Lokacin da yawancin mutane suka ji 'masana'antar ƙarafa ta foda', suna yin hoton tsarin aiki mai sauƙi-da-sint er - haɗa foda, danna shi, zafi shi, aikata. Wannan shine sigar littafin karatu, kuma yana da hatsarin wuce gona da iri wanda ke haifar da ɓangarorin da yawa da injiniyoyi masu takaici. Gaskiyar ita ce ta fi muni, ta fi muni, kuma a zahiri, inda ainihin injiniyan ke faruwa. Ba wai kawai yin siffa ba ne; shi ne game da sarrafa porosity, sarrafa hatsi iyakoki post-sintering, da fahimtar yadda alloying behaves lokacin da ta fara a matsayin kura. Na ga ƙira da yawa sun gaza saboda sun ɗauki PM azaman arha madaidaicin machining, yin watsi da halayen kayan sa na musamman.
Haƙiƙanin Haƙiƙanin Ƙarfafawa da Mahimmanci
Mu magana kayan. Alkawari na musamman gami kamar nickel-based ko cobalt na tushen foda yana da girma don lalacewa da aikace-aikacen zafi mai zafi. Amma tazarar da ke tsakanin alkawari da bangare yana da fadi. Ba za ku iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ba kuma kuyi tsammanin sigar foda ta buga lambobi iri ɗaya. Foda da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi tare da hanyar haɗakarwa ta asali zaɓi ne na asali wanda ke ƙayyadad da komai daga kwanciyar hankali yayin juzu'i zuwa ƙarfin gajiya na ƙarshe. Tare da haɗakarwa na asali, kuna yin banki akan watsawa yana cikakke yayin zagayowar zafi - yana da wuya, yana haifar da microstructures iri-iri idan sake zagayowar ba daidai bane.
Wannan yana danganta kai tsaye zuwa yawa. Nufin kusan cikakkar yawa yawanci yana nufin ƙaura fiye da daidaitattun ma'auni. Muna magana ne game da gyaran ƙarfe na allura (MIM) ko matsi mai zafi mai zafi (HIP). Amma kowane mataki sama da yawa yana zuwa tare da tsalle-tsalle na farashi da ƙuntatawa na geometric. Misali, HIP abu ne mai ban sha'awa don kawar da ragowar porosity a cikin hadaddun foda karfe wani bangare, ka ce samfurin injin turbine, amma ba magani ba ne-duk don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙera sintering. Dole ne a rufe porosity kuma a ware don HIP don warkar da shi yadda ya kamata; Matsakaicin yanayin haɗin kai ba zai gyaru ba.
Ciwon kai mai amfani? Sinter hardening karfe. Suna ba ku damar samun ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kai tsaye daga tanderun sintering, ƙetare maganin zafi na biyu. Sauti cikakke. Amma ƙimar sanyaya a cikin bel ɗin ku ya zama ma'aunin tsari mai mahimmanci. Jinkirin ya yi yawa, kuma ba za ku sami canji na martensitic ba; da sauri, kuma kuna haɗarin murdiya. Na shafe makonni ina tweaking gas kwarara da bel gudun ga wani sassaukan flange bangaren, kawai gano cewa wani ɗan canji a cikin wani sashe taro daga wani zane tweak sake jefar da komai a kashe. Ayyukan daidaitawa akai-akai.
Inda PM Ya Haɗu da Machining: Musafaha da Ba makawa
Kusan babu hadadden ɓangaren PM da ke da siffa mai siffa da gaske. Ko da tare da mafi kyawun kayan aiki da sarrafa tsari, kuna buƙatar ayyuka na biyu. Anan ne alakar da ke tsakanin a foda karfe kwararre kuma ƙwararren mashin ɗin yana da mahimmanci. Ba za ku iya na'ura wani ɓangaren PM ba kamar yadda kuke so ku yi na'ura mai aiki. Ragowar porosity wani abu ne wanda ke cin yankan kayan aikin. Har ila yau yana rinjayar ƙarewar ƙasa da ƙarfin zaren.
Wannan haɗin gwiwa ne na gani an yi shi da kyau. Dauki kamfani kamar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY). Tare da zurfin bayanan su a cikin simintin saka hannun jari da injinan CNC, suna samun halayen kayan aiki. Lokacin da wani ɓangaren PM, in ji jikin bawul ɗin bakin karfe yana buƙatar madaidaicin zaren tashar jiragen ruwa, ya fito daga sinter, sun san yadda ake sarrafa shi. Za su fahimci cewa hakowa a cikin wani wuri mai banƙyama yana buƙatar takamaiman kayan aikin geometries da ciyarwa don guje wa rugujewar gefen. Ba aikin inji ba ne kawai; ci gaba ne na tsarin ƙarfafawa. Kwarewarsu tare da gami na musamman a cikin simintin gyare-gyare na fassara zuwa tunani don sarrafa kayan aiki iri ɗaya a cikin sigar da ba ta dace ba. Kuna iya duba tsarin su akan rukunin yanar gizon su a https://www.tsingtaocnc.com-Haɗin tsarin su daga gyare-gyare zuwa injina shine ainihin abin da abubuwan haɓaka PM ke buƙata.
Mafi munin gazawar da na gani shine lokacin da PM da machining aka silo. Wani mai zane ya ƙayyade bangon bakin ciki kusa da aljihun injina akan ɓangaren PM. Shagon PM ya yi ƙayyadaddun bayanai, amma bangon yana da ƙila 85% yawa. Mashin ɗin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙarfafa karfe, ya ɗauki daidaitaccen yanke. Katangar ta girgiza, kayan aikin sun yi ta zance, da lallausan tsari a zahiri ya tsage. Darasi? DFM (Design for Manufacture) don PM dole ne ya haɗa da dabarun mashin ɗin. Wani lokaci, yana da kyau a yi na'ura mai sauƙi kafin yin ɓacin rai, ko kuma a ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun ƙira.
Tarkon Kayan aiki da Isar da Haƙuri
Kayan aiki shine zuciyar danna-da-sinter, kuma farashi ne mai yawa na gaba. Jarabawar ita ce zayyana ɓangaren matakai masu yawa don haɓaka aikin, yin cuɗanya a cikin kowane nau'ikan fasali. Amma kowane matakin, kowane abin da aka yanke, yana ƙara rikitar kayan aiki, sawa, da haɗarin gradients mai yawa. Na fada tarkon nan da wuri. Mun ƙirƙira ƙaƙƙarfan kaya tare da haɗe-haɗen bayanin martaba na kama. Kayan aikin ya kasance mafarki mai ban tsoro, yana buƙatar sanduna masu laushi waɗanda suka lanƙwasa, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ɗigon kama. Za a buga sassan amma ba a yi su da kyau ba saboda bambancin yawan.
Wani lokaci, wasan da ya fi wayo shi ne sanya mafi sauƙi, mafi ƙarfi na PM preform da injin hadaddun fasali. Yana jin kamar rangwame, amma sau da yawa yana da aminci kuma yana da tsada a cikin girma. Haƙuri wani yanki ne na rashin buri. Riƙe ± 0.025mm akan diamita na sintered a fadin tsari yana neman matsala da dubawa 100%. Masana'antu suna da daidaitattun azuzuwan haƙuri saboda dalili. Fahimtar lokacin da za a yi amfani da Class X (mafi girma daidaito) tare da Class Y, da kuma sadarwa da hakan ga abokin ciniki, muhimmin sashi ne na aikin. Yana da game da sarrafa tsammanin tare da gaskiyar tattara foda da kallon shi yana raguwa da warwa a cikin tanderu.
Kuma raguwa ba layi ba ne. Zai iya bambanta tare da madaidaiciyar shugabanci (anisotropic), wanda shine mafarki mai ban tsoro na dogon lokaci, sassa na bakin ciki. Mun taɓa yin jerin levers na actuator. Sun haɗu da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsayi da faɗin bayan an haɗa su, amma jujjuyawar (nau'i na warp) bai dace ba. Tushen dalili? Ƙananan sauye-sauye a cikin foda suna cika tsayi a cikin mutu, wanda ya canza farkon rarraba yawan kore. Magance shi yana buƙatar sake fasalin tsarin takalmin abinci, ba kawai daidaitawar tanderu ba.
The Green State: Inda Komai aka Yanke
Jarumin da ba a rera waƙa ba-ko mai saɓo mai shiru-na PM shine ɓangaren kore. Wannan shi ne ƙarami-amma ba a haɗa shi ba. Mutuncinsa shine komai. Tsagewar gashin gashi ko lamination daga fitar da bai dace ba ba zai warke ba a cikin ɓarna; za su kara muni. Karɓar sassan kore yana buƙatar taɓa haske. Na ga gaba dayan pallets na sassa sun ragu zuwa tarkace saboda sabon ƙwararren masani ya sarrafa su kamar guraben injuna.
Ƙarfin kore dukiya ce da ka ƙayyade tare da masu ɗaure da mai mai. Amma ciniki ne. Ƙarin mai yana sauƙaƙe fitarwa kuma yana inganta daidaituwar yawa, amma yana barin ƙarin saura don ƙonawa yayin sintering, wanda zai iya shafar sarrafa carbon a cikin karafa. Matsala ce ta ilmin sinadarai da aka kama kamar na injina. Don kamfani kamar QSY, wanda gwanintarsa a harsashi da simintin saka hannun jari ya ta'allaka ne akan kayan gyare-gyare da zagayowar ƙonawa, wannan yanayi mai banƙyama da lokacin rarrabuwar zafi zai zama sanannen wuri mai faɗi. Ka'idojin sarrafa bazuwar thermal suna daidai da juna, kawai a yi amfani da su zuwa ƙaramin foda maimakon ƙirar kakin zuma.
Duba koren sassa fasaha ce. Ba za ku iya amfani da mafi yawan hanyoyin da ba masu lalacewa ba. Yakan zo sau da yawa zuwa duba gani a ƙarƙashin haske mai kyau da jin yadda ɓangaren ya kamata ya yi sauti lokacin da aka taɓa shi da sauƙi. Ƙarƙashin fasaha ne amma mai mahimmanci. Bangaren kore maras kyau shine guntu; kawai kuna ɓata kuzari don sarrafa shi.
Neman Gaba: Ba Tsarin Kayayyaki bane
Babban haɗari ga foda karafa masana'antu ana tsinkayar a matsayin kayayyaki. Idan kawai game da latsa ɓangarorin ƙarfe mai arha ne, aikin zai ƙaura zuwa mafi ƙarancin farashi. Makomar tana cikin kayan haɓakawa, haɗaɗɗiyar haɗakar aiki, da masana'anta matasan. Yi la'akari da PM a matsayin dandalin haɗin kayan abu. Kuna iya ƙirƙirar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa-kamar aluminium da aka ƙarfafa tare da barbashi na siliki-carbide-waɗanda ba za a iya narkewa ba. Ko kayan aiki masu daraja inda abun ya canza a cikin sashin.
Haɗe-haɗe tare da masana'anta ƙari kuma yana blurring layi. Daure jetting na karafa shine, a ainihin sa, a foda karfe tsari. Kalubale na sintering, murdiya, da sarrafa microstructural duk suna nan, waɗanda aka ƙara su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙarancin kore. Iyalin matsaloli iri ɗaya ne, kawai tare da hanyar siffa ta daban. Wannan shine inda zurfin ilimin tsari daga PM na gargajiya ya zama mai kima.
Don haka, ba masana'antar faɗuwar rana ba ce. Yana tasowa. Amma yana buƙatar canjawa daga kasancewa kawai mai ba da kayayyaki zuwa zama mai ba da shawara na kayan aiki da masana'antu. Dole ne ku shiryar da ƙira, mallaki dukan sarkar daga foda zuwa gama kayan aikin injin, kuma ku kasance masu gaskiya game da iyakoki da iyakokin tsarin. Ta haka za ku wuce zama kantin jarida kuma ku zama abokin aikin injiniya mai mahimmanci. Kamfanonin da suka sami wannan, waɗanda ke da injina da kuma kayan kimiyyar kayan aiki don tallafawa tsarin PM, sune waɗanda za su tsaya a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa.
