Ubona i-ASTM A747 iza ngomdwebo noma eshidini elithile, futhi abantu abaningi ngokushesha bayihlanganisa namanye amamaki angenasici aqina imvula. Iphutha lokuqala lelo. Akuyona nje enye indlela '17-4PH' noma i-callout 'yokusakaza okungenasici'. I-nuance iku-'CB' kanye ne-'CX'—CB7Cu-1 kanye ne-CB7Cu-2. I-'Cu' iyisipho. Lokho kwengezwa kwethusi yikho okuyenza iziphathe ngendlela ehlukile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa, futhi ngokungananazi, yilapho izitolo eziningi ezitholakala khona kanye nezitolo zemishini zikhubeka uma zingashayelwanga. Kuyinto edinga ukuhlonishwa ngenqubo yayo, hhayi nje izici zayo zokugcina.
I-Foundry Floor Reality ene-A747
Ukusakaza amamaki e-CB7Cu akufani nokuthela u-304 noma u-17-4. I-fluidity ihlukile, izici ze-shrinkage zizwakala kakhulu. Kufanele ucophelele nge-gating yakho nokukhuphuka. Ekuqaleni, sasineqoqo lezinhlaka zama-valve ezokutshala imali—izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinezigaba ezincane—ezazilokhu zikhombisa ubuncane be-porosity ezindaweni ezibucayi ku-X-ray. Besisebenzisa indlela yokuphakela ejwayelekile esebenzele i-316. Yehlulekile ngokudabukisayo lapha. Indaba yayingeyona inhlanzeko; kwakuwukulawula ukuqina. Kudingeke ukuthi sidizayine kabusha lonke uhlelo lokuphakelayo, sengeze okwengeziwe, kodwa okuncane, izikhuphukeli ezindaweni ezithile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kokuqondisa ngendlela enamandla kakhulu. Lokho kwayixazulula, kodwa kwenezela izindleko nobunkimbinkimbi. Lokho ukuhwebelana nakho I-ASTM A747.
Elinye iqiniso liwukusebenzisana kokwelashwa kokushisa. Awukwazi ukuhlukanisa inqubo yokulingisa kusukela kusixazululo esilandelayo sokukhipha nokuguga. Isimo se-as-cast empeleni siyisixazululo esiphathwayo uma usipholisa ngokushesha ngokwanele ekubunjweni, kodwa usadinga leso sixazululo esisemthethweni ukuze uhlakaze yonke into futhi. Ubuqili wukwazi ukuthi siyini isimo sakho se-as-cast. Uma amazinga akho okupholisa kugobolondo noma isikhunta engahambisani, ungase ube nezimvula ezivele zakheka ngokungalingani. Ngemuva kwalokho, isixazululo sakho esilandelayo singase singalinganisi ngokuphelele isakhiwo. Sifunde ukulandelela izilinganiso zokupholisa kuma-prototype castings ngama-thermocouples. Kwakuzwakala njengokugcwala ngokweqile ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kwasinika idatha yokumisa izikhathi zethu zokunyakazisa kanye nezinqubo zokupholisa, okwenze ukwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa kwabikezelwa kakhulu.
Futhi imishini? Ibhere elisesimweni esifakwe kwisixazululo—i-gummy, linentambo, futhi lisebenza-lukhuni njengohlanya. Ufuna ngokuphelele ukuyifaka esimweni sokugcina sobudala. Kodwa kufanele uphendule ngokushintsha kwe-dimensional kusuka ekugugeni. Ayinkulu, kodwa ezingxenyeni ezinokubekezelelana okuqinile ezindizeni eziningi, kwanele ukulahla ingxenye. Sakha esinyathelweni sokuguga ngaphambi kokuguga, sishiye cishe u-0.5mm ohlangothini ngalunye, bese siyaguga, bese siqeda umshini. Ukuzama ukushaya ukubekezela okungu-±0.025mm ngokwenza iminyaka yangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ngethemba ukuthi ayinyakazi kuwumsebenzi weziwula. Ngike ngaba yileso siphukuphuku. Amashidi edatha akunikeza i-coefficient, kodwa ukunyakaza kwangempela kuncike engxenyeni yejiyomethri—izigaba eziwugqinsi uma ziqhathaniswa namawebhu amancane. Kuwulwazi lwesipiliyoni.
I-CX vs. CB: I-Corrosion Trade-Off
I-spec ihlanganisa kokubili i-CB7Cu-1 ne-CB7Cu-2. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi i-CX (CB7Cu-2) inokumelana nokugqwala okungcono ngenxa ye-chromium ephakeme. Lokho kuyiqiniso, ngobubanzi. Kodwa okungcono isihlobo. Uma udinga ukumelana nokugqwala okuvelele, cishe akufanele ubheke imvula-ukuqina kwebala kwasekuqaleni. Inani le I-ASTM A747 inhlanganisela yayo yokumelana nokugqwala okuhloniphekile okunamandla aphezulu kakhulu avela ekwelapheni ukushisa okulula, okuhlanekezelayo.
Sihlinzeke ngochungechunge lwe-CB7Cu-1 (inguqulo evamile, enokugqwala okuphansi) izimpompi zokufaka amanzi anosawoti. Iklayenti ekuqaleni laphikelela ebangeni le-CX, licaphuna amatafula okugqwala kwe-spec. Ngemva kokubuyekeza imvelo yesevisi yangempela—ukugeleza kwezikhawu, ukuma ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-chloride acishe abe ngu-1000 ppm—salwela i-CB. Ukucabanga kwakungamandla. Ama-impeller ayengaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ye-centrifugal kanye nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation. Ukumelana nokugqwala okungcono kancane kwe-CX kwakungesona isici esikhawulelayo; amandla mechanical kanye ukumelana ukukhathala kusuka cavitation Bubbles kwaba. I-CB7Cu-1, eneminyaka yobudala ukuya kusimo se-H900, inikeze amandla esivuno esiphezulu. Sisebenzise amakhuphoni okugqwala endaweni elingisiwe izinsuku ezingu-30. Izingxenye ze-CB zibonise ukukhanya okuncane, okufanayo kwendawo, akukho umgodi. Kwadlula. Iklayenti longe ezindlekweni zezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi sigweme ukwehluleka okungase kube ukukhathala. Imayelana nokufanisa isakhiwo nemodi yokwehluleka kwangempela, hhayi nje ukukhetha inombolo ephezulu kakhulu eshidini ledatha.
Yilapho uzakwethu onolwazi olunzulu lwento ebalulekile ebalulekile. Isitolo esivele sisike insimbi singase sibone amabanga amabili njengashintshana ngaphandle kwekhemistri. Abanjalo. Impendulo yokwelashwa kokushisa ihluka kancane, ukushintshwa kwe-machinability, futhi imvilophu yokugcina yokusebenza ihlukile. Ngo I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), kanye neminyaka yabo engamashumi amathathu ekubumbeni nasekukhiqizeni ama-alloys akhethekile, lolu uhlobo lwekholi yokwahlulela eyenzeka nsuku zonke. Akukhona ngokuba neshidi le-spec; imayelana nokuba nedatha yomlando evela ezingxenyeni ezifanayo ukwazisa ukukhetha phakathi kwe-CB ne-CX.
Ukuhlaziywa Kokwehluleka: Lapho Ukusakaza Okuhle Kubi
Izifundo ezifundisa kakhulu zivela ekuhlulekeni. Sibe nenqwaba yabakaki besakhiwo, abafakwe ku-CB7Cu-1, abaphumelele yonke i-NDT nokuhlolwa komshini kodwa bahluleka ukusebenza ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ngokuphuka okungamahlalakhona. I-Classic fatigue crack ukuqaliswa nokusabalalisa. Umlandu? Ubuso buqedwa ngerediyasi. Umdwebo ubufuna i-fillet engu-3mm, kodwa indawo ekhonjiwe kuleyo fillet yayimahhadla—mhlawumbe ama-Ra 12.5 microns noma ngaphezulu. Kumandla aphezulu, okunokuqina okuphezulu njengendala I-ASTM A747, ukungapheleli okungaphezulu kuyizinto ezinamandla ezigxilisa ukucindezeleka. Ingxenye ihlangabezane nokuphrinta ngohlangothi, kodwa imfuneko yokusebenza yendlela yokugeleza kwengcindezi ebushelelezi ayihlangabezwanga.
Sashintsha ukwenza kwethu ngemuva kwalokho. Manje, kunoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-A747 engaphansi kokulayishwa komjikelezo, sicacisa indawo engaphezulu eyenziwe ngomshini (Ra 3.2 noma okungcono) kuwo wonke ama-radii abalulekile noshintsho, ngisho noma ukuphrinta kungakubizi ngokusobala. Sizoyicaphuna njengomsebenzi wesibili odingekayo. Kwesinye isikhathi unjiniyela uhlehlisa izindleko, futhi sibakhombisa izithombe ezinkulu zemvelaphi yokuphuka. Lokho kuvame ukuyiqeda ingxoxo. Amandla aphezulu wento esebenzayo asebenza ngokumelene nawe uma ushiya ukukhuphuka kokucindezeleka.
Enye imodi yokwehluleka i-hydrogen embrittlement. Lokhu akuhlukile ku-A747, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziphakeme, ubungozi buyanda. Sihlangabezane nalokhu engxenyeni eyayidinga ukufakwa ukuze kuvikelwe ukumelana nokugqoka. Inqubo yokucwenga yethula i-hydrogen, futhi ukubhaka okulandelayo kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi ukuze kukhululeke i-hydrogen kwakunganele ngobulukhuni obuthile (HRC 45) esasinabo. Izingxenye zadlula i-QC kodwa zehluleka ngaphansi komthwalo ekuhlanganiseni. Ukulungiswa kwaba umjikelezo omude, wokubhaka oshisa kakhulu, oqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa komthwalo okuqhubekayo ezingxenyeni zesampula. Yengeza isinyathelo, kodwa kwakungaxoxiswana ngakho. Ukucaciswa kungase kungabi namininingwane yalokhu kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezingenzeka ngemva kokucubungula, ngakho-ke kufanele wazi ukusebenzisana.
Imishini kanye nokuqeda Nuances
Ake sikhulume ngokusuka ekulingiseni okungahluziwe kuya engxenyeni eqediwe. Njengoba ngishilo, ukwenza imishini ngemuva kokuguga kuwukuphela kwendlela enengqondo. Sebenzisa ukufakwa kwe-ceramic noma kwe-CBN ukuze uqedele; I-carbide iyasebenza kodwa igqoka ngokushesha ngenxa yokuqina kwesakhiwo esiqinile. Ukupholisa kubalulekile—kukhuphule. Udinga ukuthwala ukushisa kude, hhayi nje ukugcoba. Sibe nempumelelo ngezinhlelo zokupholisa ezinomfutho ophezulu wokumba i-deep-hole kulawa mabanga, ukuvimbela ukushiselwa kwe-chip nokusebenza ukuqina kubhore.
Ukugaya kanye ne-EDM ama-ops ajwayelekile ajwayelekile. Ukugaya kudinga amasondo athambile kanye namaphasi amancane ukugwema ukusha. Ukushiswa kwengxenye ye-A747 kungakha indawo eyenziwe yasendaweni enomoya owedlulele oyindawo ebuthakathaka. Ku-EDM, isendlalelo sokuphindaphinda siyinkinga. Iqinile, i-brittle, futhi ivame ukuqhekeka kancane. Kumelwe isuswe, ngokuvamile ngokugeleza kwe-abrasive noma ukupholishwa ngesandla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu zokukhathala. Awukwazi nje ukwenza i-EDM bese uyibiza ngokuthi yenziwe. Ngibone izingxenye lapho ungqimba lwe-EDM recast lungasuswanga, futhi lusebenze njengendawo yokuqala yokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi endaweni ye-chloride. Ingxenye yayibukeka iphelele kodwa yayisengozini.
Leli khono elihlanganisiwe—kusuka kugobolondo noma ukutshala izimali ngokusebenzisa imishini ye-CNC enembile kanye nokucubungula ngemva kokucubungula—yikhona okuhlukanisa umphakeli wezingxenye kumnikezeli wezixazululo. Inkampani efana QSY, ephethe yonke into kusukela ekuthululeni ukuncibilika kuya ekuqothulweni kokugcina ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa, kunenzuzo enkulu ngezinto ezinjengalezi. Bangakwazi ukulawula okuguquguqukayo futhi balandele izinyathelo zenqubo, baqonde ukuthi uguquko kuzinga lokupholisa lokusakaza lungathinta kanjani ukusebenza komshini okubili phansi komugqa. Ulahlekelwa yilolo chungechunge uma uthumela ukusakaza okungahluziwe kubathengisi abathathu abahlukene.
Isizathu Sokuba Ibekezele KumaSpredishithi Akhethekile
Ngakho-ke ngazo zonke lezi zinkimbinkimbi, kungani kunjalo I-ASTM A747 qhubeka? Ngoba uma udinga ukusakaza okungaphathwa ngokushisa ku-1300 MPa amandla wesivuno ngokuhlanekezela okuncane, kunokumelana nokugqwala okuhloniphekile ezindaweni eziningi zezimboni, futhi kungakhiqizwa kumajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi, ezinye izindlela zilinganiselwe. Ungaya ku-maraging steel, kodwa-ke ukumelana nokugqwala kwehle. Ungasebenzisa i-duplex engagqwali, kodwa ngeke uthole lelo zinga lamandla. Ungakha kusuka esitokisini sebha, kodwa ulahlekelwa inkululeko yokuklama futhi ngokuvamile uthole izindleko ezengeziwe ngodoti womshini.
Kuyi-niche, kodwa ebalulekile. Cabanga ngama-actuator asemkhathini, izingxenye zamavalvu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, izingxenye zephampu emkhakheni wamandla, kanye namathuluzi akhethekile. Akuyona into eyinqwaba yempahla. Inani layo lisezicini zayo ezilungiselelwe. Okubalulekile kunoma ngubani osebenza nayo wukuyeka ukuyicabanga njengensimbi engagqwali nje. Kucabange njengesistimu: ikhemistri ethile, inqubo yokusakaza elawulwa ngokuqinile, iphrothokholi yokwelapha ukushisa okungaxoxiswana ngayo, kanye nesu lomshini & lokuqeda elidizayinelwe ama-alloys anamandla aphezulu. Ungaphuthelwa isixhumanisi esisodwa, futhi iketango liyahluleka.
Ekugcineni, impumelelo nge-A747 yehlela ekuhlonipheni inqubo. Akuyona into ongayiphiko. Udinga idatha, udinga ireferensi yomlando, futhi udinga ozakwethu abaye babhekana nezibuyekezo-abalingisi abahle nababi-ukwazi ukuthi iziphi izingibe ezifihliwe. Lezo izindleko zangempela zezinto: hhayi intengo yekhilogremu yengxubevange, kodwa ukutshalwa kwezimali olwazini lwenqubo ukuze isebenze njengoba ikhangisiwe.
