Lokacin da yawancin mutane suka ji 'bakin karfe na martensitic', nan da nan suna tunanin 'wuya'. Wannan ba laifi ba ne, amma shine mafarin rashin fahimta a cikin saye da aikace-aikace. Gaskiyar labarin ba kawai game da samun babban lambar Rockwell C ba; game da ƙwaƙƙwaran raye-raye tsakanin sinadarai, maganin zafi, da cinikin da ba makawa. Na ga ayyuka da yawa sun tsaya tsayin daka saboda wani ya ƙayyadadden nau'in 410 ko 420 don 'juriya da ƙarfi' ba tare da fahimtar abin da ke tattare da gaske a benen kanti ba. Ƙunƙarar tsagewa, faɗaɗa juzu'i bayan ƙarfafawa, rashin tauri mai ban mamaki a cikin abin da ya yi kama da wani abu mai ƙarfi-waɗannan su ne ainihin darussa. Wannan ba kayan karatu ba ne; Abin da kuka koya ke nan bayan kwashe ƴan batches.
Mahimmin Identity da Aikinsa
Mu tube shi baya. Martensitic bakin karfe da gaske ne mai taurin Fe-Cr-C gami. Makullin shine canji na martensitic-mai saurin kashewa daga yanayin zafin da ke damun atom ɗin carbon, ƙirƙirar gurɓataccen tsari mai jujjuyawar tsarin tetragonal na jiki. Wannan shine tushen taurin. Amma ga farkon abin kamawa: mafi girman carbon don taurin (kamar a cikin 440C), gwargwadon yadda kuke yin sulhuntawa da walƙiya kuma, da ɗan ƙima ga ƙarfe 'bakin ƙarfe', juriya na lalata. Chromium yana buƙatar haɗi tare da carbon don samar da carbides, wanda ke fitar da shi daga mafita, yana rage chromium kyauta da ke samuwa don samar da wannan Layer oxide mai wucewa. Don haka, kuna iya samun kyawu mai wuya 58 HRC ruwa wanda har yanzu yana nuna tsatsa.
A cikin aikin injin ɗinmu a Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd.(QSY), muna yawan cin karo da wannan duality. Abokin ciniki zai aika da zane don ɓangaren bawul ko famfo a cikin 17-4PH (nau'in hazo-hardening martensitic, amma bari mu haɗa shi a nan don tattaunawa). Suna son kaddarorin maganadisu, ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, da wasu juriya na lalata. Kalubalen yana farawa a matakin albarkatun ƙasa. Damuwar hannun jarin mashaya daga tsarin masana'anta na iya yin barna a lokacin mu na gaba Injin CNC. Mun koyi koyaushe saka hannun jari mai rage damuwa don ma'auni mai mahimmanci, ko kasafin kuɗi don matsakaicin jiyya na zafi da kanmu. Yana da tsada, amma yana da arha fiye da wani sashi na warping 0.1mm bayan maganin zafi na ƙarshe.
Maganin zafi kanta shine inda fasaha ta hadu da kimiyya. Ba shirin tanderun 'saitin manta' ba ne. Yanayin austenitizing yana da mahimmanci - yayi ƙasa sosai, kuma ba ku samun cikakken bayani; yayi girma sosai, kuna haɗarin ci gaban austenite ko ci gaban hatsi. Sa'an nan kuma quench: man fetur daidai yake, amma tashin hankali da zafin jiki na mai yana da mahimmanci don rage lalacewa da haɗari, musamman a kan hadaddun simintin zuba jari tare da sassa daban-daban. Mun taba samun gungu na siriri-bango zuba jari prototypes in 410 yana fashe kusan a ji yayin quench. Darasi? Don siffofi masu banƙyama, wani lokacin digiri na martensitic ba shine amsar ba, ko zane yana buƙatar radis da kauri na uniform da za mu iya jayayya a cikin mataki na DFM (Design for Manufacture).
Machining da Gamawa: Gaskiyar Floor Shop
Machining annealed martensitic bakin karfe wani dabba ne daban da machining taurin siffarsa. A cikin yanayin da aka rufe (yawanci ana yin shi zuwa kusan 85 HRB), gummy ne. Ba ya karya kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai tsabta kamar 303 austenitic; yana son samar da dogon, stringy kwakwalwan kwamfuta da za su iya walda zuwa kayan aiki da kuma lalata saman gama. Geometry na kayan aiki, sutura (TiAlN yana aiki da kyau), da matsanancin matsananciyar sanyaya don karya da kwashe kwakwalwan kwamfuta ba za a iya sasantawa ba. Muna gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan a kan nauyi, m Injin CNC cibiyoyi don datse girgiza.
Maganin zafi bayan machining shine ma'anar rashin dawowa. Da zarar kun taurare shi, duk wani ƙarin mashin ɗin yana da matuƙar wahala, iyakance gaske ga niƙa ko EDM. Wannan jerin yana da mahimmanci. Mun sami ƙwarewar koyo mai raɗaɗi shekaru da suka wuce tare da ɓangaren kayan aiki. Abokin ciniki ya so a yanke hakora bayan taurare don tabbatar da cikakkiyar lissafi. Sai da muka yi yarjejeniya da wani kwararre mai injin nika na CBN, kuma farashi da wuce gona da iri na da matukar muhimmanci. Yanzu, daidaitaccen aikin mu, da abin da muke ba abokan ciniki shawara akan dandalinmu tsingtaocnc.com, shine yin na'ura zuwa ma'auni na ƙarshe a cikin yanayin da aka rufe, lissafin ƙididdiga don haɓaka / raguwa da za a iya gani daga zagayowar hardening da tempering. Wannan yana buƙatar zurfin ɗakin karatu na bayanan tarihi kan yadda takamaiman geometries a cikin takamaiman maki ke motsawa, waɗanda muka gina sama da shekaru 30 a ciki. yin simintin gyaran kafa da injina.
Ƙarshe wani nuance ne. A passivated martensitic bakin karfe bangare ba zai taba samun juriyar lalata na wani bangare na 316L ba. Tsarin wucewa (yawanci nitric ko citric acid) yana taimakawa, amma yana haɓaka raƙuman rani na asali. Don aikace-aikace a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kamar wasu sassan injinan sarrafa abinci ko kayan aikin ruwa, ingantacciyar wutar lantarki bayan wucewa na iya yin babban bambanci. Yana smoothes ƙananan kololuwa, yana rage rukunin yanar gizo don farawa. Wani ƙarin mataki ne, amma yana daidaita tazarar da ke tsakanin ƙayyadaddun abu da buƙatun aikace-aikace.
Zaɓin Abu: Lokacin Amfani da Shi, Lokacin Tafiya
Wannan shine jigon hukunci na ƙwararru. Martensitic bakin karfe yana haskakawa inda kuke buƙatar haɗin matsakaicin juriya na lalata, babban ƙarfi / taurin, kuma sau da yawa, ƙarfin maganadisu. Yi la'akari da injin turbine a wasu wuraren tururi, kayan yanka, wukake, kayan aikin tiyata, masu ɗaukar tseren a cikin aikace-aikacen da ba a cikin ruwa ba, da maɗaurai kamar ƙugiya mai ƙarfi. Bambance-bambancen hazo-hardening bambance-bambancen karatu kamar 17-4PH suna da ban sha'awa ga hadaddun, manyan abubuwan haɗin sararin samaniya waɗanda dole ne su riƙa jure juriya bayan ɗan ƙaranci maganin tsufa.
Koyaya, yakamata ku nisanta shi da gaske don cikakken gine-ginen walda (sai dai tare da matsananciyar ka'idojin kulawa kafin zafin zafi), don aikace-aikace a cikin mahalli masu wadatar chloride (kamar kusa da ruwan teku ba tare da kariya ba), ko kuma inda tasirin tasiri a ƙananan yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci. Tsarin tsarin jiki na martensite yana da zafin jiki na ductile-to-brittle; zai iya zama mai haɗari a cikin sabis na sanyi. Ina tunawa da bincike na gazawar don fashewar sandar piston hydraulic da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin injin gandun daji na waje a cikin hunturu; kayan 420 sun hadu da ƙayyadaddun taurin amma sun lalace akan tasiri. Bakin Austenitic ko ƙarfe mai ƙarancin zafin jiki zai kasance daidai.
Aiki tare da musamman gami kamar cobalt-based alloys ko nickel-based alloys wani lokaci yana ba da mafi kyawun bayani, kodayake a farashi mai girma. Alal misali, ga mai tsananin lalata da matsakaicin lalata slurry famfo impeller, za a iya la'akari da taurare maras kyau kamar 440C, amma Stellite (cobalt gami) walda-overlay ko m. zuba jari a cikin nickel gami kamar Alloy 255 na iya bayar da ingantaccen farashi na rayuwa duk da farashin gaba. A QSY, sau da yawa muna samun waɗannan tattaunawa, jagorar abokan ciniki ta wannan matrix na aikin, ƙirƙira, da jimlar farashi.
Harka a cikin Nuni: Saga na Bangaren Valve
Kyakkyawan misali daga shagon mu. Abokin ciniki yana buƙatar babban matsi mai ƙarfi na al'ada. Takaddun bayanai sun yi kira da kyakkyawan juriya ga sinadarai mai laushi, juriya mai girma akan saman rufewa, kuma babu nakasu na dindindin a ƙarƙashin damuwa na 900 MPa. Da farko sun ba da shawarar 316L don juriya na lalata. Muka ja baya. 316L ba za a iya taurare isasshe ba don buƙatun lalacewa. Mun ba da shawarar 440C don yanayin lalacewa amma mun fuskanci gibin juriya na lalata.
Mafita ita ce hanyar haɗin gwiwa. An yi amfani da babban jikin jiki daga 17-4PH a cikin Yanayin A (annealed), sannan ya kai H900 bayan yin aikin, yana ba shi ƙarfin gaske. Mahimman yankin ƙasa mai rufewa ya kasance mai taurare a cikin gida ta hanyar amfani da tsarin laser don ƙirƙirar yanki mai tauri ba tare da shafar kaddarorin lalata kayan ba. Tsarin da ba daidai ba ne wanda ke buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mu inji tawagar da kuma abokin maganin zafi. Bangaren ya yi nasara, amma abin da aka dauka ya kasance mai tsarki martensitic bakin karfe ba ita ce kawai amsa ba; wani bangare ne na dabarun tsarin kayan abu.
Wannan nau'in warware matsalar shine inda takaddun bayanan kayan aiki na yau da kullun suka gaza. Suna ba ku ƙarfin samar da ƙarfi da ƙimar lalata a cikin acid ɗin gwaje-gwaje, amma ba sa gaya muku yadda kayan ke aiki lokacin da kuke ƙoƙarin riƙe juriyar 0.02mm akan bakin bakin ciki wanda zai ga kashe 800°C. Wannan ilimin yana zuwa ta hanyar yin shi, kasawa lokaci-lokaci, da maimaitawa. Shi ya sa kamfanoni masu dogon tarihi a ciki yin simintin gyaran kafa da injina, kamar namu sama da shekaru talatin, tara wani nau'in ilimin tacit wanda ke da mahimmanci kamar injina a ƙasa.
Ƙarshe Tunani: Mutunta Tsarin
Don haka, menene kalmar ƙarshe akan martensitic bakin karfe? Yana da ƙarfi, dangi na kayan aiki, amma yana buƙatar girmamawa. Ba 'digo-in' maye gurbin carbon karfe ba ne lokacin da kuke buƙatar ɗan ƙara juriya. Halinsa yana da alaƙa da asali da tarihin zafi. Ƙayyade shi cikin nasara yana buƙatar yin tunani cikakke game da dukkan sarkar masana'anta-daga yanayin niƙa na haja ko ƙirar ƙirar ƙira. harsashi mold simintin gyaran kafa, ta kowane machining op, kai tsaye zuwa cikin tanderun kula da zafi kuma a kan benci na dubawa na ƙarshe.
Babban kuskure shine ɗaukar shi azaman kayayyaki. Kayan aiki ne mai girma wanda ke buƙatar tsari da ya dace. Lokacin da kuka samu daidai, sakamakon yana da ban mamaki: abubuwan da suke da tauri, masu ɗorewa, kuma sun dace da manufa. Lokacin da kuka sami kuskure, gazawar tana da tsada da koyarwa. Manufar ita ce a yi amfani da na farko da kuma rage na ƙarshe, wanda a ƙarshe, shine ainihin aikin injiniya mai amfani tare da kowane abu, musamman ma wanda yake da buƙatu da lada kamar maras kyau na martensitic.
