Uma abantu abaningi bezwa 'izinsimbi ezikhethekile zokubopha', bacabanga ngamabhawodi anamandla aphezulu enjini yejethi noma imoto yomjaho. Lokho kuyingxenye yakho, ngokuqinisekile, kodwa futhi yilapho umbono wokuqala oyiphutha ulele khona. Akukhona nje ngamandla okugcina eqinile. Kumayelana nemvelo ehlulekayo kuyo. Sengibone amaphrojekthi amaningi kakhulu lapho ithimba lithole ibhowodi ye-nickel alloy ephezulu ukuze ingagqwali, laze layibamba inyongo ngesikhathi liyifaka ngoba belishaya indiva ukuthambekela kokuqunjelwa. izinsimbi ezikhethekile ze-alloy ku-high-clamp force izicelo. Iphepha lathi 'ayikwazi ukugqwala,' futhi bayeka ukufunda lapho. Umsebenzi wangempela uqala ngemva kokukhetha izinto eziyisisekelo.
Okukhethekile ku-alloy akuwona umlingo
Ake sikhulume ngokuthi yini eyenza ingxubevange 'ikhetheke' yezinsimbi. Ngokuvamile ukungezwa kwezinto ezifana ne-nickel, i-cobalt, i-molybdenum, noma i-chromium ngamaphesenti abalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe iphrofayela yendawo ethile. Cabanga nge-Inconel 718, i-Hastelloy C-276, noma i-MP35N. Kodwa nansi into esebenzayo: lawa ma-alloys ayaziwa ukuthi anzima kakhulu ukuwenza umshini. Amazinga abo okuqinisa umsebenzi adlulele. Uma amapharamitha wakho wokusebenza acishwe kancane—isilinganiso sokuphakelayo sihamba kancane kakhulu, isibonelo—awusazisiki into esetshenziswayo, uvele uqinise ubuso bayo ngomphetho wethuluzi, okuholela ekugugekeni kwamathuluzi ngokushesha kanye nokukhubazeka okungaba khona kwesixhumi. Lokhu akulona ithiyori. Lokhu sikufunde kabuhlungu kusenesikhathi ngenqwaba yama-Waspaloy studs. Imicu yayibukeka iphelele ngemuva komshini, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic, sathola imifantu emincane eqala ezimpandeni zentambo. Imbangela? Ukucindezelwa okuyinsalela okuvela ekusebenzeni kokuguqula okunamandla kakhulu okungazange kususwe ingcindezi ngendlela efanele. Izici 'ezikhethekile' zengxubevange zikhulise inkinga.
Yilapho ukubambisana ne-Foundry kanye nesitolo semishini esinamashumi eminyaka wangempela emdlalweni wegeyimu. Ngicabanga ngomphakeli esike sasebenza naye, i-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY). Isizinda sabo sokutshala izimali kanye nokubunjwa kwamagobolondo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, ikakhulukazi nge-cobalt ne-nickel-based alloys, ibanika umuzwa oyisisekelo wokuthi lezi zinto ziziphatha kanjani kusukela esimweni esiwuketshezi kuya engxenyeni ephelile. Akukhona nje ngokuqhuba uhlelo lwe-CNC. Kumayelana nokwazi ukuthi ingxubevange ethile ye-nickel idinga izinga lokushisa elithile le-inter-pass ngesikhathi somshini noma izohlanekezela. Awukwazi ukudonsa lolo lwazi ebhukwini lesandla lemishini. Ungathola okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela yabo esizeni sabo, tsngtaocnc.com. Yilokhu kuqonda kwezinga lenqubo okuhlukanisa isibambiso esisebenzisekayo kwesithembekile.
Enye i-nuance ukwelapha ukushisa. Ezinsimbi eziningi ezingenasici, unokucisha okuqondile nokucasuka. Ngama-alloys e-nickel aqina imvula, umjikelezo wokuguga uyikho konke. Isikhathi nezinga lokushisa kufanele kulawulwe kuze kube umzuzu ukuze uthole ibhalansi efanele yamandla kanye ne-ductility. Ngikhumbula icala lapho iklayenti lakhala khona ngokuphuka okungaqinile kumabhawodi alo e-Inconel 718. Bazowathola ku-AMS efanele. Emuva kophenyo, sithole ukuthi zindala ezingeni lokushisa elilungile, kodwa umthwalo wehhavini wawuminyene kakhulu, obangela ukushisisa okungalingani kanye nokusabalala kwezakhiwo zomshini kuyo yonke inqwaba. Ezahluleka zazivela ezindaweni ezipholile esithandweni. Ingxubevange 'ekhethekile' yehliswa inqubo yemboni evamile eyenziwa ngaphandle kokunakekelwa okwanele.
Amaphuzu Okwehluleka Ongawaboni Aza
I-Corrosion yigama elibanzi. Nge izinsimbi ezikhethekile ze-alloy, sivamise ukubhekana ne-pitting, ukugqwala kwe-crevice, noma i-stress corrosion cracking (SCC) kumidiya ethile. I-fastener ingase ifaneleke endaweni yegesi emuncu (imelana ne-H2S) kodwa izohluleka ngokuyingozi i-SCC eyenziwe nge-chloride endaweni yogu. Ukukhetha akukhona nje ukugqwala noma cha. Imayelana nesobho lamakhemikhali ehlezi kulo, okuhlanganisa nezakhi zokulandelela. Sake sasebenzisa izibophelelo ze-titanium alloy ukuze sifake amanzi olwandle, acwebezela ukugqwala okuvamile. Kodwa lolu hlelo lwalunemikhondo ye-methanol njenge-hydrate inhibitor. Ngaphansi kwamazinga athile okucindezeleka, lokhu kwethule ingcuphe ye-SCC eyenziwe nge-methanol, imodi yokwehluleka engekho ku-radar yethu yasekuqaleni. Kwadingeka sibuyele emuva futhi sishintshele ensimbi engagqwali yezinga eliphezulu eyi-duplex.
Bese kuba nokugqwala kwe-galvanic. Ukumatanisa umnumzane i-alloy fastener ekhethekile njenge-cobalt ene-aluminium noma isakhiwo se-carbon steel icela inkinga. Udela isakhiwo esiyisisekelo. I-fastener izoba msulwa ngenkathi idla izinto ezisizungezile. Isixazululo akusona njalo isibambiso esihlukile; ngezinye izikhathi kumayelana nokuzihlukanisa namawasha athile noma okokunamathisela, kodwa lezo ezinengilazi ngokwazo kufanele zihambisane futhi zingangenisi izingozi ze-hydrogen embrittlement. Kuwuchungechunge lokuncika.
Ukufakwa kuyinkundla yakhona yamabhomu. Amandla aphezulu alezi zinsimbi ngokuvamile asho itorque ephakeme edingekayo. Ukufeza lawo mandla okubamba ngaphandle kokusonta ikhanda noma ukweqa iphuzu lesivuno lengxenye yokukhwelana kudinga ukunemba. Ukuthambisa kubalulekile. Ukusebenzisa okokugcoba okungalungile kungangcolisa isistimu ku-aerospace noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zebanga lokudla. Ukungasebenzisi lutho kungaholela ekuhlaselweni okukhulu engikushilo ekuqaleni. Salinganisa emikhakheni ethile, eqinisekisiwe emelene nokubanjwa kwemindeni ehlukene yengxubevange, futhi leso sinyathelo esilula saqeda cishe u-80% wezinkinga zethu zokufakwa kwenkambu.
Lapho Ukusakaza Kuhlangana Nomshini Wokunemba
Lena impambana-mgwaqo ethokozisayo. Kumajiyometri ayisiqinisi ayinkimbinkimbi—cabanga inadi elikhiyayo elikhulu, elimise ngendlela eyinqaba lekesi le-turbine, noma into yokuqinisa enamaphaseji oketshezi adidiyelwe—ukutshala imali kungaba isiqalo esingcono kakhulu sokuqamba noma ukwenza imishini esitokweni sebha. Uthola i-near-net-shape, enciphisa inani lengxubevange ebizayo oyidingayo ukuyisusa ngomshini. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, egxile kabili ekwakhiweni kwegobolondo/yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokwenza imishini ye-CNC, imiselwe lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza oludidiyelwe.
Inzuzo ukugeleza okusanhlamvu okubonakalayo. Ingxenye eyenziwe ngomshini inqamula isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu. Ukusakaza okuklanywe kahle, okulandelwa umjikelezo wokucindezela kwe-isostatic (HIP) oshisayo ukuze kuqedwe i-porosity yangaphakathi, kungaba nesakhiwo esifana kakhulu somumo oyinkimbinkimbi. Khona-ke, izici ezibucayi ezithwala imithwalo-imicu, izindawo ezithwalayo, i-radii engaphansi kwekhanda-zinemba ngokunemba endlini. Lokhu kulawula lonke uchungechunge lwenani. Ingozi yokuthola ukusakaza kusuka kumthengisi oyedwa, ukuyithumela esitolo semishini esingajwayelene nesakhiwo sayo esithile se-dendritic kanye nesimo sokucindezeleka esalayo, iphezulu. Ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi somshini wokugcina kuwumphumela ovamile, futhi obizayo.
Ngikhumbula ngihlola umlingisi omkhulu we-Monel K500 kanye nebhawodi ye-flange eyenziwe ngomshini ukuze kuhlanganiswe olwandle. Amasampuli okuqala asuka ochungechungeni lokunikezela oluhlukene ahlulekile ekushintsheni kochungechunge. Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluleka kukhomba ku-micro-shrinkage porosity kusukela ekuliseni okungavalwanga ngokugcwele yi-HIP, okwabe sekusebenza njengesigxilisi sokucindezeleka phakathi nokulutha. Ukuhlanganisa inqubo nomhlinzeki womthombo owodwa olawule kokubili ubuqotho bokusakaza kanye namapharamitha wokugcina womshini akuxazulule. Balungisa isistimu yokugenca ekubunjweni kokuphonsa futhi balungisa ngaphambili okungenalutho ngaphambi komjikelezo wokugcina we-HIP, base beqeda imicu. Umehluko wawubusuku nemini.
Izindleko vs. Ukuthembeka: Ukubalwa Kwangempela
Ayikho ingxoxo mayelana izinsimbi ezikhethekile ze-alloy iphelele ngaphandle kwezindleko zokukhuluma. Ibholidi eyodwa ye-Inconel ingabiza izikhathi ezingama-50-100 ngaphezu kwebhawodi yensimbi yeBanga lesi-8. Umqondo wemvelo uwukubona lapho ungazisa khona unjiniyela. Yilapho ukuzizwisa kumemeza ukuthi uqaphe. Ukushintsha ingxubevange yezinga eliphansi noma ukwamukela ukubekezelela kohlangothi olubanzi ukuze wonge u-15% ngasohlangothini kungase kuphindaphinde ingozi yokwehluleka, okuyizindleko zayo ezihlanganisa isikhathi sokuphumula, ukulimala kwesibambiso, kanye nesikweletu.
Isibalo siyashintsha sisuka kuzindleko zengxenye yengxenye siye kuzindleko eziphelele zobunikazi. Esihlahleni sikaKhisimusi samafutha angaphansi kolwandle negesi, ukwehluleka kwezibophelelo akuyona inkinga yokulungisa; yinhlekelele yemvelo engaba khona kanye nokuvalwa kokukhiqiza okudla izigidi ngosuku. Lapha, ukuthembeka okwakhelwe kusigcinasi ngokukhethwa kwezinto ngokucophelela, ukwenziwa okulawulwayo, nokuhlolwa okunzima (njengokuhlolwa kwe-ASTM F606 yezakhiwo eziwumshini kanye ne-NACE MR0175 yokuqhekeka kwe-sulfide stress) yisona sonke isiphakamiso senani. Umshwalense.
Ngezinye izikhathi, isixazululo akusona i-alloy exotic kakhulu. Besinohlelo lokushisa eliphezulu (cishe u-650°C) lapho idizayini yokuqala ibibiza i-cobalt superalloy ebiza kakhulu. Ngokubheka kabusha umklamo, sabona ukuthi singanciphisa ingcindezi kusixhumi ngokushintsha umklamo we-flange kancane. Lokhu kusivumele ukuthi sehlisele kungxubevange ye-nickel-chromium ejwayeleke kakhulu kodwa esakwazi ukusebenza, konga izindleko ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni impilo yedizayini yeminyaka engama-20. Ukhiye bekuwukusebenzelana nesibambiso nobungcweti bezinto ezibonakalayo ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuklama, hhayi njengokucatshangelwa kokuthengwa kwempahla.
I-Takeaway: Isistimu, Akuyona Ingxenye
Ngakho, liyini iphuzu lakho konke lokhu? A i-alloy fastener ekhethekile akuyona nje into yempahla oyikhipha kukhathalogi. Iyingxenye yesistimu eklanywe kakhulu. Ukusebenza kwayo kuwumsebenzi we-metallurgy, uchungechunge lwezinqubo zokukhiqiza (noma ngabe uvela kumphakeli ohlanganisiwe ofana ne-QSY noma iqembu elididiyelwe), inqubo yokufaka, kanye nendawo ethile yokusebenza. Ukuziba noma yisiphi salezi zixhumanisi kuyisimemo sokwehluleka.
Imboni iphokophele ekulandelekeni okwengeziwe kanye nemibhalo. Akusanele ukuba nesitifiketi esibonakalayo. Amakhasimende afuna ukulandeleka kweqoqo eligcwele, amarekhodi enqubo yokwenza imishini, namashadi okuphatha ukushisa. Leli zinga lokulawula liba indinganiso yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile. Iphushela kubahlinzeki abanamasistimu nokuziphatha ukuze bakunikeze, hhayi nje amathuluzi omshini.
Ekugcineni, ukusebenza ngalezi zinto kufundisa inhlonipho. Abayona inhlamvu yesiliva. Amathuluzi okuthi, lapho eqondwa futhi esetshenziswa ngokuqwashisa okujulile ngezinto ezingezinhle nezimfuneko zawo, anike amandla ubuchwepheshe ukuthi busebenze ezindaweni obungeke bukwazi ukusebenza kuzo—ngaphakathi kwe-jet turbine, ngaphansi kolwandle, noma endaweni yamakhemikhali egqwalayo. Lelo inani langempela. I-fastener ngokwayo iwukubonakaliswa ngokomzimba kolwazi oluningi olukhethekile kanye nenqubo elawulwayo.
