Bheka, ukuphonsa isihlabathi samandla adonsela phansi. Kuzwakala kuqondile, akunjalo? Thela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni sesihlabathi, vumela amandla adonsela phansi enze into yawo, aphule ingxenye. Ngiyizwile leyo nguqulo eyenziwe lula izikhathi eziyinkulungwane, futhi iyona eholela embonweni wokuqala omkhulu oyiphutha: ukuthi kuyinqubo eshibhile, yobuchwepheshe obuphansi yokwakheka okulula. Iqiniso, i-nuance, yilapho ubuciko bangempela bukhona. Akukhona nje ukwenza umumo; imayelana nokulawula ukuqina kuleyo ndawo yesihlabathi, ukuphatha ukudluliswa kokushisa ngento engcolile ngokoqobo, kanye nokulindela ukuthi insimbi izoziphatha kanjani lapho idonswa phansi ngesisindo sayo kuphela. Leyo yigebe phakathi kokulingisa okusebenzisekayo kanye nenqwaba ye-scrap. Ngike ngabona izitolo zithuliswa ubulula obusobala bese zigxilwa yizinkinga ze-porosity noma ubukhulu obungahambisani, konke ngoba ziphatha isihlabathi njengesitsha nje, hhayi ingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu eshisayo.
Isihlabathi Akusona Nje Isihlabathi
Lokhu cishe isici esinganakwa kakhulu. Uma sikhuluma nge amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast isikhunta, asikhulumi ngesihlabathi solwandle. Kuyisistimu eyakhiwe. Isibopho—noma ngabe isihlabathi esiluhlaza (i-clay-bonded), i-resin-bonded, noma enye into—siwushintsha ngokuphelele umdlalo. Isihlabathi esiluhlaza sinalolo cwecwe, olunikezayo oluhle kumajiyometri athile futhi luvumela ukunyakaziswa okuhloniphekile. Kodwa okuqukethwe umswakama? Iphupho elibi lokuhlala ungashintshile esimweni sezulu esiswakeme. Ukushintsha kwephesenti noma okubili kungaholela ekulimaleni kwegesi, lokho kuqina kwe-pinhole ngaphansi kwesikhumba sokusakaza okuthola kuphela ngesikhathi somshini. Ngikhumbula inqwaba yabakaki bensimbi e-ductile esayenza; ubuso bebubukeka buphelele, kodwa isitolo somshini wasibiza ngezithombe zemigodi emincane kuzo zonke izindawo ezibhekene nazo. Umlandu? I-spike emswakameni ngobusuku esabumba leyo ngxenye. Isihlabathi sasimunce umswakama owengeziwe, okwaphenduka umusi lapho insimbi iwushaya ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ngemuva kwalokho unezihlabathi eziboshwe nge-resin, njenge-furan noma i-phenolic-urethane. Ukuzinza kwe-dimensional okungcono kakhulu nokuqedwa kwendawo, yingakho evame ukusetshenziselwa ama-cores ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast. Kodwa ukuhwebelana kuyiphunga, izindleko, kanye neqiniso lokuthi isihlabathi siphenduka udoti okunzima ukuwuphinda. Uthenga isihlabathi esisha kaningi. Futhi ukwakheka kwesango kufanele kube khona lapho. Ngesihlabathi esiluhlaza, kukhona ukungeneka okuthile ukuvumela amagesi ukuba abaleke. Ngamanye alawa masistimu e-resin aqinile, uma izikhala zakho zingaphelele, ubamba igesi futhi udala amagalelo. Ibhalansi eqhubekayo phakathi kwezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, izindleko, kanye nezidingo zengxenye yokugcina.
Futhi ukwenza okuyisisekelo kuwumkhathi wawo siqu. Ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi emzimbeni we-valve noma ibhulokhi yenjini, uphonsa umgogodla wesihlabathi esikhunjeni. Ingqikithi kufanele iqine ngokwanele ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokucindezela kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ngaphandle kokuwasha, kodwa futhi igoqeke ngokwanele ukuvumela ukusakaza kushwabane ngaphandle kokudala izinyembezi ezishisayo. Ukuthola leyo recipe yesanti eyinhloko—inhlanganisela yesihlabathi, i-binder, nezithasiselo—kuyi-alchemy. Ngibone ama-cores abenamandla kakhulu ahlakaza ukulingisa njengoba ephola futhi encibilika ngaleli fomu langaphakathi elingaguquki. Kwezinye izikhathi, i-core yayizothamba kusenesikhathi, ibangele ukuthi insimbi ingene futhi idale amaphiko ezindaweni ongeke ukwazi ukuzihlanza. Akukona nje ukwenza ukwakheka kwesihlabathi.
I-Gating, Ukondla, kanye ne-Physics of Flow
I-gate system iyindawo yokufaka amapayipi ensimbi encibilikisiwe. Kubonakala njengemininingwane yesibili, kodwa eyinhloko. Ku amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast, awunayo ingcindezi ephezulu yokuphakela insimbi ngenkani. Uthembele ekhanda le-hydraulic-ubude bensimbi ku-sprue-ukunikeza ingcindezi yokugcwalisa umgodi. Uma i-sprue yakho imfushane kakhulu, ungase ungagcwalisi izingxenye ezincane. Mude kakhulu, futhi uthola isiphithiphithi esidlulele, esethula ukufakwa kwe-oxide nomoya emfudlaneni. Umgomo ukugeleza kwe-laminar. Ufuna insimbi igcwalise isikhunta ngokuthula, njengokuthela isiraphu, hhayi njengempophoma.
Sifunde lokhu kabuhlungu ochungechungeni lwezindlu zamaphampu ensimbi engagqwali zeklayenti. Idizayini yokuqala yayine-downsprue elula ibe iqoqo elilodwa. Abalingisi bebelokhu bephuma nento engathi yizinto ezingcolile eduze naphezulu. Ngemva kokuwahlukanisa nokuhlaziya, kwakungewona ukungcola—kwakuyinsimbi ene-oxidized eyayikhishwe ngesikhathi kuthululwa. Sidizayine kabusha isango ukuze lifake phakathi umthombo ongaphansi kwe-sprue ukuze sicuphe insimbi yokuqala, engcolile, futhi sasebenzisa isistimu yomgijimi enezitebhisi ezinama-ingate amaningi, amancane ukuze sisabalalise ukugeleza ngokulinganayo. Izinga lokukhubazeka lehle ngaphezu kuka-70%. Yilokho umehluko owenziwa yisistimu enhle. Akuwona umlingo; kusetshenziswa ama-fluid dynamics.
Bese kuba khona ukuphakelwa-izikhuphukeli. Lawa amachibi ensimbi eshisayo ephakela ukubunjwa njengoba iqina futhi incipha. Insimbi iyashwabana njengoba isuka oketshezini iye kokuqinile. Uma ungakuphakeli lokho kuncipha, uthola i-shrinkage porosity, isiponji, indawo ebuthakathaka ngaphakathi kokubunjwa. Iqhinga ukubeka isikhuphukeli endaweni efanele, kusenze sibe usayizi ofanele, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi sihlala sishisa isikhathi eside kunesigaba sokusakaza esikuphakelayo. Kwesinye isikhathi udinga imikhono yesikhuphukeli esishisayo ukuze ugcine leyo nsimbi incibilikile. Konke kumayelana nokuqina okuqondisayo: ukwenza ukusakaza kuqine kusuka emaphethelweni kubuyele esikhuphukeni, ukuze isikhuphukeli singakwazi ukuphakela insimbi ewuketshezi njalo ezindaweni eziwayo. Isikhuphukeli esingabekwa kahle siyisisindo esifile okufanele usinqume; eklanywe kahle umshwalense wensimbi yomsindo.
Izinketho Zezinto Ezibalulekile kanye Nomdanso Wokuqinisa
Insimbi oyikhethayo ilawula yonke into engaphakathi amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast inqubo. Insimbi empunga ayisebenzi njengensimbi eyi-ductile, engefani nensimbi noma ingxubevange esekwe nickel. I-iron empunga, nama-graphite flakes ayo, inoketshezi oluhle futhi izwa ukwanda ngesikhathi sokuqina ngenxa yemvula ye-graphite. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni izinkinga zokuncipha. I-iron Ductile, ne-graphite yayo eyindilinga, inezici ezihlukene zokushwabana futhi ijwayele ukwakheka kwawo amanyela uma ingaphathwa kahle.
Insimbi iyisilwane. Izinga lokushisa elithelayo liphakeme kakhulu kune-ayoni, okusho ukuthi ukushisa okwengeziwe ukuphatha. Isikhunta sesihlabathi sithola ukushaqeka okushisayo okunamandla. Insimbi futhi inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokushwabana—cishe u-2% noma ngaphezulu wensimbi ye-carbon. Isistimu yakho yokudla (izikhuphukeli) kufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu futhi iqine kakhulu. Futhi ngama-alloys athile, njengezinsimbi ezingagqwali noma ezinengxubevange ephezulu, uketshezi lungaba phansi, ludinge idizayini yokungena ecophelele kakhulu ukugcwalisa izingxenye ezincane. Ngike ngasebenza nezitolo ezifana I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) kumaphrojekthi afaka ama-alloys akhethekile. Ungabona ulwazi lwabo esizeni sabo kokuthi https://www.tsingtaocnc.com. Uma usebenzisana nama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt noma asekelwe ku-nickel, izindleko zensimbi ngokwazo ziphakeme kangangokuthi ukukhishwa okulahliwe kuwukulahlekelwa okukhulu. Imajini yephutha iyancipha. Ukulawulwa kwenqubo-kusuka ekushiseni kwesihlabathi kuya ekuthululeni izinga lokushisa kwensimbi kuya ejubaneni lokuthela-kufanele kucophelele. Umlando wabo omude ekulingiseni nasekukhiqizeni imishini, njengoba kuphawulwe kusingeniso sabo, uphakamisa ukuthi bazulazule lezi zinselele eziqondene nezinto ezithile kuwo wonke amagobolondo, utshalomali, nezinqubo zesihlabathi.
I-aluminium ne-alloys esekelwe ethusi ingenye umhlaba ngokuphelele. Zithela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kodwa zingaba negesi. Ngokuvamile zidinga ukushiswa kwegesi esithandweni noma i-ladle ngaphambi kokuthela ukuze kukhishwe i-hydrogen, okubangela ukubola okukhulu. Isihlabathi sidinga ukoma ngokuphelele. Noma yimuphi umswakama uzosabela ngobudlova nge-aluminium, hhayi nje ukudala igesi kodwa okungase kubangele ukuqhuma kwesitimu okucekela phansi isikhunta. Yonke impahla inobuntu bayo, isethi yayo yezidingo ngenqubo.
Lapho Kufanelana Futhi Nini Ukubheka Kwenye indawo
I-Gravity sand casting idlula kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi kuya ezinkulu ezinamajiyometri alula ukuya kokuphakathi nendawo. Cabanga ngamabhulokhi enjini, izindlu zamabhokisi kagiya, izindikimba zamavalvu amakhulu, izisekelo zamathuluzi omshini, amakesi epompo. Ibiza izindleko kumavolumu aphansi kuya kwamaphakathi ngoba okokusebenza (iphethini) ishibhile uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhunta esingunaphakade noma ukufa kwe-die-casting. Isikhathi sokuhola sokukhiqiza ingxenye entsha singaba sifushane uma usebenzisa iphethini yokhuni noma yepulasitiki. Ibanga losayizi cishe alinamkhawulo—ungasakaza izingxenye ezinesisindo samathani.
Kodwa inemingcele yayo. Ingaphezulu kanye nokunemba kobukhulu, nakuba kukuhle, akuqinile njengoba uthola ngokufaka utshalomali noma ukusakaza okunomfutho ophezulu. Uma udinga ingxenye enezindonga ezizacile kakhulu (ngezansi mhlawumbe i-intshi engu-1/8 ezinsimbi eziningi), imininingwane yangaphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, noma indawo efana nesibuko njengokusakazwa, cishe ubheka ukufakwa kwe-investimenti. Yingakho i-Foundry egcwele isevisi efana QSY inganikeza kokubili isikhunta segobolondo kanye nokusakazwa kokutshalwa kwezimali eceleni kwamakhono abo. Isikhunta seShell sikunikeza igxathu eliphezulu ngokunemba futhi uqedele ekubunjweni kwesihlabathi okuyisisekelo, futhi ukufakwa kwe-investimenti kuqhubekela phambili. Imayelana nokufanisa inqubo nezidingo zengxenye.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo okukhulu izinga lokukhiqiza. Ukwenza isikhunta ngasinye sesihlabathi ngesandla kuhamba kancane. Ngokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu yezingxenye ezincane, imigqa yokubumba yesihlabathi esiluhlaza ezenzakalelayo ikhona, kodwa lokho kuyimali enkulu yokutshala imali. Okwesitolo semisebenzi noma nge-prototyping, i-manual noma i-semi-automated amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast iyavumelana nezimo ngendlela emangalisayo. Ungenza okukodwa noma amaqoqo amancane ngaphandle kokuphula ibhange ekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi. Kuyinqubo yehhashi lomsebenzi ngesizathu-kuyavumelana nezimo, ukuthethelela ngandlela thize (ungakwazi ukulungisa iphethini njalo), futhi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziqine ngendlela emangalisayo, ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Izinguquko Ezingenakugwenywa kanye Nesici Somuntu
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulinganisa kangakanani, umsebenzi we-Foundry ugcwele okuguquguqukayo. Izinga lokushisa lesihlabathi lapho uthela. Izinga lokushisa lensimbi ku-ladle-futhi liyaphola njengoba uthela, ukuze isikhunta sokugcina ochungechungeni sithole insimbi epholile kancane kuneyokuqala. Ikhono lokuthela. Isithululi esihle silawula isivinini, sigcina i-sprue sigcwele ukuze sigcine ukucindezela kwekhanda, futhi sinciphisa ukuxokozela. I-novice ingabhidliza umklamo wesikhunta ophelele.
Bese kuba nokunyakaziswa kanye nokuhlanza. Ukuhlephula isihlabathi kubonakala kulula, kodwa ungalimaza ukusakaza okuntekenteke uma ulukhuni kakhulu. Amasango kanye nezikhuphukeli kudingeka zinqunywe, ngokuvamile nge-bandsaw noma i-abrasive cutter. Bese kuba khona ukugaya ukuze bushelelezi izindawo ezisikiwe, ukuqhunyiswa kwesibhamu ukuze kuhlanzeke indawo engaphezulu, futhi kuvame ukwelashwa kokushisa kwezakhiwo zokugcina. Isinyathelo ngasinye sethula okungaba khona iphutha noma umonakalo. Ngibone ukulingisa okuhle, okuzwakalayo kuthola i-gouge ejulile emshinini wokugaya oshiseka ngokweqile, iwenza umsebenzi wokukhanda noma i-scrap.
Ekupheleni kosuku, amandla adonsela phansi isihlabathi cast kuyinqubo eyisisekelo. Ayibukhazikhazi. Imvamisa ingcolile futhi iyashisa. Kodwa kukhona ukwaneliseka okujulile ekuthatheni inqwaba yesihlabathi, isigaxa sensimbi, futhi uyiguqule ibe ingxenye enembile, esebenzayo, ethwala umthwalo ngokuqonda lezi zimiso ezibalulekile. Kuyinhlanganisela yobuciko basendulo kanye nesayensi yesimanje ye-metallurgical. Izitolo ezikwenza kahle, lezo ezinamashumi eminyaka ngaphansi kwebhande lazo zithanda QSY, ziye zafaka ngaphakathi kuzo zonke lezi zici—izindlela zokupheka zesihlabathi, imithetho yokugenca yesithupha, izici zengxubevange ngayinye. Abagcini nje ukwenza ukulingisa; baphatha umcimbi wokuqinisa olawulwayo. Futhi lelo iqhinga langempela lakho.
