-cores ezinzima ngakumbi ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane. Kodwa urhwebo livumba, iindleko, kunye nenyaniso yokuba isanti iba yinkunkuma ekunzima ukuyibuyisela. Uthenga isanti entsha rhoqo. Kwaye uyilo lokungena kufuneka lube kwindawo. Ngesanti eluhlaza, kukho ukungeneka okuthile ukuvumela iigesi ukuba zibaleke. Ngezinye zezi nkqubo ze-resin zinzima, ukuba i-vents yakho ayifezekanga, ubamba igesi kwaye udala izithonga. Yimali engaguqukiyo phakathi kweempawu zemathiriyeli, ixabiso, kunye nenxalenye yokugqibela yeemfuno.
Kwaye ukwenza undoqo yindalo yayo. Kwiipaseji zangaphakathi kumzimba wevalve okanye ibhloko yenjini, uwisa undoqo wesanti kumngundo. Undoqo kufuneka womelele ngokwaneleyo ukujongana noxinzelelo lwentsimbi etyhidiweyo ngaphandle kokuhlanjwa, kodwa kwakhona ukugobeka ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukuphosa ukuba kucutheke ngaphandle kokudala iinyembezi ezishushu. Ukufumana iresiphi yesanti engundoqo-umxube wesanti, i-binder, kunye nezongezo-yi-alchemy. Ndizibonile ii-cores ezaziyomelele kakhulu ngokwenyani ziqhekeza ukuphosa njengoko zaziphola kwaye zibopheleleka malunga nale fomu yangaphakathi ingayekeleliyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ingundoqo iya kuthamba kwangoko kakhulu, ibangele ukuba isinyithi singene kwaye senze amaphiko kwiindawo ongenakuze uzicoce. Ayinakwenza nje imilo yesanti.
Ukungena, uKutyisa, kunye neFiziksi yokuHamba
Inkqubo yokungena yimibhobho yentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Kubonakala ngathi ingcaciso yesibini, kodwa iyona nto iphambili. Kwi ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane, awunalo uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokunyanzela-ukutya isinyithi. Uthembele kwintloko ye-hydraulic-ubude bentsimbi kwi-sprue-ukubonelela ngoxinzelelo lokuzalisa i-cavity. Ukuba i-sprue yakho imfutshane kakhulu, awukwazi ukugcwalisa amacandelo amancinci. Mde kakhulu, kwaye ufumana isiphithiphithi esigqithisileyo, esazisa ukubandakanywa kwe-oxide kunye nomoya kumlambo. Injongo yi-laminar flow. Ufuna isinyithi sizalise isikhunta ngokuthula, njengokugalela isiraphu, kungekhona njengengxangxasi.
Sifunde oku ngendlela enzima kuthotho lwezindlu zempompo zensimbi engenasici kumxhasi. Uyilo lokuqala lwalune-downsprue elula kwi-inganite enye. I-castings iqhubekile iphuma kunye nento ebonakala ngathi iquka ukungcola kufuphi nomphezulu. Emva kokuqhawula kunye nokuhlalutya, kwakungekho ukungcola-kwakuyi-slag kunye nentsimbi ene-oxidized eyayixutywe ngexesha lokuthulula. Sayila ngokutsha isango lokungena ukuze liquke iqula elisezantsi kwesprue ukubambisa intsimbi yokuqala, emdaka, kwaye sasebenzisa inkqubo yembaleki enesitephu esinezingates ezininzi, ezincinci ukusasaza ukuhamba ngokulinganayo. Izinga leziphene lehle ngaphezulu kwe-70%. Nguwo umahluko owenziwe yinkqubo elungileyo. Ayingomlingo; isetyenziswa ulwelo dynamics.
Emva koko kukho ukutya-iindawo zokunyuka. Ezi ziqulatho zetsimbi ezishushu ezondla ukugalela njengoko ziqina kwaye zicutheka. Intsimbi iyacutheka njengoko isuka kulwelo iye kokuqinileyo. Ukuba awuwondli oko kushwabana, ufumana i-shrinkage porosity, i-spongy, indawo ebuthathaka ngaphakathi kokuphosa. Iqhinga kukubeka isikhuphukeli kwindawo eyiyo, siyenze isayizi elungileyo, kwaye siqinisekise ukuba sihlala sishushu ixesha elide kunecandelo lokusasela ekutya ngalo. Ngamanye amaxesha udinga imikhono yesikhuphukeli ephumayo ukuze ugcine loo ntsimbi inyibilikile. Konke kumalunga nokuqina kwecala: ukwenza ukugaywa kuqine ukusuka kwiincam umva ukuya kwisikhuphukeli, ukuze isikhuphukeli sinokuhlala sisondla isinyithi elulwelo kwiindawo ezishwabeneyo. Isikhuphukeli esibekwe kakubi sibubunzima obufileyo ekufuneka usinqumle; eyilwe kakuhle yi-inshurensi yentsimbi evakalayo.
Ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo kunye noMdaniso wokuQinisekisa
Intsimbi oyikhethayo iyalela yonke into kwi ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane inkqubo. Intsimbi engwevu ayiziphathanga njengentsimbi ye-ductile, engeyonto efana nentsimbi okanye i-alloy-based alloy. I-iron engwevu, kunye ne-graphite flakes, inomanzi kwaye ifumana ukwanda ngexesha lokuqina ngenxa yemvula yegraphite. Oku kunokunceda ngokwenene ukunciphisa imiba yokuncipha. Intsimbi erhuqwayo, enegrafayithi engqukuva, ineempawu zokushwabana ezohlukeneyo kwaye ithanda ukwenza inkunkuma ukuba ayiphathwa ngononophelo.
Intsimbi sisilo. Ubushushu bokugalela buphezulu kakhulu kunentsimbi, nto leyo ethetha ubushushu obuninzi bokulawula. Umngundo wesanti ufumana ukothuka okushushu. I-Steel nayo inomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wokunciphisa-malunga ne-2% okanye ngaphezulu kwi-carbon steel. Inkqubo yakho yokutya (izinyusi) kufuneka zibe nkulu kakhulu kwaye zomelele ngakumbi. Kwaye kunye ne-alloys ezithile, ezifana nentsimbi okanye i-alloy high-alloy, ulwelo olumanzi lunokuba sezantsi, lufuna uyilo olunyamekileyo lwesango lokuzalisa amacandelo amancinci. Ndisebenze neevenkile ezifana Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) kwiiprojekthi ezibandakanya ialloys ezizodwa. Ungawabona amava abo kwindawo yawo https://www.tsingtaocnc.com. Xa ujongene ne-cobalt-based okanye i-nickel-based alloys, iindleko zetsimbi ngokwazo ziphezulu kangangokuba ukuchithwa okulahliwe kuyilahleko enkulu. Umda wempazamo uyacutheka. Ulawulo lwenkqubo-ukusuka kwintlabathi yobushushu ukuya kwintsimbi yokugalela iqondo lobushushu ukuya kwisantya sokugalela-kufuneka kucokiseke. Imbali yabo ende ekusaseni nasematshinini, njengoko kuphawuliwe kwintshayelelo yabo, icebisa ukuba bakhe bajonga le miceli mngeni ingqalileyo kwiqokobhe, utyalo-mali, kunye neenkqubo zesanti.
I-aluminium kunye ne-alloys esekwe ngobhedu lelinye ilizwe ngokupheleleyo. Zigalela kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kodwa zinokuba negesi. Bahlala befuna ukuchithwa kwegesi kwiziko okanye kwi-ladle phambi kokugalela ukususa i-hydrogen, ebangela i-gross porosity. Isanti kufuneka yome ngokupheleleyo. Nakuphi na ukufuma kuya kusabela ngobundlobongela nge-aluminium, kungekuphela nje ukudala igesi kodwa okunokubangela ukuqhuma komphunga okonakalisa ukungunda. Yonke imathiriyeli inobuntu bayo, iseti yayo yeemfuno kwinkqubo.
Apho Ingena khona kwaye Ujongwa nini kwenye indawo
Ukuphosa isanti yomxhuzulane igqwesa kwiindawo eziphakathi ukuya kumakhulu aneejiyometri ezilula ukuya kweziphakathi. Cinga ngeebhloko ze-injini, izindlu zebhokisi yegiya, imizimba emikhulu yevalvu, iziseko zezixhobo zoomatshini, iikhaseji zempompo. Ixabiso eliphantsi kwimithamo ephantsi ukuya ephakathi kuba isixhobo (ipateni) ayibizi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokungunda okusisigxina okanye ukufa kwe-die-casting. Ixesha elikhokelayo lokuvelisa inxalenye entsha linokuba lifutshane ukuba usebenzisa ipateni yomthi okanye yeplastiki. Uluhlu lwesayizi alunasiphelo-ungaphosa iindawo ezinobunzima beetoni.
Kodwa inemida yayo. Umphezulu wokugqiba kunye nokuchaneka komda, ngelixa ulungile, awuqini njengoko ufumana utyalo-mali okanye ukuphoswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ukuba ufuna indawo eneendonga ezibhityileyo kakhulu (ezantsi mhlawumbi i-1/8 intshi kwiintsimbi ezininzi), iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zangaphakathi, okanye umphezulu onjengesipili esifana nokuphosa, mhlawumbi ujonge ukuphoswa kotyalo-mali. Yiyo loo nto i-full-service foundry efana QSY ingabonelela ngokubunjwa kweqokobhe kunye notyalo-mali kunye nesakhono sabo. Ukungunda kweShell kukunika inyathelo phezulu ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokugqiba ukusuka kwisiseko sesanti, kwaye utyalo-mali luqhubela phambili. Imalunga nokuthelekisa inkqubo kwiimfuno zecandelo.
Olunye uqwalaselo olukhulu lizinga lemveliso. Ukwenza ubumba lwesanti nganye ngesandla kuyacotha. Kwimveliso ephezulu yevolumu yamacandelo amancinci, imigca yokubumba yesanti eluhlaza ikhona, kodwa lutyalo-mali olukhulu. Ivenkile yomsebenzi okanye iprototyping, manual okanye semi-automated ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane ibhetyebhetye ngendlela emangalisayo. Unokwenza i-one-offs okanye iibhetshi ezincinci ngaphandle kokuphula ibhanki kwi-tooling. Yinkqubo yehashe ngesizathu-iyaguquguquka, ukuxolela ngandlela thile (ungahlala ulungisa ipateni), kwaye iyakwazi ukuvelisa amacandelo anamandla amangalisayo, ahlala ixesha elide.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingenakuthintelwa kunye neFactor Human
Nokuba ubeka emgangathweni kangakanani, umsebenzi wesiseko ugcwele izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ubushushu besanti xa ugalela. Ubushushu bentsimbi kwi-ladle-kwaye iyaphola njengoko ugalela, ngoko ke isikhunta sokugqibela kuluhlu sinokufumana isinyithi esipholileyo kunesokuqala. Ubuchule bomgabi. Isigaleli esilungileyo silawula isantya, sigcina ispreyi sigcwele ukugcina uxinzelelo lwentloko, kwaye sinciphisa udushe. Umntu oqalayo unokonakalisa uyilo lokungunda olugqibeleleyo.
Emva koko kukho shakeout kunye nokucoca. Ukuqhawula isanti kubonakala kulula, kodwa ungonakalisa ukuphosa okubuthathaka ukuba urhabaxa kakhulu. Amasango kunye nokunyuka kufuneka kunqunyulwe, ngokuqhelekileyo nge-bandsaw okanye i-abrasive cutter. Emva koko kukho ukugaya ukugudisa iindawo ezisikiweyo, ukudubula ukudubula ukucoca umphezulu, kwaye rhoqo unyango lobushushu kwiipropati zokugqibela. Inyathelo ngalinye lizisa okunokwenzeka kwempazamo okanye umonakalo. Ndibone isandi esihle, isandi esifumana igouge enzulu ukusuka kwigrinder enenzondelelo, ijika ibe ngumsebenzi wokulungisa okanye inkunkuma.
Ekupheleni kosuku, ukujula kwesanti yomxhuzulane yinkqubo esisiseko. Ayinabukhazikhazi. Ihlala imdaka kwaye ishushu. Kodwa kukho ulwaneliseko olunzulu ekuthatheni imfumba yesanti, igaqa lesinyithi, kwaye uyijike ibe yinto echanekileyo, esebenzayo, ethwele umthwalo ngokuqonda le migaqo isisiseko. Ngumxube wobugcisa bamandulo kunye nenzululwazi yanamhlanje yesinyithi. Iivenkile ezenza kakuhle, abo banamashumi eminyaka phantsi kwebhanti yabo njenge QSY, baye bafaka ngaphakathi kuzo zonke ezi nkalo—iiresiphi zentlabathi, imithetho yokungena kancinane, iingxaki zengxubevange nganye. Abenzi nje iicastings; balawula isiganeko esilawulwayo sokuqinisa. Kwaye lelona qhinga layo.
