Uva 'intsimbi engwevu' kwaye uninzi lwabantu, kunye nabanye abakwimimandla yokuvelisa ekufutshane, ngokukhawuleza bacinga 'ixabiso eliphantsi,' 'elisisiseko,' okanye 'isikolo esidala.' Leyo yimbono yokuqala ephosakeleyo. Akunjalo nje malunga nokungabizi; imalunga nokuba sisixhobo esifanelekileyo kuluhlu olukhulu lwemisebenzi apho umthamo wokudambisa, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokumkani. Iiflake zegraphite – ‘ezingwevu’ egameni layo – azisosiphene; baluphawu lobunjineli. Zizo ezibangela ukuba ludambisa uphawu, lufunxa ukungcangcazela njengesipontshi. Ndibone iiprojekthi ezingaphezulu-ezikhethekileyo zentsimbi okanye intsimbi yesiseko okanye indlu, zileqa amandla okuqina, kuphela ukuba yonke indibano ivuthuluze kwaye ivakalise ngenxa yokuba ayikuhoyanga ukudambisa. Kulapho intsimbi engwevu ngokuthe cwaka iphumelele.
Ngaphaya kweNcwadi yesiFundo: Ubunyani beNkqubo kunye nesandi
Iincwadi zokufunda ziya kukunika iifomyula ezilinganayo zekhabhoni, iigophe zokupholisa. Ihlabathi lokwenyani likunika isandi. Umhle, uxinene intsimbi engwevu inomsesane ocacileyo, ophakamileyo xa ubethwe kancinci. Isithonga esibuhlungu? Oko kuhlala kuthetha imiba - ukucutheka, i-porosity, mhlawumbi i-inoculation engalunganga. Luvavanyo lomgangatho wokuqala, kumgangatho wevenkile esele likho ixesha elide kunalo naluphi na uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic. Ndikhumbula kutyelelo lwabasunguli, mhlawumbi indawo efana neQingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd.(QSY), ungamva umphathi esihla ngomgca wezinto ezitsha, ecofa nganye ngehamile encinci, ephulaphule. Eso sandi yingxelo ekhawulezileyo kumgangatho wenyibilika kunye nokugalela.
Ukufumana eso sandi esingaguqukiyo, nangona kunjalo, akukhona nje malunga nekhemikhali yentsimbi. Imalunga nokungunda. Isanti eluhlaza yeyona nto iphambili, kodwa ukuntsonkotha kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu, ukubumba iqokobhe kulapho ubona i-finesse yokwenyani. Isanti egqunywe ngentlaka yenza iqokobhe eliqinileyo, elivumela iindonga ezibhityileyo kunye neenkcukacha ezibukhali kunesanti yemveli eluhlaza. Kulapho amava e-Foundry exela ngokwenene. Kufuneka balawule i-thermal dynamics ngokwahlukileyo - i-shell shell ipholisa isinyithi ngokukhawuleza, esichaphazela ukubunjwa kwegraphite. Ukuba inkqubo ayicofelwanga, ungaphela unemiphetho ebandayo okanye i-microstructure engahambelaniyo, ubulala ubuchwephesha kamva.
Kwaye ubugcisa yintlawulo enkulu elandelayo. Ezo flakes zegraphite zisebenza njengeziqhekeza zetshiphu ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ungathatha amanxeba anobundlongondlongo, iitshiphusi zophuka kakuhle, kwaye ubomi besixhobo buhle kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi. Kodwa-kwaye oku kukhulu kodwa-kucingela i-matrix engaguqukiyo, i-pearlitic. Ukuba i-iron i-ferritic kakhulu, ifumana i-gummy. Ininzi kakhulu i-carbides yasimahla yokupholisa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uya kutshisa ngeengcebiso. Awuthengi nje i-casting; uthenga i-metallurgical control emva kwayo.
Umzekelo QSY: Apho Casting Dibana Machining
Ukujonga umda wenkampani kukuxelela okuninzi malunga nokuqonda kwabo izinto. Thatha imisebenzi ye-QSY, umzekelo. Badwelisa ukungunda kweqokobhe kunye nokuphosa utyalo-mali ecaleni komatshini we-CNC, ukusebenza ngentsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye neealloyi ezikhethekileyo. Olo manyano lungundoqo. Isiseko esikwanoomatshini abaqonda iziphumo ezisezantsi zenkqubo yabo yokuphosa. Bayazi ukuba utshintsho oluncinci kumgca wokwahlula okanye i-angle yokuyila ephantsi ayichaphazeli nje i-mold-inokuthetha ukuseta okongeziweyo, okungahambi kakuhle kwi-CNC mill, ukongeza iindleko kunye nexesha lokujikeleza. Xa i-caster yakho icinga njenge-machinist, ufumana iindawo ezilungele imveliso ngokwenene.
Uluhlu lwabo lwezinto eziphathekayo nalo luxela. Ukunikela intsimbi engwevu ecaleni kwe-nickel alloys aloyiyo imenyu kuphela. Ibonisa ukuba banokuphatha iziko kunye nenkqubo yokwahlula okufunekayo. Awufuni ukulandelela izinto ezivela kwi-alloy high-alloy melt engcolisa umgca wakho wentsimbi, njengoko into efana nechromium inokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-carbide kwintsimbi, iyenze ingenakulinganiswa. I-Foundry edwelisa ezi ngokwahlukeneyo idla ngokuba noqeqesho olukhoyo.
Oku kubalulekile kwinto efana nomzimba wevalve yehydraulic okanye indlu yecompressor. Unokufuna iipaseji zangaphakathi ezifakwe kwimilo ekufutshane nenetha (apho ukubumba kweqokobhe kugqwesa), ubuso obuchanekileyo beflange, kunye namazibuko afakwe imisonto. Ukuba i-Foundry ikunika nje iqonga elikrwada kwaye ithi 'ithamsanqa,' unokulungiswa okuninzi kunye nokukhangela ngaphambili. Kodwa ukuba sele bewashicilele amaxwebhu aphambili kunye nojongano olubalulekileyo, njengale ivenkile edibeneyo iyenzayo, ungaphambili. Ukuzinza kwentsimbi engwevu kwenza kube liphupha lokubamba unyamezelo oluqinileyo kubo bonke obo buso bomatshini.
Ukungaphumeleli kunye neZifundo: Xa iGrey Iron ithi Hayi
Ayiyompendulo kuyo yonke into. Ndifunde oku ngendlela enzima kwangethuba ngenxalenye yesibiyeli sempompo enzima. Uyilo lwaluneekona ezibukhali eziphinde zangena kunye nobukhulu becandelo elingalinganiyo. Siye satyhala i-iron engwevu ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nemfuno edambisayo. Isiphumo? Iinyembezi ezishushu. Yakudala. Amacandelo abhityileyo aqina kwaye ashwabana kuqala, atsala isinyithi esanyibilikisiweyo kumacandelo angqingqwa, kwaye avele azikrazule. Ukushwabana okuphezulu kwe-iron engwevu kufuna ukutyiswa ngononophelo kunye noyilo lwesikhuphukeli. Kulapho kungena khona ubugcisa bomenzi wepatheni. Kwafuneka sibuyele umva, songeze iifillet kuyo yonke indawo, sisebenze kuguqulo lwecandelo, kwaye sisebenzise iingqele kwisingundo ukuze siqinise. Yasebenza, kodwa yongeza ixesha.
Esinye isifundo: ukuchasana nempembelelo. Musa ukuyicela ukuba ibe yihamile. Iiflake zegraphite zizigxina zoxinzelelo. Ukubethelwa okubukhali kunokubangela ukuphuka okusasazeka kunye naloo maflakes. Ndikhe ndayibona intsimbi engwevu ebonakala ngathi yomelele kwizindlu zentsimbi eziqhekekayo ukusuka kwifolokhwe ye-forklift iyishukumisa ngendlela engalunganga. Kumalungu anawo nawuphi na umngcipheko wokulayishwa komothuko, ucacisa i-iron ductile. Lukhetho loyilo olusisiseko ekufuneka lwenziwe kanye kwibhodi yokuzoba.
Ukonakala ngomnye umda. Iyakugqwala. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso ngaphakathi, idyasi yepeyinti ilungile. Kodwa ekusetyenzweni kokutya okanye iindawo ezithile zeekhemikhali, ujonge i-nickel-chrome ductile irons okanye utshintshele kwi-stainless. Ubulula be-iron eGrey nayo kukuthintelwa kwayo apha. Awunakuthembela kuyo ngokuxhathisa umhlwa.
Ukuyichaza eKunene: Incoko kunye neFoundry
Awuthumeli nje umzobo oneMathiriyeli: Intsimbi eNgwevu kwaye uyibize ngokuba lusuku. Inkcazo yincoko. Ngaba sithetha i-ASTM A48 Class 35? Iklasi 40? Inombolo yeklasi ngamandla okuqina kwi-ksi. Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi kunenombolo kwi-cert yi-microstructure spec. Unokubiza ubuncinci be-pearlite umxholo (uthi, i-90%) ukuqinisekisa ubuqili kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. Ungakhankanya ubungakanani beflake yegraphite (Uhlobo A, ubungakanani 4-5 buqhelekile kubunjineli ngokubanzi). Apha kulapho ukusebenzisana nesiseko esinobuchule kuhlawulela khona.
Irep elungileyo yobuchwephesha evela kwi-Foundry ayizukucaphula nje ushicilelo lwakho. Baza kubuza malunga nomsebenzi, ukulayishwa, izicwangciso zomatshini. Basenokucebisa ukulungelelanisa ubungakanani bodonga nge-millimeter okanye ezimbini ukuphucula ukondla. Basenokucebisa ukuba utshintshe umbindi kancinci ukunqanda iziphene zomhlaba ezinxulumene nesanti kubuso obubalulekileyo bokutywinwa. Oku kubuyela emva naphambili kuko okujika umzobo ube licandelo elenziwayo. Ngumahluko phakathi kwenxalenye esebenzayo kunye nenxalenye esebenza ngokuthembekileyo iminyaka.
Kwiindawo ezinomthamo ophezulu, le ncoko idlulela kwisixhobo. Ipateni esisigxina yentsimbi yokubumba iqokobhe lixabiso eliphezulu eliphambili, kodwa ngaphezulu kwamaqhekeza ali-10,000, ixabiso lenxalenye nganye liyehla kakhulu. Kwiiprototypes okanye imitsi emifutshane, unokusebenzisa i-3D-printed sand molds. Ukugqitywa komphezulu kunye nokuchaneka komda akuzukulunga njengokubumba kweqokobhe elichanekileyo ukusuka kwipateni yentsimbi, kodwa kukufumana iindawo ezisebenzayo kwiiveki, hayi iinyanga. Lurhwebo-off umnikezeli olungileyo aya kukwenzela kona.
I-Niche eQinisekileyo kwiLizwe lobuGcisa obuPhezulu
Kwixesha lee-composites kunye nemveliso eyongezelelweyo, intsimbi engwevu uziva phantse analog. Kodwa ngamandla ayo. Sisimbuku, esithembekileyo, isisombululo esinexabiso elisebenzayo kumacandelo asisiseko. Cinga iibhedi zesixhobo soomatshini, iibhloko zenjini, iintloko zecylinder, iiflywheels, iidiski zokuqhobosha koololiwe. Ukukwazi kwayo ukudambisa ukungcangcazela akukafaneli kuthelekiswe nezinye izinto kwixabiso layo. Sisiseko esizolileyo, esizinzile esivumela ukuba i-spindles enesantya esiphezulu kunye nezikhokelo ezichanekileyo zomgca kwiziko lomatshini benze umsebenzi wabo.
Iindawo ezifana ne-QSY, kunye namashumi eminyaka kumdlalo, zibone izixhobo kunye neenkqubo eziza kwaye zihamba. Inyaniso yokuba basadwelisa intsimbi etyhidiweyo ngokucacileyo ithetha ukuba imfuno izinzile. Ayinabukhazikhazi, kodwa ibalulekile. Ulwazi alukho kwiincwadana nje; kukwivenkile yeepateni, kwindawo enyibilikayo, kwisandi sempompo yehamile.
Ke kwixesha elizayo xa ujonge into enzima, ibhoksi, into entsonkothileyo emile enzima ekufuneka iqinile, icutheke, kwaye ingcangcazele, sukuyihoya intsimbi engwevu. Qiniseka nje ukuba uyayiqonda imithetho yayo. Uyilo lokuqiniswa, khankanya i-microstructure, kwaye usebenze kunye nesiseko esicinga ngaphaya kokuthululwa. Lungisa oko, kwaye unecandelo eliya kudlula umatshini owakhelwe kuwo.
