Uma abantu abaningi bezwa 'ingxenye yokutshala imali', bafanekisela ingxenye yensimbi engenasici, ecishe ifane nenethi, mhlawumbe into ethile emkhathini noma yezokwelapha. Leso isicwebezelisi sokumaketha. Iqiniso, ukugaya kwansuku zonke, kubi kakhulu. Akukhona nje ukuzuza amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi; kuwukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenhloso yokuklama, ukuziphatha kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokuqina kwenqubo. Umbono oyiphutha omkhulu? Ukuthi yisixazululo 'somlingo' sanoma iyiphi ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi. Akunjalo. Ithuluzi elikhethekile kakhulu, futhi ukulisebenzisa ngendlela engafanele kuyithrekhi esheshayo ebiza ukugcwala nobuhlungu benhliziyo.
Umongo Wenqubo: Lapho I-Theory Ihlangana Ne-Wax Ne-Ceramic
Konke kuqala ngephethini, futhi nakhu lapho wenza khona noma uphule umsebenzi. Asikhulumi nje nge-wax replica. Ukwakhiwa kwe-wax ngokwayo kubalulekile - izinga layo lokuncipha, okuqukethwe komlotha walo ngemva kokutubeka. Ngibone amaphrojekthi engasebenzi ngenxa yokuthi othile ushintshele ebangeni 'elifanayo' le-wax ukuze onge amasenti ambalwa ngekhilo ngalinye. Umphumela? I-Dimensional Drift kanye nokuqhekeka kwegobolondo ngesikhathi sokukhipha i-waxing. Awuthengi nje ingcina; uthenga ukuziphatha okubikezelwayo.
Bese kuza isakhiwo segobolondo. Lokhu akukona ukudweba udonga; kuwumkhuba. Ijazi eliyinhloko le-slurry, isicelo se-stucco, indawo yokomisa - umswakama nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa lapha akuxoxiswana. Ukushesha ngesikhathi sokumisa kuholela emswakama ogciniwe, ophendukela ku-steam ngesikhathi sokuthulula, okubangela ... ukungathandeki. Amagalelo, utwayi, usho lokho. Kuyinqubo enensayo, enezingqimba yokwakha amandla. Umjikelezo we-dip ngamunye wengeza isikhathi nezindleko, yingakho ukufana kodonga esigabeni sokuklama kubaluleke kakhulu. Ingxenye ewugqinsi engazelelwe isho ukucwiliswa okwengeziwe ukuze kwakhiwe ukujiya kwamagobolondo okwanele lapho, ukulahla umjikelezo.
Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi ye-pump impeller, yakudala utshalomali casting ingxenye. Idizayini yeklayenti inalawa mavane amahle, azacile kodwa ihabhu eliwugqinsi. Unjiniyela ongumsunguli esitolo sozakwethu – ngicabanga ngeqembu I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY) lapha - ihlabe umkhosi ngokushesha. Sekungamashumi amathathu eminyaka bekwenza lokhu, ngakho sebekubonile konke. Isiphakamiso sabo kwakuwukukhipha ihabhu, kwakhiwe udonga olufana nolunye. Yengeze kancane izindleko zephethini kodwa yalondoloza imali eshisiwe ngesikhathi sokwakha amagobolondo futhi yanciphisa ingozi yokuncipha kwe-porosity kuleso sigaba esinzima. Lolo uhlobo lobunjiniyela obusebenzayo obuchaza impumelelo.
Izinketho Zezinto Ezibalulekile: Akukhona nje Mayelana Neshidi Elicacisiwe
Wonke umuntu ugxile ezintweni zokugcina ezibonakalayo - amandla aqinile, ukumelana nokugqwala. Kodwa ukuziphatha kokulingisa kwe-alloy yikho okukugcina uphapheme ebusuku. Thatha 316L insimbi engagqwali. Ihhashi lokusebenza. Kodwa izici zayo ze-fluidity ne-shrinkage zihlukile, yithi, i-17-4 PH. Izinga lokushisa lokuthulula, i-gating design, ukubekwa kwe-feeder - konke kudinga ukulungiselelwa i-alloy ethile. Isistimu yokufaka isango esebenza kahle ku-carbon steel ingase ilambe isigaba ku-superalloy esekelwe ku-nickel eqina ebangeni elihlukile.
Yilapho umlando we-Foundry uba yigugu kakhulu. Isitolo esifana ne-QSY, esibala i-cobalt ne-nickel alloys ku-wheelhouse yabo, sizobe sesenze amasu obunikazi alezi zinto eziwubuqili. Bazokwazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa langaphambi kokushisa elinembile lamagobolondo abo lengxubevange ethile ukuvimbela ukushaqeka okushisayo nokuqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okuhlanzekile. Lokhu akulona ulwazi lwezincwadi zokufunda; kuwine kanzima, isipiliyoni sohlangothi lwesithando somlilo. Awukwazi ukukhohlisa lokho.
Ngenza iphutha kusenesikhathi, ngacacisa insimbi engagqwali ephindwe kabili esebenza kahle engxenyeni yasolwandle. Imininingwane yayiphelele ephepheni. Kodwa asizange sikhulume ngokugcwele ngendawo yayo ephezulu yokuncibilika kanye nephethini ethile yokuqinisa. Umphumela waba ukuklebhuka okushisayo okuqhubekayo eduze nendawo yesango. I-Foundry (hhayi i-QSY, lokhu bekungaphambili emsebenzini wami) yayizabalaza nayo. Ekugcineni kwadingeka sibuyele emuva, siphumule ukubekezelelana okungabalulekile, futhi silungise isango, okwangeza amasonto. Siyini isifundo? Impahla ethuthuke kakhulu ayinamsebenzi uma ungakwazi ukuyisakaza izwakale. Ngezinye izikhathi, ilungelo utshalomali casting ingxenye impahla yiyona elinganisa ukusebenza nokusakazwa.
I-Machining Handshake: I-As-Cast Akuwona Umugqa Wokuqedela
Lokhu kuhlangana okubalulekile okucwebezelayo. Cha utshalomali casting ingxenye 'ilungele ukusetshenziswa' ngempela kusukela ku-shakeout. Unamasango okumelwe uwasuse, izindawo okufanele uziqedele, futhi ngokuvamile, izici ezinembayo emshinini. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenqubo yokulingisa kanye nenqubo yokwenza imishini busondelene. Indlela oyisango ngayo nokubeka ingxenye esihlahleni inomthelela ngqo lapho uzoba nesibonelelo esiningi sesitoko sokwenza imishini.
Ukulingisa okuhlelwe kabi kungase kubeke indawo ebalulekile yokuvala emugqeni ohlukanisayo noma endaweni engaba khona ukungapheleli kwendawo, kushiye umenzi wemishini engenaso isitokwe sokuhlanza. Ngihlale ngigcizelela ekubuyekezweni okuhlanganyelwe phakathi kukachwepheshe wokulingisa kanye nomklami we-CNC ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe iphethini yokuqala. Kudingeka bakhulume ulimi olufanayo. Umlingisi udinga ukwazi ukuthi iziphi izindawo 'eziyizidamu' zomshini, futhi umakhi wemishini udinga ukuqonda umehluko ongase ube khona endaweni esakazwayo.
Lo mcabango odidiyelwe yingakho izinkampani ezihlinzeka ngakho kokubili ukulingisa nokwenza imishini, njenge-QSY enamandla azo e-CNC eshiwo, zinenzuzo ehlukile. Umklamo wabo wephethini waziswa yizinto zabo zokulungisa kusukela ngosuku lokuqala. Bangakwazi ukushiya 'amaphedi' abalulekile ekulingiseni njengezitholi zemishini, bazi kahle ukuthi azosetshenziswa kanjani kamuva. Iqeda ukukhombana ngeminwe phakathi kwezitolo ezihlukene zokulingisa kanye nemishini lapho ukunqwabelana kokubekezelelana kwenzeka. Ingxenye iphathwa njengokuqhubeka okukodwa kusuka ku-wax kuya engxenyeni eqediwe.
Abashayeli Bezindleko: Ama-Levers Afihliwe
Amaklayenti ahlala efuna ukwazi intengo ngocezu ngalunye. Kodwa ukuze uqonde lokho, kufanele uhlehlise izendlalelo. Umshayeli obiza kakhulu akahlali eyinsimbi. Ezingxenyeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinevolumu ephansi, ithuluzi - uchwepheshe uyafa ukukhiqiza amaphethini we-wax. Uma wenza izingcezu ezingamashumi amahlanu kuphela, lezo zindleko zamathuluzi ezikhokhiswa ingxenye ngayinye zinkulu. Kulapho amasu okwenziwa kwe-prototyping asheshayo ochwepheshe, njengokuphrinta kwe-3D ku-resin noma ngisho nensimbi, kungaba ukuguqula umdlalo we-prototyping noma amavolumu aphansi kakhulu.
Okwesibili inani lengxenye yesihlahla ngasinye. Mangaki amaphethini ongawahlanganisa esihlahleni esisodwa? Kuyindida ye-3D, ibhalansisa isisindo sokushisa ukuze iqinise, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-wax, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi igobolondo lingakwazi ukusekela isisindo. Ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwesihlahla kuyindlela yobuciko efinyelela ngokuqondile izindleko zeyunithi. Ikhono lobunjiniyela be-Foundry livame ukukalwa lapha.
Ekugcineni, ukuhlola. Ingxenye yomshini wokugunda utshani kanye nengxenye yeblade ye-turbine yegesi kokubili izingxenye zokutshala izimali, kodwa uhlelo lokuhlola luhlukene. Isingeniso sikadayi, i-X-ray, i-CT scan, i-CMM - ngakunye kwengeza izindleko nesikhathi. Ukuchaza izinga elifanele lokuhlola, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wengxenye nobungozi, kuyisinqumo esibalulekile sezohwebo nezobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlola okucacisa kakhulu kungabulala ukusebenza kwephrojekthi; ukungacacisi kahle ibhomu lesikhathi sesikweletu.
Ukwehluleka Njengothisha: I-Porosity Puzzle
Ufunda okuningi ekulingiseni okuhlulekile kunekhulu eliphelele. I-porosity yegesi iyinhlangano yakudala. Lezo zimbobo ezincane, ezicwebezelayo eziyindilinga ngaphakathi kwempahla. Ngokuvamile, icala elisheshayo liya egobolondweni - ukungakwazi ukungena okwanele. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, umlandu uba phezulu. I-wax ngokwayo ingabamba umoya uma imingcele yomjovo ingalungile. Noma ingxubevange ayizange ikhishwe kahle esithandweni. Noma ukuthululwa kwakunesiyaluyalu kakhulu, kuncela umoya emfudlaneni wensimbi.
Ngikhumbula iqoqo lezingalo ze-lever ezazine-porosity engaguquki endaweni ethile. Sihlole igobolondo, i-wax, ukuhlaziywa kwensimbi. Konke kwakuwukucacisa. Kuze kube yilapho sithwebula ithulu ngekhamera enesivinini esikhulu lapho sakubona khona: umfudlana wensimbi wawushaya udonga lomgijimi ome mpo futhi udala i-vortex efaka umoya, owabe usudluliselwa emgodini. Ukulungiswa kwaba umgijimi olula, ogobile ukuze bushelelezi ukugeleza. Kwakuyindaba yokuklama, hhayi inqubo eyodwa. Ngaphandle kwalobo bufakazi obubonakalayo, ngabe kade sijaha imisila yethu amasonto.
Yileyo nto ngokufaka utshalomali. Inqubo inokuguquguquka okuningi kangangokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kubalulekile. Udinga indlela ehlelekile, ecishe ibe yi-forensic yokuxazulula izinkinga. Kudinga isineke kanye nokubambisana nenkampani esunguliwe ezimisele ukuxoxa nawe, hhayi nje ukukuthumelela iqoqo elingena esikhundleni nethemba lokuhamba phambili. Umgomo uwukuxazulula imbangela, hhayi nje ukuvala uphawu ukuze uthole ukulandelana okulandelayo.
Ukubheka Phambili: Hhayi Ukuyinkimbinkimbi nje, kodwa Ukuhlanganiswa
Ikusasa lokutshala imali alikona nje ukucindezela imikhawulo yezindonga ezincane noma amaphaseji angaphakathi. Imayelana nokuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile kusukela ekuqaleni. Kumayelana nabaklami ukuqonda izithiyo zenqubo - ama-engeli asalungiswa awadingeki, kodwa izindonga ezifanayo kanye nokuhlangana okulawulwayo kuyadingeka. Imayelana nokusebenzisa isoftware yokulingisa hhayi nje njengethuluzi lokuthengisa, kodwa njengozakwethu wansuku zonke ukuze ubikezele ukuqina nokwandisa isango ngaphambi kokuba noma iyiphi insimbi incibilike.
Imayelana nokukhiqiza okuxubile. Siyaqala ukubona izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukufakwa kwe-investimenti kwenza indikimba yengxenye, bese izici zengezwa ngokufakwa kwensimbi okuqondile noma ngokushisela okunembayo. Noma lapho okufakiwe okupholiswe ngokusemthethweni, okwenziwe ngokukhiqiza okungeziwe, kufakwa kumathuluzi. Imigqa iyafiphala.
Nokho, enhliziyweni yalo, lihlala liwubuciko. Kumayelana nokuqonda ukugeleza kwe-wax, ukwakheka kwe-ceramic, ukugeleza kanye nokubanda kwensimbi. Lapho ubamba eyenziwe kahle utshalomali casting ingxenye - into efana ne-turbine blade noma ukufakelwa kokuhlinzwa - ubambe isiphetho salolo lwazi olujulile, oluthintekayo. Kuyisixazululo esizalwa ngenxa yesiphithiphithi esilawulwayo, futhi yilokho okwenza kuthakazelise, futhi kube inselele engapheli ukulungisa.
