Uma uzwa 'insimbi engagqwali engu-2Cr13', umcabango osheshayo kwabaningi ungelinye nje ibanga eliyisisekelo le-martensitic, elilungele imimese nama-valve ashibhile. Lokho akulona iphutha, kodwa ukwenza lula okuholela ekuphathweni kwekhanda esitolo ngaphezu kwalokho okufanele. Iqiniso liwukuthi, ukuziphatha kwayo kuhlezi kulesi simo esiphakathi esikhohlisayo—akuthetheleli njengo-304, futhi akuqinile njengo-440C. Ukuthola imiphumela engaguquki nayo, ikakhulukazi ekulingiseni nasekukhiqizeni imishini, kudinga ukuthi uhloniphe izingqinamba zayo ezithile.
I-Casting Conundrum: Fluidity vs. Cracking
Kumagobolondo ethu esikhunta kanye nemigqa yokutshala imali, i-2Cr13 iyindiza evamile yemizimba yephampu, ama-impeller, nezingxenye ezithile zemishini yokudla. I-nuance yokuqala ukuthulula izinga lokushisa. Ungacabanga ngekhabhoni yayo emaphakathi (~0.16-0.25%) kanye no-13% Cr, iqondile. Kodwa ububanzi bayo bokuqina buncane kunalokho obungakulindela. Thela upholile kakhulu, futhi uthola ama-mistruns, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezincane ze-impeller blade. Thela kushisa kakhulu, kanye nengozi yokudabuka okushisayo, ikakhulukazi kulawo magumbi abukhali angaphakathi omzimba wevalvu. Sifunde, ngokusebenzisa ukulingisa okumbalwa okulahliwe, ukuphokophela isiphetho esiphezulu sebanga elinconyiwe kodwa ngebhande lokulawula eliqina kakhulu. Kumayelana nokuwunikeza uketshezi olwanele ukuze ugcwalise isikhunta ngaphandle kokugcizelela kakhulu igobolondo eliqinisayo.
Bese kuba nokusebenzisana kwempahla yesikhunta. Ngenxa yokuthi i-martensitic, iyashintsha futhi inciphe ngokuhlukile kunamamaki e-austenitic. Ngokusakazwa kokutshalwa kwezimali kusetshenziswa amagobolondo e-ceramic, bekufanele silungise izinga lokushisa langaphambi kokushisa kwegobolondo. Ukushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okujwayelekile kwe-304 kuholele ekuqhekekeni kokusakazwa kwe-2Cr13 ngoba ukushaqeka okushisayo ngesikhathi sokuthela kwakubi kakhulu. Manje sishisa ngaphambili ngokuphakama kancane, okubonakala kungenangqondo ekunciphiseni ingcindezi yokuncipha, kodwa kusebenzile. Yehlise izinga lokupholisa lokuqala ngokwanele ukuvumela isikhumba sensimbi sakheke ngendlela efanayo.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokusakazwa akuxoxiswana. I-As-cast 2Cr13 ayinamandla. Kufanele uyisuse. Iphrothokholi ejwayelekile ukushisa kufike ku-850-900°C, ukubamba, nokupholisa kwesithando somlilo. Kodwa nali ithiphu elisebenzayo: izinga lokupholisa esithandweni libalulekile. Sake saba nenqwaba yama-casings epompo edlula ukuhlolwa kokuqina kodwa esebenza kabi, ebonisa ukuguga kwamathuluzi okweqile. Inkinga ilandelelwe emuva kusithando somlilo esilayishwe ngokweqile lapho izingxenye eziphakathi nendawo ziphole kancane kakhulu, cishe njenge-subcritical anneal, okushiya i-microstructure ingaphansi kokufanelekile. Manje siqinisekisa isikhala esingcono sokulayisha. Yilezi ziphambeko ezincane ezikulumayo.
I-Machinability: I-Gummy Reality
Ephepheni, ukukala kwayo komshini kulungile. Esitezi se-CNC, opharetha bazokutshela ukuthi kungaba gummy noma stringy, ikakhulukazi esimweni annealed. Ayiphuli ama-chips ngokuhlanzekile njengensimbi engu-12L14, futhi ayihlanzeki njenge-303 engenasici. Okubalulekile ukuphatha ukuqina komsebenzi. Uma izinga lakho lokuphakelayo liphansi kakhulu noma ithuluzi lihlala, usebenza ngokushesha-wenza lukhuni indawo, bese iphasi elilandelayo lixoxa noma lishise ithuluzi. Sicacisa amathuluzi e-carbide anobuso beraki obubukhali, obupholishiwe futhi sisebenzisa amanani aphezulu okuphakelayo anesivinini esimaphakathi. Ukupholisa kubalulekile, hhayi nje ukupholisa kodwa ukusiza ukugeza lawo ma-chips aqinile.
Ukubhoboza imigodi ejulile kuyinselelo ethile. Iphoyinti elijwayelekile elingu-118-degree lingazulazula futhi libangele ukushisa okukhulu. Sishintshele kumadigri angu-135 wokubhoboza amaphuzu okuhlukanisa ngomjikelezo wokucofa kancane kanye nomfutho wokupholisa okhuphukile. Yengeze isikhathi somjikelezo kodwa yaqeda ukusebenza kabusha okuningi namathuluzi aphukile. Okwenkampani efana I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), ephatha yonke into kusukela ekulingiseni kuya kokugcina CNC imishini Ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa, lezi zifundo ezididiyelwe zibalulekile. Awukwazi ukuthuthukisa imishini uwedwa; kufanele uphendule ngesimo se-as-cast kanye nomlando wokwelashwa kokushisa kokungenalutho. Ingxenye ekhishwe kancane kancane izolwa nawe elathini usuku lonke.
Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi yochungechunge lwama-valve ama-hydraulic valves. Ukuphrinta kwakudinga ukuqedwa kahle komhlaba. Ukuguqula i-2Cr13 kuze kube sekugcineni bekuyinkinga-sasilokhu sidabukile, ukuthungwa okugcotshiwe. Sizame amajiyometri ahlukene okufaka futhi ekugcineni sathola ukuthi ukufakwa kwesitayela se-wiper okunephasi yokuqeda elula kakhulu, kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluthile lokusika olulubricity oluphezulu (hhayi isipholisi sethu esijwayelekile), senze ubuqili. Yayingekho ebhukwini lemichini elijwayelekile; kwakuwukulungisa phansi kwesitolo okwazalwa ukukhungatheka.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala: Ukusetha Okulindelekile Okulungile
Yilapho imibono eyiphutha yamaklayenti inkulu khona. Abantu babona insimbi engagqwali bese becabanga ukuthi ingagqwali. 2Cr13 insimbi engagqwali inikeza kuphela ukumelana nokugqwala okumaphakathi. Ilungele izindawo ezigqwala kancane, njengama-acid athile okudla noma ukuchayeka emoyeni, kodwa izongena kuzilungiselelo ezicebile nge-chloride (amanzi anosawoti, osawoti bomgwaqo abasindayo). Sihlala sinale ngxoxo namakhasimende. Mayelana nengxenye yasolwandle, singaphusha u-316L. Kepha, ake sithi, ingxenye yomshini webhikawozi evezwe kuma-acids enhlama nesitimu, i-2Cr13 iyabiza futhi yanele ngokuphelele.
I-passivation iyasiza, kepha akulona ikhambi eliyisimangaliso. Inqubo yamabanga e-martensitic efana naleli ihlukile kukugeza kwe-nitric acid esetshenziselwa i-austenitics. Sisebenzisa i-citric acid-based passivation process, esebenza ngempumelelo futhi ehambisana nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yayo incike ngokuphelele ekutheni ubuso buhlanzeke ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokugeza. Noma iyiphi insimbi eshumekiwe evela kumishini noma ekuphatheni izofaka engcupheni isendlalelo sokwenziwa. Senze isinyathelo esiqinile sokuhlanza nokuhlola ngaphambi kokudlula, okwanciphisa kakhulu izikhalazo zokugqwala kwamabala ezingxenyeni eziqediwe.
Isimo sokwelashwa kokushisa sithinta ngqo ukusebenza kokugqwala. Ingxenye efutheke kahle izomelana kangcono kunaleyo eqeda ukucindezeleka kuphela. Lokhu sikubhale ngokuhlola amasampula avela kumaqoqo ahlukene kukhabethe lesifutho sikasawoti. Idatha isisize ukuthi sithethelele umthetho ophelele wokwelashwa kokushisa kumakhasimende abezama ukwenza unjiniyela ukuthi aphume. Ukweqa ukwelashwa okufanele ukuze wonge izindleko ngokuvamile kubuyisela emuva kamuva ngokwehluleka kwangaphakathi kwesevisi.
Ukushisela kanye Nokwakha: Qhubeka Ngokuqapha
Iyashisela, kodwa ayinabungane. Ukushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuyelulekwa ngokuqinile, cishe ku-200-300 ° C, futhi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemuva kwe-weld (PWHT) cishe njalo kuyadingeka ukuze kubuyiselwe i-ductility kanye nokumelana nokugqwala endaweni ethinteke ukushisa (HAZ). Uma weqa i-PWHT, i-HAZ iba lukhuni, ibe brittle, futhi ijwayele ukuqhekeka. Lokhu sikufunde kusenesikhathi silungisa ama-castings aqhekekile. I-weld yokulungisa ngaphandle kokushisa kwangaphambili kanye ne-PWHT ngokuvamile ivele iqhekeke futhi amamilimitha ambalwa ukusuka kubuhlalu obushiselayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezishiselwe kusuka kupuleti noma ibha, ukukhethwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kubalulekile. Izinketho ezivamile ama-electrodes angenasici angu-309L noma angu-312, anokuqukethwe kwe-alloy ephakeme ukunxephezela ukuhlanjululwa futhi avimbele ukuqina ngokweqile. Noma kunjalo, ukulawula izinga lokushisa le-interpass kubalulekile. Siyiphatha njengokushisela insimbi ene-alloy encane kunensimbi engagqwali. Ukushintsha kwemiqondo kubalulekile.
Umzamo owodwa ongaphumelelanga wawubandakanya iklayenti elalifuna ukuhlanganiswa okushiselwe kwamapuleti angu-2Cr13 kanye nezinto ezifakwayo. Baphikelela ukuthi ayikho i-PWHT ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuqina. Saxwayisa ngakho kodwa saqhubeka ngokwesicelo sabo. Izingxenye zaphumelela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kodwa zaphuka phakathi nobusika obubandayo. Izingcindezi ezisele ezivela ku-welding, kuhlanganiswe nokushisa okuphansi kwe-martensite e-HAZ, kubangele. Manje sidinga ukuhoxiswa okusayiniwe uma iklayenti lenqaba i-PWHT enconyiwe. Ayiwufanele umonakalo wesithunzi.
Ukuthola Nokungaguquguquki Kwempahla: Ukuguquguquka Okufihliwe
Akuwona wonke ama-2Cr13 adalwe alingana. Umehluko kuma-trace elements afana nesibabule, i-phosphorus, ne-silicon phakathi kwezigayo ezihlukene kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekulahlekeni nasekusebenzeni. Simise uchungechunge lwethu lokuhlinzeka ngangokunokwenzeka futhi sacela imibiko yokuhlola i-mill yemisebenzi ebalulekile. Inqwaba enesulfure ekugcineni okuphezulu kwe-spec ingase isebenze kangcono kodwa ingase ijwayele ukudabuka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusakaza.
Ukusebenza nozakwethu wesikhathi eside like QSY, namashumi eminyaka phakathi ukutshala imali kanye nokwenza imishini, kugqamisa ukubaluleka kwalokhu kulawula. Singakwazi ukulandelela inkinga yomshini emuva ekushiseni okuthile kwensimbi futhi silungise amapharamitha ethu angenhla nomfula ngokufanele. Isibonelo, uma iqoqo elisha lizizwa liqinile ekuthinteni ithuluzi lokuqala, sizohlola okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yangempela ku-cert futhi singase silungise izinga lokushisa le-anneal linotshi ngaphambi kokuthi siqale ukukhiqiza ngokugcwele. Le ndlela esebenzayo yonga amathani wesikhathi sokuphumula.
Okokugcina, kumayelana nokwazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisi nini. Ngokukhuphuka kwe ama-alloys akhethekile njenge-super duplex noma esekelwe ku-nickel yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu, indima ye-2Cr13 injengokukhetha okuthembekile, okongayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, eziqondwa kahle. Ihhashi lomsebenzi, hhayi ihhashi lokubonisa. Inani layo lilele ekusebenzeni kwayo okubikezelwayo ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe bangempela busekuchazeni nasekuhlonipheni leyo mikhawulo ngesinyathelo ngasinye-kusuka esithandweni somlilo kuya ekuhlolweni kokugcina kwe-QC. Yilapho isipiliyoni seminyaka engu-30 enkampanini efana neyethu sisho khona ngempela.
