Lokacin da yawancin mutane suka ji 'na'uran alluran ƙarfe', suna ɗaukar hoto guda ɗaya, naúrar monolithic - nau'in firinta na 3D na masana'antu don ƙarfe. Wannan shine kuskuren farko. A hakikanin gaskiya, tsari ne, kuma injin da kansa, na'urar allura, shine kawai abin da ake iya gani. Ainihin labarin yana faruwa ne a cikin shirye-shiryen abinci, da tanderun da aka keɓe, da tanderun da ke murƙushewa. Na ga ayyuka da yawa sun tsaya cak saboda sun ware kasafin kuɗi don babban matsayi karfe allura gyare-gyaren inji amma manta hanyoyin thermal na ƙasa. Na'urar sirinji ce mai mahimmanci; sinadarai da maganin zafi ne suka gina sashin a zahiri.
Jigon Tsarin: Fiye da Allura kawai
Bari muyi magana game da sashin allura. Ba kamar gyare-gyaren alluran filastik ba, inda kawai ku narke da harbi. Kayan ciyarwa anan shine cakuda mai kama da foda mai kyau na karfe da kuma mai ɗaure polymer. Danko yana da wahala. Idan bayanin yanayin zafin jikin injin ku ya ƙare har ma da 10 ° C a cikin yanki, zaku iya samun rabuwa - ɗaure zubar jini zuwa saman ko foda. Na tuna gudu don wasu ƙanana, rikitattun jagororin aikin tiyata na bakin karfe. Mun yi amfani da na'ura daga masana'anta na Jamus, mai ƙarfi kamar kowane abu, amma mun ci gaba da samun lahani. Batun ba matsa lamba na inji bane ko matsi; shi ne dunƙule zane. Ya kasance mai tsauri sosai ga irin wannan juzu'in juzu'i na kayan abinci. Dole ne mu yi aiki tare da mai samar da kayan don daidaita tsarin ɗaure. An ayyana ƙarfin injin ɗin ta hanyar dacewa da kayan, ba kawai tonnen sa ba.
Matsa karfi wani daya ne. Mutane sun damu da shi. Muna buƙatar injin tan 50! Ga yawancin sassan MIM, ba kasafai kuke buƙatar babban ƙarfi ba saboda kuna cike ƙananan kogo. Madaidaicin yana cikin ma'auni, sarrafa harbi, da kuma ikon riƙe daidaitaccen saurin allura da jinkirin don guje wa jetting. Rikici na gama gari shine amfani da saurin allura da sauri, wanda ke kama iska kuma yana haifar da ɓoyayyiya waɗanda kawai ke nunawa bayan an gama. Software na sarrafa injin yana buƙatar ba da izini don jinkirin, cika matakai da yawa. Wasan finesse ne.
Sai kuma ganga da screw wear. Karfe foda ne abrasive. Ko da tare da abubuwan da aka taurare, kuna duban tsarin kulawa wanda ya fi na robobi. Na ja sukurori bayan shekara guda na gudana 17-4 PH bakin ciyar da abinci wanda yayi kama da yashi. Yana canza ƙarar yanki na metering, yana shafar daidaiton nauyin harbi. Ba ka koyi wannan daga ƙasida; Kuna koyi da shi daga yin ma'aunin nauyi na harbi kowane motsi da ganin faɗuwar rana.
Yin-ko-Break: Debinding da Sintering
Wannan shine inda sihiri da ciwon kai suke da gaske. Kuna iya samun cikakkiyar ɓangaren kore daga mafi kyau karfe allura gyare-gyaren inji, da kuma lalata shi gaba ɗaya a matakai na gaba. Ƙimar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaura, ƙaddamar da zafi - kowanne yana da nasa buƙatun tanderun kuma yana bayyana tsarin ɗaure da kuke kulle a ciki. Mun taɓa ƙoƙarin canzawa daga sanannen kayan abinci zuwa madadin mai rahusa don rage farashi don abokin ciniki ke yin abubuwan haɗin bindiga. Sabuwar kayan abinci ta yi amfani da ɗaure daban. Zagayowar tanderu ɗin mu, wanda muka kammala tsawon shekaru, yanzu ba daidai ba ne. Sassan sun yi blister kuma sun fashe saboda adadin cire daurin yayi sauri. Bashi gabaɗaya, sassa dubu da yawa, an goge. Injin ya yi aikinsa daidai; ilimin tsari ya gaza.
Sintering shine canji na ƙarshe. Yanayin tanderun (hydrogen, nitrogen-argon mix, vacuum) yana da mahimmanci. Don kamfani kamar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), tare da zurfafa tarihin su a cikin simintin gyare-gyare da machining na musamman gami, wannan shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci. Sun fahimci ƙarfin ƙarfe mai zafin jiki. Gudun superalloys na tushen nickel ko cobalt ta hanyar MIM dabba ce ta daban fiye da daidaitaccen bakin. Bayanin yanayin zafin jiki, lokutan riƙewa, da ƙimar sanyaya kai tsaye suna ƙayyade kaddarorin injina na ƙarshe da juriyar juzu'i. Ana iya tsinkayar raguwa, kusan 15-20%, amma ba daidai ba ne isotropic. Dogayen siffa mai tsayi, sirara za ta ragu daban fiye da cibiya mai kauri. Kuna ramawa don haka a cikin ƙirar kayan aiki, amma kuna buƙatar tsarin sintiri ya zama mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don amincewa da waɗannan diyya.
Wannan shi ne inda haɗin gwiwar aiki a tsaye yake da ma'ana. Bayanan QSY a cikin simintin saka hannun jari da injinan CNC yana ba su fa'ida ta musamman. Suna fahimtar siffa-tallafi kusa-da-kusa da ƙayyadaddun kamala. Wani bangare na MIM yakan fito daga sintering yana buƙatar taɓawar CNC mai haske-hako rami na gaskiya, yana niƙa fuskar datum. Samun wannan ƙwararrun mashin ɗin a cikin gida yana nufin za su iya tsara tsarin MIM don haɓakawa ga jihar da ba ta da tushe, sanin ainihin yadda za a gama shi. Yana da cikakkiyar ra'ayi yawancin shagunan MIM masu tsafta sun rasa.
Kayan aiki: Abokin Hulɗa
Babu tattaunawa game da na'ura da aka kammala ba tare da magana game da mold ba. Kayan aikin MIM yana da madaidaici, sau da yawa tare da shimfidu masu yawa don waɗannan ƙananan sassa. Yin iska yana da mahimmanci. Saboda kayan abinci ba ruwa bane da gaske, fitar da iska yana da wahala. Mun yi amfani da molds tare da injin-taimaka iska mai haɗe kai tsaye zuwa farantin. Ƙarfe ɗin yana buƙatar taurare, kamar H13, amma an goge shi zuwa ƙarewar madubi. Duk wani dan kankanin karce zai haifar da ja da baya da kuma kara karfin fitarwa, mai yuwuwa karkatar da sashin kore mai laushi.
Tashoshi masu sanyaya jiki wani fasaha ne na dabara. Kuna so a saita mai ɗaure da sauri don rage lokacin sake zagayowar, amma saurin sanyaya zai iya haifar da damuwa. Na ga kayan aikin inda dole ne mu gudanar da yanayin sanyi daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban don daidaita cikawa da sanyaya wani sashe mai rikitarwa. Yana da maimaitawa. Kuna gudanar da ƙirar gwaje-gwaje (DOE) akan karfe allura gyare-gyaren inji: daidaita yanayin narkewa, saurin allura, riƙe matsi, da lokacin sanyaya, sannan auna girman ɓangaren kore da girma. Sa'an nan kuma ku tweak kayan aiki, watakila ƙara da ruwa mai zurfi don ɗaukar kayan mataki na ƙarshe, kuma sake kunna DOE. Tattaunawa ce tsakanin ma'aunin injin da ma'aunin lissafi na kayan aiki.
Aikace-aikacen Duniya na Haƙiƙa da Abubuwan Nuances
Dubi masana'antu: likita, hakori, bindigogi, na'urori masu auna motoci, na'urorin lantarki. Ƙididdigar ɓangaren yana ba da hujjar babban farashin kayan aiki da haɓaka tsari. Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun na iya zama dunƙule ƙashi na bakin karfe ko hadadden injin turbine na nickel-alloy don micro-drone. Zaɓin kayan, kamar yadda ƙwarewar QSY ta nuna tare da gami na musamman, yana da yawa. Amma kowane abu sinters daban-daban. Titanium MIM yana buƙatar tanderu mai ɗaukar nauyi. Tungsten nauyi gami suna da nasu ladabi.
Kyawun MIM yana ƙarfafa sassa da yawa zuwa ɗaya. Mun yi aiki a kan wani aikin allurar mai na mota—ɓangare da aka saba yin shi daga guda uku daban-daban da aka haɗe tare. Mun tsara shi azaman ɓangaren MIM guda ɗaya a cikin bakin 316L. Kalubalen shine cimma iyakar da ake buƙata a cikin hanyoyin man fetur na ciki kai tsaye daga sintiri, don guje wa aikin injin. Ya ɗauki watanni na tweaking girman girman foda a cikin kayan abinci da kuma yanayin ɓacin rai don rage ƙarancin ƙasa zuwa matakin yarda. Matsayin injin ɗin shine samar da wani ɓangaren kore mara aibi wanda babu komai a ciki wanda zai iya zama ramuka daga baya.
Kasawa babban malami ne. Tun da farko, muna da aikin yumbura MIM (wanda ke amfani da ƙa'idar injin iri ɗaya). Mun dauke shi kamar karfe. Ba daidai ba. Zagayowar ƙonawa na mai ɗaure yumbu ya bambanta sosai, kuma raguwar raguwar ya wuce 25%. Sassan sun rikice sosai. Ya koya mana cewa na'ura wani dandamali ne mai dacewa, amma ilimin aiwatarwa - ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun girke-girke da kayan girke-girke - ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ne kuma ba za a iya canzawa ba. Ba za ku iya ɗaukar gwaninta a cikin fassarar karfe zuwa alumina ko siliki carbide ba.
Haɗin kai da hangen nesa na gaba
To a ina ne karfe allura gyare-gyaren inji zauna yau? Yana ƙara haɗawa. Injin zamani sun haɗa da saka idanu akan tsari, bin diddigin bayanan matsi na harbi a cikin ainihin lokaci da kwatanta su zuwa lanƙwan zinari. Idan an gano faifai, zai iya faɗakar da mai aiki kafin a yi wani sashe mara kyau. Wannan yana motsawa zuwa masana'antu 4.0, inda bayanai daga injin allura, tanderun da aka kashe, da tanderun tanderu duk suna da alaƙa da ingancin ɓangaren ƙarshe.
Ga masana'anta kamar QSY, haɗin MIM tare da simintin gyare-gyaren harsashi, simintin saka hannun jari, da injinan CNC yana haifar da babban fayil mai ƙarfi. Abokin ciniki na iya zuwa da wani ɓangaren da ke da sarƙaƙƙiya don injinan gargajiya, yana da matsakaicin girma (guda 10k-100k a kowace shekara), kuma yana buƙatar kayan aiki mai girma. MIM ya zama mafita mai kyau. Za su iya ɗaukar dukkan tafiyar: ƙirar ɓangaren don MIM, zaɓin kayan abinci, ƙirƙira kayan aiki, gyare-gyare, ƙaddamarwa, rarrabuwa, da ingantacciyar mashin ɗin ƙarshe-duk ƙarƙashin rufin ɗaya. Wannan yana sarrafa inganci kuma yana rage rikice-rikicen dabaru.
A ƙarshe, na'urar tana da mahimmancin kunnawa, amma bebe ne ba tare da kewayen yanayin kimiyyar abu ba, injiniyan tsarin zafin jiki, da ainihin kayan aiki. Haqiqa fasaha ba ta aiki da jaridu ba; yana cikin sanin yadda ake tsara dukkan sarkar daga foda zuwa bangaren wasan kwaikwayo. Abin da ke raba shagon aiki da mai samar da mafita na gaskiya. Kuna koyi girmama tsarin duka, ba kawai kayan aiki mafi ƙarfi a ƙasa ba.
