Uma uzwa 'i-metal powder metallurgy', isithombe esiseduze ngokuvamile singesokucindezela okuhlanzekile, okuzenzakalelayo okukhipha izingxenye eziphelele, eziyinkimbinkimbi. Leyo yinguqulo yencwajana. Iqiniso, ikakhulukazi uma uthola noma uhlanganisa lezi zingxenye kuma-assemblies amakhulu, lihle kakhulu. Kumayelana nokuqonda ukuthi amandla angempela akuphi—hhayi nje ekucushweni kokugcina, kodwa ezicini zempushana, amasistimu wokuhlanganisa, kanye nemisebenzi yesibili evamise ukunganakwa. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi indawo eyodwa yokuma yezingxenye ezinomumo wenetha, kodwa bayishaya indiva indima ebalulekile yomshini we-post-sintering noma ukungena. Lelo gebe phakathi kokulindela nokusebenza okungokoqobo yilapho amaphrojekthi amaningi ekhubeka khona.
I-Powder ngokwayo: Lapho Konke Kuqala Futhi Kungahamba Kahle
Konke kuqala nge-feedstock. Awukwazi ukukhuluma ngakho metallurgy powder ngaphandle kokuthola i-granular mayelana nempushana. Ngibone amaphrojekthi ecacisa impushana yensimbi engagqwali ejwayelekile kuphela ukuze ibhekane nokuncipha kwe-sintering okungahambisani kanye ne-warpage. Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana, i-morphology (i-spherical vs. irregulability), kanye nokugeleza akuzona nje izincazelo kumininingwane yedatha; zinquma ukuminyana okuluhlaza futhi, ekugcineni, ubuqotho bengxenye. Umhlinzeki wake wasithumelela inqwaba yempushana engu-316L eyayibukeka iphelele kodwa yayinomoya-mpilo ophezulu. Umphumela waba yini ngemva kokucula? I-embrittlement kanye nokukala kwendawo. Sifunde kabuhlungu ukuthi ama-cert mahle, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi udinga owakho ukuhlola indawo, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi.
Yilapho ubudlelwano bezinto ezibonakalayo besikhathi eside bubalulekile. Inkampani efana I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY), abanesizinda sabo seminyaka engu-30 ekukhiqizeni nasekukhiqizeni ama-alloys akhethekile, baqonda ukuziphatha okubalulekile ezingeni eliyisisekelo. Nakuba zaziwa ngokufaka utshalomali, lolo lwazi olujulile lwe-metallurgical luyahumusha. Lapho bethola izimpushana ze-a metallurgy powder iphrojekthi—ake sithi, engxenyeni ye-nickel-based superalloy—abagcini ngokuthenga impahla; bayayihlola beqhathanisa nefa lokwazi ukuthi izinsimbi ziziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kokushisa nengcindezi. Lowo mbono ubalulekile.
Ukukhetha phakathi kwezimpushana ezenziwe nge-athomu yamanzi kanye ne-athomu yegesi kungolunye ucingo lokwahlulela lwakudala. I-gas-atomized ijwayele ukuba yindilinga, igeleza kangcono ekugcwalisweni kwefa eliyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvamile ikhiqiza izakhiwo ezingcono zokugcina. Kodwa kubiza kakhulu. Ngevolumu ephezulu, ingxenye yesakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu, i-athomu yamanzi ingase yanele futhi yehlise izindleko kakhulu. Yilolu hlobo lokuhwebelana oluhlukanisa idizayini yethiyori kusukela kongenziwayo, nengabizi.
Ukusuka ku-Compaction kuya ku-Sintering: Isigaba Sokwenza noma Sokuhlukana
Ukuminyana kubonakala kuqondile: cindezela impushana ibe idayisi. Kodwa ukufana kokusabalalisa ingcindezi kuwubuciko obumnyama. Izingxenye ezinamaleveli amaningi ezinokwehluka kobude obubalulekile zidume kabi ngamagreyidi wokuminyana. Sake saba nehabhu yegiya lapho i-flange yayiphelele khona, kodwa indawo ephakathi nendawo yayingaphansi kokuminyene, okuholele ekuhlulekeni kokugunda ekusetshenzisweni. Isixazululo kwakungewona umshini wokucindezela amathoni aphezulu; bekuwukuklanywa kabusha kwethuluzi ngezibhakela eziningi kanye nokulungiswa okuhlakaniphile kokuphakelayo kwempushana. Yengeze ezindlekweni zamathuluzi kodwa yalondoloza ingxenye.
I-Sintering yilapho umlingo-nokwethuka-kwenzeka khona. Umkhathi wesithando somlilo uyikho konke. I-stoichiometry evaliwe kancane kungxube yakho ye-hydrogen-nitrogen ingaholela ekususweni kwe-carburization noma, okubi nakakhulu, ukulandwa kwekhabhoni ezingxenyeni zensimbi. I-vacuum sintering yinhle kakhulu ezintweni ezisebenzayo njenge-titanium noma lawo ma-alloys akhethekile e-QSY esebenza nawo, kodwa kuyinqubo edinga imali enkulu. Amazinga erempu, amazinga okushisa okucwilisa, nemijikelezo yokupholisa konke kususelwa kokuhlangenwe nakho, hhayi nje ijika lencwadi yokufunda. Ngikhumbula iqoqo lezingxenye ze-cobalt-chrome ezakha imifantu emincane ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokupholisa lalinolaka kakhulu kusistimu ethile yokuhlanganisa esiyisebenzise. Ukulungisa lowo mjikelezo kuthathe eminye imigijimo emithathu yomlilo kanye nokuphambana okuningi nedatha yomphakeli wempushana.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i-sintering ayivamisile ukuletha umumo wangempela wenetha. Kuhlala kunoshintsho oluthile. Ukulindela kanye nokuklama lokho kubekezelelana okuhlanganisiwe kubalulekile. Kwesinye isikhathi, uhlose isimo se-snter-forge lapho unciphisa ngamabomu bese ulinganisa. Kwesinye isikhathi, umane uhlele ukwenza imishini. Lesi isixhumanisi semvelo ezinkampanini ezihlanganisa izinqubo. Ingxenye ingase yenziwe nge metallurgy powder ngokusebenza kahle kwayo kwempahla kanye nesimo esiseduze nenetha, bese ithunyelwa ukuze iyonemba CNC imishini ukufeza ukubekezelelana kokugcina kumadayamitha abalulekile noma izintambo. Kuyindlela yokukhiqiza eyingxube eyenza umqondo omkhulu.
Iqhaza Elibalulekile Lemisebenzi Yesibili
Lona mhlawumbe umbono oyiphutha omkhulu. Abantu bacabanga ukuthi ingxenye iphuma esithandweni somlilo esilungele ukuthunyelwa. Cishe ungalokothi. Izingxenye eziningi zidinga ukulinganisa noma ukuhlanganisa—umsebenzi wokugcina wokucindezela ukuze ushaye ama-specs aqinile. Abanye badinga ukwelashwa ngesitimu ukumelana ne-surface oxidation ezingxenyeni ezisekelwe ensimbi. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqiniswa kwengcindezi, njengezingxenye ze-hydraulic, ukufakwa kwe-resin kuyisinyathelo esijwayelekile kodwa esiqinile. Yenza izinga le-vacuum libe lingalungile egunjini lokukhulelisa, futhi isivalo ngeke singene ngokugcwele ekujuleni kwe-porosity.
Bese kuba imishini. Izinto ezisikiwe zingaba nezilonda futhi zibe nokusikeka okuphazamisayo, okunzima kumathuluzi. Udinga amamaki alungile e-carbide kanye nokudla/isivinini. Uzakwethu onamandla CNC imishini ubuchwepheshe, njengalokho ongakuthola enkampanini enephrofayili ye-QSY, kunenzuzo lapha. Abagcini nje ngokwenza umsebenzi womshini; bayaqonda ukuthi i-sintered microstructure izoziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kwethuluzi lokusika. Bayazi ukuthi ingxenye ingase ibe nokuhluka okuncane kokuminyana okungabangela ingxoxo yamathuluzi, futhi bangahlela futhi basebenzise ngokufanele.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa ngemva kokugcoba kungenye isendlalelo. Kwenzelwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo, kodwa kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ungabangeli ukuhlanekezela engxenyeni esivele ifakwe i-sinter ukuze ibe nokuma okunembile. Ukwenza lukhuni kwekesi igiya lensimbi elicijile kudinga ukulawula okunembile ukuze kugwenywe ukusonteka kwamazinyo. Yilezi zinqubo zokuthunyelwe ezixhumene ezichaza ngempela ukusebenza kwengxenye.
I-Material Synergies: Lapho I-Powder Metallurgy Ihlangana Nobuchwepheshe Bokusakaza
Lena i-engeli ethokozisayo. Ngenkathi metallurgy powder futhi ukukhishwa kwe-investimenti kuvame ukubonwa njengezinqubo eziqhudelanayo, kunokusebenzisana olwazini lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Kokubili kusebenzisana nokwakheka kwensimbi kusuka kusimo esiyimbudumbudu noma esincibilikisiwe, okulandelwa ukuqiniswa/ukucwiliswa. Inkampani egxile ekutshalweni kwezimali kwe-nickel nama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt inomuzwa ojulile, cishe onembile wokuthi lawa ma-alloys asabela kanjani emijikelezweni yokushisa, ukuziphatha kwawo kokushwabana, kanye nezakhiwo zawo zokugcina.
Lolu lwazi ludluliselwa ngqo. Lapho inkampani enjalo ihlola a metallurgy powder iphrojekthi yengxenye yengxubevange yokushisa ephezulu, ayiqali ukusuka kuziro. Bangabuza imibuzo engcono: Ingabe leli windi lokucwilisa lempushana lizokwamukela ukwakheka kwe-gamma prime esiyidingayo kule ngxube ye-nickel? noma Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokusakaza okunezingoma ezifanayo, yikuphi ukwelashwa okushisa kwangemva kwe-sinter okuzothuthukisa ukumelana ne-creep? Lokhu akuyona into engabonakali; kusetshenziswa i-metallurgy. Kuklayenti, ukusebenza nomphakeli onale mininingwane yezinqubo ezahlukene kususa ubungozi esigabeni sokuthuthukisa kakhulu.
Ngikubonile lokhu kudlala ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zesistimu kaphethiloli. Idizayini yokuqala ibifuna ukufakwa kwezimali, kodwa kwezinye izingxenye ezincane ezinamashaneli angaphakathi ayinkimbinkimbi, metallurgy powder nge-metal injection molding (MIM) inikeze isisombululo esingcono sobunzima bomumo kanye nomshini omncane. Ubungcweti obukhona bomphakeli bengxubevange ngokwayo benza uguquko lwenqubo nokuthuthukiswa kwepharamitha kwaba bushelelezi kakhulu.
Ukucatshangelwa Okusebenzayo kanye Namaqiniso Ezindleko
Ake sikhulume ngezinombolo namavolumu. Izindleko eziphakeme zokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okubumbana noma ukubunjwa kwe-MIM kusho metallurgy powder umdlalo wevolumu. Akuvamile ukuba nengqondo kuma-prototypes noma isebenze ngamakhulu. Udinga izinkulungwane, ngokuvamile amashumi ezinkulungwane, ukuze ukhokhe lezo zindleko zangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuhle kakhulu, ngokuvamile kungaphezu kwama-95%, okuthi kuma-alloys abizayo kube ukonga okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomshini ovela esitokisini sebha.
Isikhathi sokuhola singesinye isici. Nakuba isikhathi somjikelezo ingxenye ngayinye sisifushane, idizayini yamathuluzi, ukwakhiwa, nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kuthatha izinyanga. Akusona isixazululo esisheshayo. Futhi ukhiyelwe phakathi uma okokusebenza sekwenziwe. Ushintsho lomklamo, ngisho oluncane, lungasho ukuguqulwa kwamathuluzi abizayo noma isethi entsha yokufa. Lokhu kudinga izinga eliphezulu lokuvuthwa kwedizayini ngaphambili, okungqubuzana nefilosofi esheshayo yesimanjemanje. Kuphoqa uhlobo oluhlukile lwesiyalo.
Ekugcineni, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kugcwele. Akukhona nje ukuhlola kokugcina. Udinga ukuqapha inkatho yempushana, ingxenye eluhlaza yesisindo/ukuminyana, izingodo ze-sintering atmosphere, kanye nokuhlola ubukhulu kuzo zonke izigaba. Amashadi okulawula inqubo yezibalo angumngane wakho omkhulu. Kuyinqubo evuza ukungaguquguquki futhi ejezisa ukuhlukahluka. Kungakho ukuthola umlingani onosiko olugxilile lokulawula inqubo—uhlobo olwakhiwe emashumini eminyaka, njengasenkampanini yokukhiqiza eneminyaka engu-30—akuyona into enhle ukuba nayo; ibalulekile kunoma yini engaphezu kwengxenye ye-sintered eyisisekelo.
