Uzwa 'ukutshalwa kwezimali' futhi izingqondo eziningi zigxumela ngqo ku-wax elahlekile, ubucwebe obuyinkimbinkimbi, noma ama-turbine blades. Leyo yimpendulo yencwadi. Kodwa esitezi sesitolo, kuncane ngomlando wezothando nokunye mayelana nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo phakathi kwesifiso sokuvelela kanye neqiniso elingokoqobo. Indaba yangempela ayikho egameni; kusekuhlulekeni okuncane okuyinkulungwane nokulungiswa okwenzeka ngaphambi kokuthi uthole ukuqalisa kokukhiqiza okusebenzayo. Amaklayenti amaningi afika ecabanga ukuthi inqubo yomlingo yokwenza noma yini eyinkimbinkimbi—vele uthumele ifayela le-CAD bese ulinda izingxenye eziphelele. Lona umbono oyiphutha wokuqala, futhi ovame ukubiza kakhulu.
Umdlalo We-Shell: Konke Mayelana Nesisekelo
Wonke umuntu ugxile kwiphethini ye-wax, kodwa igobolondo yilapho impi inqotshwa noma ilahlekile. Akukhona nje ukucwilisa kanye ne-stuccoing; iphrojekthi yokuphatha amakhemikhali kanye nokushisa. I-slurry viscosity, ukuswakama kwe-ambient ngalolo suku, isikhathi sokumisa phakathi kwamajazi—okuguquguqukayo ngakunye kushintsha umphumela. Sike saba nemisebenzi lapho igobolondo lalibukeka liphelele, kuphela ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kwe-waxing ngoba ijika lokushaqeka okushisayo belingumqansa kakhulu kuleyo geometry ethile. Ufunda ukufunda amagobolondo. Ukuhluka kombala okuncane ku-ceramic kungabonisa inkinga yomswakama ezoholela ekufakweni kamuva.
Esikhungweni sethu, sisebenzisa kokubili i-silica kanye ne-zircon-based slurries eyisisekelo kuye nge-alloy. Ukuze uthole ama-alloys e-high-nickel, cishe uhlale uhamba nge-zirconia yalelo jazi lobuso bokuqala ukuvimbela ukusabela kwesikhunta sensimbi. Kuyi-adder ebizayo, kepha ukuzama ukonga imali kunendlela eqinisekile yokuthola indawo eyonakele. Ngikhumbula iqoqo le-pump impeller ku-316L lapho sasebenzisa khona ijazi lobuso be-silica elijwayelekile njengokuhlola. Umphumela? Ukuthungwa 'kwekhasi elolintshi' emaphethelweni aholayo obekudinga amahora amaningi okugaya. Igobolondo lase lisabela. Isifundo esitholiwe, manje sekuyiphrothokholi ejwayelekile.
Ukuqhubekela phambili kosayizi wesihlabathi se-stucco kungobunye ubuciko. Gxumela ngokushesha ebangeni elimahhadla, futhi ulahlekelwa ukugcinwa kwemininingwane. Hambisa kancane kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sokwakha igobolondo asisebenzi, futhi ubeka engcupheni yezinkinga zamandla aluhlaza. Simise ukuqhubeka, kodwa noma kunjalo, kumashaneli ajulile, amancane, singase sifake ijazi elimaphakathi elingeziwe. Yilezi zinqumo ezingenabukhazikhazi, eziyimbudumbudu ezichaza ikhwalithi.
Ukuziphatha kwe-alloy: Uzakwethu Ongabikezeli
Uma sikhuluma ngama-alloys, kulapho ulwazi olujwayelekile lwehluleka khona. Ukutshala imali uthembisa inkululeko yokuklama, kodwa insimbi inemithetho yayo. Izinsimbi ezingenasici ezifana no-304 no-316 zithethelela ngokuqhathaniswa, kodwa uma ungena kuma-superalloys-Iconels, i-Hastelloys, izinto ezisekelwe ku-cobalt-yonke into iyashintsha. Izici zabo zokuncibilika, uketshezi, nokuthi zishwabana kanjani emhlabeni zihlukene.
Sisebenze neklayenti engxenyeni yezokwelapha ye-cobalt-chromium. Imodeli ye-CAD yayinezici ezinhle, ezinodonga oluncane. Ukuthululwa kokuqala kusetshenziswa isango lethu elijwayelekile kanye nokukhuphuka kokungenabala kubangele ukungahambi kahle okungapheli. Ingxubevange ayizange igeleze ngendlela efanayo; 'yanamathela' ngokushesha. Kwakudingeka sihlele kabusha lonke uhlelo lokuphakelayo, sithuthele emasangweni amaningi, amancane ukuze sisabalalise insimbi ngokushesha futhi sisebenzisa amazinga okushisa okuthela ashisayo, okwabe sekusiphoqa ukuthi silungise igobolondo lishisa ngaphambili ukuze sigweme ukushaqeka okushisayo. Kwathatha izikhathi ezintathu. Lena iluphu efihliwe: shintsha insimbi, futhi uvame ukwenza kabusha inqubo ukusuka kuphethini ukuya phezulu.
I-Shrinkage ingenye i-pitfall yakudala. Isibonelelo sokuncipha komenzi wephethini siyisiqalo, akusona isiqinisekiso. Kujiyomethri eyinkimbinkimbi ku-ductile iron, ukuncipha akufani. Singasebenzisa u-2.1% wemvume yomugqa, kodwa endaweni ewugqinsi, izodonsa ngendlela ehlukile kunewebhu encane. Ngezinye izikhathi, udinga ukungeza ukuhlanekezela kwamasu kuphethini ye-wax-i-pre-gob encane, isibonelo-ngakho ihlanekezela esimweni esifanele ngesikhathi sokupholisa. Ufunda lokhu kuphela ngokukala amakhulukhulu okulingisa, ukuhlela ukuchezuka, nokusebenza uhlehle.
I-Machining Handshake: Kungani Ukusakaza Kungalokothi Kume Wodwa
Leli iphuzu elibalulekile elivame ukugejwa. Kumbalwa kakhulu ukulingisa okutshaliwe okuyizingxenye eziqediwe ngqo kusuka ku-shakeout. Cishe njalo badinga imishini. Kungakho kwa-QSY, i ukutshala imali kanye nemisebenzi yemishini ye-CNC isenkulumiswaneni njalo. Akusizi ukusakaza isici ekubekezeleni okuqinile uma ukulungiswa komsebenzi wokugaya okulandelayo kungenakwenzeka noma kungazinzi.
Sibe nephrojekthi yomzimba we-valve. Amaphaseji angaphakathi as-cast ayelungile, kodwa iklayenti lalidinga uphawu oluphelele ebusweni be-flange. Idizayini yokuqala yokulingisa yayinesitokwe esincane somshini lapho, mhlawumbe esingu-0.5mm. Ngokombono, iyasebenza. Ngokwenza, ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okushisa, ingxenye yasonteka kancane. Ngesikhathi siyicindezela embhedeni we-CNC, asikwazanga ukuhlanza bonke ubuso ngenkathi sigcina flatness. Kwadingeka sibuyele emuva futhi siguqule i-wax die ukuze sengeze esinye isitoko esingu-1.5mm kulobo buso obuthile. Kwakusho isikhathi esengeziwe sokusebenza, kodwa kwaqinisekisa i-spec. I-synergy ibalulekile; awuthengisi nje ukulingisa, uthengisa ukulingisa okwenziwa ngomshini.
Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe iyona ndlela ethandwa yizinkampani I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) ezakhe emashumini eminyaka. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 ekulingiseni nasekukhiqizeni imishini, iluphu yempendulo imfushane. Ithimba lemishini litshela i-Foundry, Sishisa amathuluzi kule ndawo eqinile, futhi i-Foundry ingabheka izinga lokujova noma lokupholisa. Yile ndawo esebenzayo, exazulula izinkinga ekuvumela ukuthi ubhekane nezinto ezivela ku-cast iron kuya kuma-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel ngokuzethemba okuthile.
I-Gating and feed: Abashayeli Bezindleko Ezithule
Uma ufuna ukubona lapho inzuzo ihwamuka khona ukutshala imali, bheka uhlelo lokungena. Yinsimbi echithwayo kodwa ayihambi ngemikhumbi. Idizayini yokungena evilaphayo noma eyeqisayo ingaba nesivuno esingu-40%—okusho ukuthi u-60% wensimbi etheliwe ugcina ngokuncibilika kabusha noma ulahle. Umgomo uwukuthola leyo sivuno kufika ku-60%, 70%, noma ngaphezulu ukuze uthole izimo ezilula.
Isofthiwe yokulingisa iyasiza, kodwa akulona ivangeli. Siyisebenzisela ukubikezela izindawo ezishisayo kanye nokuncipha kwe-porosity. Kepha amamodeli wezinto zesoftware ayizilinganiso. Sihlala senza ukuqinisekiswa ngokomzimba. Ngengxenye entsha eyinkimbinkimbi, kwesinye isikhathi sizosebenzisa i-athikili yokuqala enama-thermocouples ashumekwe kugobolondo ezindaweni ezibalulekile. Idatha esiyitholayo ngokuvamile ibonisa ukuthi ukulingisa kucishwe amasekhondi ambalwa abalulekile noma amadigri, okwanele ukususa indawo yokuncipha. Bese ibuyela kumodeli ebonakalayo ukuze ulungise osayizi besiphakeli noma ukubekwa.
Izinkinga ezikhungathekisa kakhulu yilezo eziqhubekayo. Iphethini izosebenza kahle izinyanga, bese kungazelelwe uthola i-porosity endaweni ethile. Izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi, wushintsho lwempahla eluhlaza—inqwaba entsha yengxubevange enezici zokulandela umkhondo ezihluke kancane, noma ukuguqulwa kwengxube ye-wax ethinta ukunwetshwa kwayo. Uba umphenyi, ulandelela emuva ngokusebenzisa izingodo zenqubo. Kuyazithoba. Kukukhumbuza ukuthi lena inqubo yesayensi yezinto, hhayi nje eyomshini.
I-Good Enough Standard
Ekugcineni, umcabango ngezindinganiso zekhwalithi. I-Aerospace nezokwelapha zinezincazelo zazo, futhi azixoxiswana. Kepha ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni, ukufuna ukusakaza okuphelele kuwumgodi wemali. Ikhono langempela ukwazi ukuthi yini 'okwanele ngokwanele' kulo msebenzi. Ingabe indawo encane iyanyakaza endaweni yangaphakathi engeyona eyezimonyo inendaba? Cishe cha. Ingabe imbobo encane, ehlukanisiwe yokuncipha endaweni engathwali mthwalo inendaba? Kungase kungenzeki.
Sichitha isikhathi esiningi sifundisa amakhasimende ngalokhu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic (X-ray) kuzothola konke ukungaqhubeki. Umbuzo uthi ingabe kuwukuyekwa okwamukelekayo ngokwezinga elifanele (njenge-ASTM E192). Ukuphushela ukusakaza okunamaphutha angabonakali kungaphinda kathathu izindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuhola ngenxa yokwenyuka kwe-scrap kanye nokucubungula ubunjiniyela obudlulele. Kwesinye isikhathi, indlela eyongayo futhi esheshayo iwukuklama ucabangela izici zemvelo zenqubo, okuvumela izinto ezisezindaweni ezithambekele ku-micro-porosity, kunokuzama ukukuqeda ngokuphelele.
Yilokho ukuhlakanipha okuqoqiwe, okukhathele kancane kokwenza lokhu iminyaka. Ukutshala imali akukhona mayelana nokuzuza ukuphelela endaweni engenalutho. Imayelana nokuphatha uchungechunge lwezinqubo eziguquguqukayo zomzimba ukuze kuthenjwe, nangokwezomnotho, kukhiqize izingxenye ezisebenzayo. I-wax, i-ceramic, umlilo, insimbi, kanye nenqwaba yezingcingo eziqoqiwe, eziwine kanzima. Izinkampani ezihlala njalo, njenge-QSY ngokugxila kwayo eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu ekubunjweni kwegobolondo nokufaka utshalomali okubhangqwe nomshini, ziyayiqonda leyo bhalansi. Imodeli ecwebezelayo ye-CAD ikungenisa emnyango, kodwa ukulawulwa kwenqubo okunenhlakanipho, okungemnandi okuletha ingxenye elingana futhi esebenza ngempela.
