Xa usiva 'izinto zokubumba inaliti yentsimbi', iingqondo ezininzi zitsibela ngqo kumgubo wentsimbi. Nantso into ephambili, ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa ukuba uchithe naliphi na ixesha kumgangatho wevenkile, uyazi ukuba ibali lokwenyani liqala nge-binder system kwaye liphele kunye nomoya wesithando somlilo. Yi-cocktail yonke ebalulekileyo, kungekhona nje umoya. Ndibone iiprojekthi ezininzi zivaliwe ngenxa yokuba kukho umntu ofumene umgubo omhle, ongqukuva we-17-4PH kodwa wadityaniswa nesibophelelo se-wax-polymer esenziwe njengesiqhelo esingakwaziyo ukujongana nejometri yenxalenye, ekhokelela ekugqwethekeni kwintlekele ngexesha lokudityaniswa. Isixhobo asiyontsimbi kuphela; kukutya kwemfuyo. Eso sisifundo sokuqala, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi sibiza kakhulu.
I-Feedstock Equation: Ubugcisa obungaphezulu kuneSayensi
Ukufumana i-feedstock ngokufanelekileyo kuvakala ngathi yi-alchemy ngamanye amaxesha. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokulayishwa kwepowder-loo pesenti yevolumu yomgubo wesinyithi kwi-binder-kukuhamba ngentambo. Yityhale phezulu kakhulu ngenxalenye entsonkothileyo, kwaye uphulukana nokuqukuqela okuxatyisiweyo yi-MIM. Umatshini wokubumba inaliti uyasokola, ufumana imigca ye-weld, i-voids. Iphantsi kakhulu, kwaye inxalenye iyancipha ngokungalindelekanga ngexesha le-sintering, iphele ngaphandle kwe-spec. Kwicandelo elinxibileyo eliphakamileyo sake sabaleka, sisebenzisa i-316L powder ecocekileyo, i-gas-atomized, kwafuneka sicofe ukulayisha phantsi kancinci kwincomo yencwadi. Ngoba? Le ndawo yayinomnqamlezo obhityileyo ngokuhlekisayo omelene nehabhu eshinyeneyo. Ukulayisha okusemgangathweni kubangele amanqaku e-sink. Siye sabeka esichengeni ukuxinana okusezantsi kancinci ukuqinisekisa ukuzaliswa, emva koko silungise iprofayile ye-sintering ukubuyisela. Isebenzile, kodwa ibingekho kuyo nayiphi na incwadi.
Kulapho indima yomdibanisi ijongelwa phantsi ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Asiyoglu nje lexeshana. I-kinetics yokubola kwayo ngexesha lokuchithwa kwe-thermal okanye i-solvent kufuneka ihambelane ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokupakisha kwe powder. Ukungahambelani apha, kwaye ufumana ukudumba, ukuqhekeka, okanye 'inxalenye eluhlaza' ukuwohloka. Ndikhumbula ibhetshi apho umthengisi wesibophelelo etshintshe i-catalyst ngaphandle kwesaziso. Amalungu ayebonakala egqibelele ephuma kubumba, kodwa kwi-oveni edityanisiweyo, ayewa njengentlama ediniweyo. Ilahleko iyonke. Umgubo wawufana, ukuchazwa kwesinyithi akuzange kutshintshe. Ukusilela bekukwicandelo 'elincinci' lenkqubo yesibophelelo.
Kwaye makhe sithethe ngeempawu zomgubo. I-Sphericity kunye ne-particle size distribution (PSD) yiyo yonke into. I-PSD emxinwa inokunika ithiyori enkulu yokupakisha, kodwa elawulwa kakuhle, usasazo olubanzi kancinane luhlala luhamba bhetele xa lusebenza kunye ne-siners ngokuthembekileyo ngakumbi. Kwi-cobalt-chrome implant implants feedstock, siye salwa imiba ye-porosity de sadibanisa amaqashiso amabini omgubo ohlukeneyo ukuze sifumane ijika elichanekileyo lePSD. Amaphepha athile eqashiso ngalinye 'ayemkelekile', kodwa umlingo wawukumxube. Awuyifundi loo nto kwidatabase; uyifunda kwiibhetshi ezilahliweyo.
I-Sintering: Apho Izinto Zimi khona ngokwenene
Le yingongoma yokungabuyi. Uyibumbile kwaye wayibophelela 'inxalenye emdaka' eethe-ethe. Ngoku, kwisithando somlilo, iinqununu zetsimbi zidibanisa kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zivela. Kulapho ukhetho lwakho lwezinto ezisisiseko-insimbi engenasici, insimbi yesixhobo, i-alloy ekhethekileyo-ijongene nesilingo sayo ngomlilo. Ulawulo lwe-atmosphere yinkosi. Ukuvuza kweoksijini encinci kwi-atmosphere ye-hydrogen-nitrogen xa ufaka intsimbi ene-chromium efana ne-17-4PH inokuphelisa ikhabhoni yomphezulu kwaye yonakalise ukuxhathisa umhlwa. Sifunde ukuqhuba ii-dummy parts phambi kwebhetshi nganye ebalulekileyo 'ukuvavanya' umoya we-oven, ipolisi ye-inshorensi engabizi kakhulu.
Umjikelo we-sintering ngokwawo yi-recipe yezinto eziphathekayo. Amazinga e-Ramp, ukubamba amaqondo obushushu, isantya sokupholisa-zonke ziyalela i-microstructure yokugqibela. Kwiprojekthi efuna ingxubevange yemagnethi ethambileyo (efana ne-Fe-50% Ni), izinga lokupholisa ukusuka kwiqondo lobushushu le-sintering lalibalulekile ukuphuhlisa ukungeneka kwemagnethi okufunayo. Ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye siyiphosile ifestile yepropathi. Kuthathe imitsi emithathu yesithando somlilo ngee-tweaks zokupholisa ezifihlakeleyo ukubetha i-spec. 'Izinto eziphathekayo' kwi-odolo yokuthenga yayiyi-Fe-50Ni nje. Izinto ezisebenzayo zenziwe kweso sithando somlilo.
I-Shrinkage yenye into enkulu eguquguqukayo, ebotshelelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-feedstock. Sijonge ukushwabana kwe-isotropic, kodwa ayifani ngokugqibeleleyo. Kwicandelo legiya elichanekileyo, kuye kwafuneka ukuba siyile umngxuma wokungunda ngokusekwe kwi-empirical shrinkage factor ebesiyiphuhlisele eso sondlo se-alloy eyi-4140, hayi ibango lomthengisi le-15-18%. Into yethu yayiyi-16.7% ± 0.3% kwinqwelomoya ebalulekileyo. Olo lwazi luchanekileyo luvela kumlinganiselo wamakhulu eenxalenye ezisiniweyo kunye nokunxibelelanisa umva. Lolo luhlobo lolwazi lwezinto eziphathekayo oluhlala kwincwadi yokudlala yangaphakathi yenkampani.
Kutheni ii-alloys ezifana neCobalt kunye neNickel zitshintsha uMdlalo
Ukuhamba ukusuka kwiintsimbi eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwiindawo ezifana ialloys esekwe cobalt okanye ialloys esekwe nickel kuba iMIM lutshintsho lwenyathelo kubunzima kunye neendleko. Ezi ayizo 'fancier steels' kuphela. Iifestile zabo zokucoca zinokuba mxinwa kakhulu. Ingxubevange ye-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum yokusetyenziswa kwebhayoloji inokuntywila ngaphakathi kwefestile ye-20-degree Celsius ukufezekisa ukuxinana okupheleleyo ngaphandle kokukhula okuziinkozo. Uyiphose, kwaye ufumana i-porosity eyintsalela okanye i-embrittlement.
Ukususwa kwe-binder kwezi ngxubevange eziphezulu zokusebenza nako kuyinkimbinkimbi. Umgubo wabo udla ngokusebenza ngakumbi, ngoko ke ukubotshwa kwe-catalytic (ukusebenzisa umphunga we-nitric acid, umzekelo) kunokukhethwa kuneendlela ezicothayo zobushushu ukunqanda ukungcoliseka komhlaba. Oku kongeza ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo kunye neendleko. Kodwa intlawulo ziindawo ezinezakhiwo ezikufuphi nezinto ezenziweyo-cinga ngee-jet injini ye-injector swirler eyenziwe nge-MIM ukusuka kwi-nickel superalloy. Ixabiso likubunzima be-net-shape, kungekhona nje iindleko zempahla.
Le yindawo apho isiseko esinzulu kunye namava omatshini ebaluleka kakhulu. Inkampani enembali ende kwi-investment casting kunye ne-machining ialloys ezikhethekileyo, njenge Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), izisa imbono eyahlukileyo kwi-MIM. Bakhe bajongana nesinyithi se ialloys ezikhethekileyo kumashumi eminyaka ngokusebenzisa iqokobhe labo kunye nokusebenza kotyalo-mali. Olo lwazi lwendeleyo malunga nendlela ezi ntsimbi ziziphatha ngayo phantsi kobushushu, indlela ezidibana ngayo ne-atmosphere, kunye nendlela ezinokugqityezelwa ngayo luxabiso elikhulu xa usenza umzamo wokuzibumba. Bayaqonda ukuba i-post-sintering state sisiqalo nje esingenanto kwiindawo ezininzi, eziya kuthi ke zifune ngokuthe ngqo CNC Machining ukuhlangabezana nokunyamezelwa kokugqibela kwiimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Inkqubo yeMIM kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto ziyilwe kunye nelo nyathelo lomatshini elilandelayo engqondweni.
Ikhonkco loMachining: I-MIM Ayisoloko Ithetha 'Kugqityiwe'
Ukungaqondi kakuhle okuqhelekileyo kukuba iinxalenye zeMIM ziphuma eziko zilungele ukusetyenziswa. Kwabaninzi, ewe. Kodwa kwizicelo ezichanekileyo eziphezulu, i-sintering ilandelwa yimisebenzi yesibini. Oku kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto eziphathekayo. Unokukhetha ibakala elenziwe lukhuni ngaphambili, okanye elo liza kunyangwa ngobushushu emva kokuba sintering. Kodwa kwakhona kufuneka ucinge ngobuchule. Inxalenye ye-MIM ene-sintered ine-microstructure entle, efanayo, kodwa akusoloko kuliphupha kumatshini. Inokuba yi-abrasive.
Sasinecala kunye ne-440C yensimbi engenasici ye-MIM inxalenye efuna umngxuma ocofayo. Inxalenye yayixinene ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqinile emva kokuntywila. Ukuyicofa ngokuthe ngqo yayikukuhlafuna izixhobo. Kuye kwafuneka sihlengahlengise umjikelo we-sintering ukuze siyishiye ikwimeko ethambileyo kancinane ukwenzela ukuba machining, emva koko songeze unyango lobushushu obulandelayo. Inkqubo 'yezinto eziphathekayo' yayilolu hlobo: ukwakhiwa kwe-feedstock -> ukubumba -> ukukhupha -> i-sintering (ithambileyo) -> i-CNC machining -> unyango lobushushu -> imveliso yokugqibela. Uhambo lwezinto eziphathekayo lwalungekapheli emva kwesithando somlilo.
Lo mbono udibeneyo ungundoqo. Yiyo loo nto abanye abadlali abaphumeleleyo bengezovenkile zeMIM ezisulungekileyo. Bangabavelisi abadibeneyo, njenge-QSY, abadibanisa iinkqubo. Bayakwazi ukujonga umzobo kwi-complex, i-high-alloy component kwaye bagwebe ukuba ngaba utyalo mali, I-MIM, okanye indlela exutywe kakuhle isekelwe kwijometri, izinto eziphathekayo kunye nomthamo. Iminyaka yabo engama-30 ekujuleni nasematshinini ithetha ukuba bakhetha imathiriyeli ye-MIM ngokuqonda ngokupheleleyo ikhonkco lokuvelisa, hayi nje amanyathelo okubumba kunye nokucofa. Bayazi ukuba ixabiso lokwenyani lezinto eziphathekayo libandakanya indlela eziphatha ngayo kuwo wonke umsebenzi olandelayo.
Iintsilelo kunye neZifundo Eziziprintayo
Awufundi izixhobo kwiimpumelelo. Ufunda kwimigqomo yezinto ezilahliweyo. Kwangoko, sazama ukuqhuba isitokhwe sentsimbi esine-alloy ephantsi esenzelwe iindawo zemoto. Amalungu ahamba kakuhle, akhangeleka kakuhle. Kodwa kuvavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa, bagrusa kwiiyure, ngelixa indawo eyayisenziwa ngokwesiko yebakala elifanayo yahlala iiveki. Umoni? Ilahleko yekhabhoni ngexesha lokuntywila ngenxa yeatmosfera engalungiselelwanga ngokugqibeleleyo kwikhemistry yomphezulu womgubo othile. Isixhobo 'ibanga' sasichanekile, kodwa inkqubo yayitshintshile indlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Kwafuneka sitshintshele kwipowder eyenzelwe i-MIM, kunye ne-surface passivation eyahlukileyo, kwaye siqinise iprotocol yesithando somlilo. I-spec sheet yayingenamsebenzi ukuba asizange silawule inkqubo eyadala izinto zokugqibela.
Elinye ixesha, siye saphonononga sisebenzisa i-MIM-ekwaziyo i-tungsten enzima ialloy. Uxinaniso lwalumnandi, kodwa imfuyo yayidume ngokuba nzima ukuyibumba rhoqo. Sichithe iinyanga kuyilo lwesango kunye nembaleki, ubushushu bokubumba, iiparamitha zenaliti. Sifumene iindawo ezisebenzayo, kodwa isivuno asizange sisebenze ngokwezoqoqosho kumthamo. Siyigcinile. Izinto eziphathekayo zazithembisa ephepheni, kodwa iinyani ezisebenzayo zokuyiguqula ukusuka kwi-feedstock ukuya kwindawo ethembekileyo yabulala iprojekthi. Esi sisigqibo esibalulekileyo osibizayo kuphela ngokuzama kunye nokusilela.
Ngoko xa ndicinga izixhobo zokubumba inaliti yesinyithi ngoku, Andiboni nje uluhlu alloys. Ndibona i-cascade yezigqibo: imilo yomgubo kunye nobukhulu, i-binder chemistry, ukulayishwa komgubo, indlela ye-debind, iprofayili ye-amosphere yesithando somlilo, unyango olunokwenzeka lobushushu, kunye ne-machining efunekayo yesibini. Izinto eziphathekayo yile chain epheleleyo. Yinkqubo-echaziweyo ekhoyo. Ukuyilungisa kuthetha ukuhlonipha lonke ikhonkco, kwaye olo lwazi aluthengwa-lwakhiwe inxalenye ngenxalenye, ukusilela ngokusilela, kwiminyaka. Ngumahluko phakathi kokuodola umgubo kunye nobunjineli njengenxalenye.
