Uma abantu bezwa 'insimbi encibilikisiwe', bavame ukubona ukuthululwa okumangalisayo kwensimbi encibilikisiwe. Iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kuyinqubo echazwa kakhulu ngokuhluleka okuthulile—ukungagijimi kahle, ukuvalwa okubandayo, ukufakwa okuthola kuphela ngemva kokwenza imishini—njengokudlala okuphumelelayo. Njengoba sengichithe iminyaka ngizungeze izisekelo, ngibone igebe phakathi kwemidwebo yezincwadi zokufunda kanye neqiniso elinezinsizi. Lokhu akukona ithiyori ephelele; imayelana nokuphatha ukushisa, ikhemistri, neziguquguqukayo eziyikhulu ukuze ihlanganise insimbi ibe yisimo esiwusizo.
Ukuqala Ngesikhunta: Ngaphezu Kwe-Cavity Nje
Konke kuncike kusikhunta. Thola lokhu okungalungile, futhi uthela nje insimbi ebizayo emgodini wokungcola owubukhazikhazi. Ezingxenyeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinobuqotho obuphezulu, imboni ivame ukuncika ukutshala imali noma ukubunjwa kwegobolondo. Ukukhetha akunangqondo. Ngikhumbula inqwaba yezindlu zamaphampu lapho sasisebenzisa khona ukubumba amagobolondo ukuze siqedele kahle indawo yayo kanye nokuzinza kwe-dimensional, kodwa kudingeke ukuthi singabi nalunya ngedizayini yokufaka isango ukuze sigweme isiyaluyalu. Isikhunta asisona isiqukathi esingashintshi; ingumphathi oshisayo kanye ne-geometry enforcer.
Ukutshala imali, inqubo 'ye-wax elahlekile', kungesinye isilo. Imininingwane ongayifinyelela iyamangalisa—cabanga ngama-turbine blades anamashaneli okupholisa angaphakathi. Kodwa iphethini ye-wax ngokwayo iwubuciko. Uma izinga lokushisa lomjovo we-wax livaliwe ngamadigri ambalwa, wethula ingcindezi engase ingabonakali kuze kube yilapho igobolondo le-ceramic lixoshwa, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwegobolondo elibizayo. Kuwuchungechunge lokuncika. Inkampani efana ne-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), neminyaka engamashumi amathathu kulesi sikhala, cishe isishise izinkulungwane zamaphethini we-wax ukuze idayele kulawo mapharamitha ama-alloys ahlukene. Lolo ulwazi lwesikhungo ongeke ukwazi ukulusebenzisa ku-Google.
Bese kuba nokusebenzisana kwempahla yesikhunta. Ukuthela insimbi engagqwali esikhunjeni sesihlabathi se-silica? Ungase uthole umumo ohloniphekile, kodwa ingaphezulu lizoba lukhuni, lithambekele ekungeneni. Ukuze uthole amamaki aphezulu, udinga isihlabathi se-zircon noma ubuso be-ceramic. Kungesinye salezo zibalo ze-cost-vs-performance ezenzeka phansi. Inketho yesikhunta iqondisa ngqo umthwalo wokusebenza ngemuva kokusakazwa. Isikhunta esingesihle sisho ukugaya okwengeziwe, isikhathi esengeziwe sokwenza imishini, ukudla okunezindleko ezengeziwe endaweni yakho.
Ukuthulula: Lapho I-Physics Ithatha Khona
Lesi yisikhathi seqiniso. Ukushisa kwe-alloy kubalulekile, kodwa akukhona nje ukushaya inombolo ku-pyrometer. Kukhona 'izinga lokushisa likampompi' elisuka esithandweni kanye 'nezinga lokushisa lokuthulula' lingene esikhunjeni. Ukwehla kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezincane. Ngibone kuthululwa ama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt lapho iwindi lilincane ngendlela emangalisayo—lishisa kakhulu futhi ucekela phansi isikhunta, kubanda kakhulu futhi insimbi ngeke igcwalise imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi. Uthuthukisa umuzwa wayo, indlela insimbi egeleza ngayo kanye nokucwebezela kwayo.
Ukungena nokukhuphuka iqhawe elingaqashiwe (noma i-villain). Akukhona nje ukufaka insimbi; kumayelana nokondla ukuncipha kokuqina. Iphutha lakudala le-rookie libeka isikhuphukeli lapho sibukeka silungile kodwa singadali indlela yokuqinisa eqonde ngqo. Umphumela? I-shrinkage porosity ekujuleni kokusakaza, isici esingase siziveze kuphela ngaphansi kwe-X-ray noma phakathi nokuhlolwa kwengcindezi. Lokhu sikufunde kanzima ku-valve body cast in duplex stainless steel. Kuhle ngaphandle, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kweklayenti kuhlulekile. Isikhuphukeli sasincane kakhulu, sikude kakhulu. Ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwezinto kanye nesikhathi sokwenza imishini.
Umkhathi ngesikhathi sokuthela ungolunye ungqimba. Kwamanye ama-alloys, njengamanye asekelwe ku-nickel, ngisho nokuchayeka kancane kumoya-mpilo ngenkathi ukuncibilika kungaholela kuma-oxide ayinkinga. Kulapho izindawo ezilawulwayo noma ama-fluxes avikelayo angena khona. Kuyimininingwane ethulile, evamise ukunganakwa ehlukanisa ukulingisa okusebenzayo nokusebenza okuphezulu.
I-Material Iyikho Konke (Futhi Akukho Ngaphandle Kwenqubo)
Ungacacisa ibanga eliphelele le insimbi noma 316 insimbi engagqwali, kodwa umkhuba we-Foundry unquma ukuthi yini ngempela oyitholayo. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali ancibilikisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Into elula efana ne-magnesium fade ku-ductile iron ingashintsha insimbi eqinile, eyi-nodular ibe isakhiwo esibuthakathaka, esingenalutho uma ubambe i-ladle isikhathi eside kakhulu. Udinga ukuhlaziya okusheshayo, okuthembekile kwe-spectrograph khona kanye phansi.
Ukusebenza nge ama-alloys akhethekile njengemindeni ye-nickel noma i-cobalt iyinhlangano ehlukile. Zivamise ukuncibilika nge-vacuum noma zicutshungulwe ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuze kulawulwe izakhi zokulandelela. Izindleko zempahla eluhlaza ziphezulu kangangokuthi ukulingisa okulahliwe kunomthelela omkhulu. Imajini yephutha incipha cishe ize ibe lutho. Lawa ma-alloys akhethelwa izindawo ezimbi kakhulu-ukushisa okuphezulu, ukugqwala okuphezulu-ngakho noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi kuyiphuzu elingase libe yiphutha. Inqubo yokulingisa yalezi akukona nje ukubumba; kuwubuphathi be-metallurgical.
Kulapho kuboniswa khona ukuphila isikhathi eside kwe-Foundry. Ifemu esisebenze iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, njenge-QSY, ithulule izintaba zensimbi futhi yahlangabezana nazo zonke izinkinga ezixakile encwadini. Lokho kuzizwisa kuhumusheka ngokuqondile kuzilawuli zenqubo zemindeni yezinto ezibonakalayo, noma ngabe ibhalansi ye-ferrite-austenite ku-cast duplex engagqwali noma ukusatshalaliswa kwe-carbide kungxubevange ye-cobalt. Ungathola indlela yabo kulezi zinsiza enemininingwane esizeni sabo kokuthi https://www.tsingtaocnc.com.
Umphumela: Ukuhlanza, Ukuhlola, Nokubhekana Namaqiniso
Lapho ukulingwa sekupholile, ukulinganisa kwangempela kuqala. Ukunyakazisa, ukusika amasango nezikhuphukeli—kuwumsebenzi ononya. Kodwa lapha, uthola ukubukeka kwakho kwangempela kokuqala. Ukufakwa kwesihlabathi, izinyembezi ezingaphezulu, ukungahambi kahle okusobala. Ukuhlola amathumbu. Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi (NDT) kungumngane wakho lapha. Isingena sikadayi sokuqhekeka kwendawo, ukuhlola i-radiographic ye-voids yangaphakathi. Yonke inqubo yokulingisa inamasiginesha ayo anesici esivamile. Ekubunjweni kokutshalwa kwezimali, kungase kube izingcezu zegobolondo; ekubunjweni kwesihlabathi, kungase kube ukufakwa kwesihlabathi.
Ngikhumbula iqoqo lezingxenye ezisatshalaliswa-zimali zemboni yokudla lapho okungena kudayi kwakulokhu kubonisa imigqa efiphele. Ayengeyona imifantu, kodwa 'ephuma emithanjeni' egobolondweni le-ceramic. Kwakuyinkinga yezimonyo engazange ithinte umsebenzi, kodwa i-spec yeklayenti yayiqinile. Kwakudingeka silungise ukwakheka kwegobolondo le-slurry—i-tweak eya ekusabalaliseni usayizi wezinhlayiyana zikafulawa we-refractory—ukuze sikuqede. Yilelo zinga lemininingwane ekhathazayo.
Ubufakazi buvame ukuba semashini. Ijaji lokugcina lelo. Ungase ube nokulingisa okudlula yonke i-NDT, kodwa lapho ithuluzi lomshini we-CNC lifika endaweni eqinile—indawo ebandayo noma ukufakwa okungalindelekile—yonke ingxenye ingaba udoti. Yingakho izikhungo ezididiyelwe ezisingatha zombili ukuphonsa insimbi futhi CNC imishini ube nenzuzo. Iluphu yempendulo ifushane. Ochwepheshe bemishini bangatshela i-Foundry ngqo lokho abakubonayo, futhi ukulungiswa kungenziwa ekushiseni okulandelayo. Ibhidliza udonga phakathi kokulingisa nokuqeda.
Kungani Konke Kwehlela Ekuphindaphindeni Nokwethenjwa
Awukho master ukuphonsa insimbi kusuka kumanuwali. Ufunda emachibini emfucumfucu eqinile. Yonke ingxenye entsha yejiyomethri, ngalinye ibanga elisha lengxubevange, iyindida entsha. Isihloko sokuqala asivamile ukuphelela. Kunomjikelezo wesibonelo, hlola, lungisa isango, lungisa izinga lokushisa, bese uzama futhi. Le nqubo ephindaphindayo, kwesinye isikhathi ekhungathekisayo, iwumgogodla womsebenzi wesisekelo.
Yingakho ukusebenzisana ne-Foundry kungekona nje ukuthenga isevisi; ukuthenga isilingo nephutha labo eliqoqwe. Uma inkampani ibala iphothifoliyo yezinqubo—isikhunta segobolondo, ukutshala imali, ukwenziwa kwemishini—kanye nohlu lwezinto ezivela kunsimbi ewuketshezi kuya kuma-alloys akhethekile, azigcini nje ngokufaka kuhlu izinsiza. Babonisa ikhono lokuzulazula kulo lonke uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi. Kumayelana nokuba nolwazi lwe-metallurgical ukukhetha inqubo efanele yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesicelo, kanye nekhono elingokoqobo lokulisebenzisa ngokungaguquki.
Ekugcineni, ukulingisa okuphumelelayo kwensimbi kuyinhlanganisela yezinto ezijulile zesayensi nokusebenza ngezandla, cishe okunembile, umkhuba waphansi wesitolo. Kumayelana nokuhlonipha i-physics, ukufunda kuwo wonke amaphutha, nokuqonda ukuthi isikhunta, insimbi, nendlela kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa. Umgomo awukona ukuthulula okuphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi—lokho kuyiphupho—kodwa inqubo elawulwayo, ebikezelwayo lapho okuguquguqukayo kuqondwa futhi kulawulwa khona. Yilokho okuguqula umqondo kufayela le-CAD libe ingxenye yensimbi ethembekile, esebenzayo.
