Lokacin da kuka ji 'foda metallurgy bakin karfe', farar kai tsaye koyaushe shine game da sarƙaƙƙiyar siffa-tallafi da kayan tanadi. Gaskiya ne, amma rabin labarin ne kawai. Tattaunawa ta gaske, wacce ke faruwa tsakanin injiniyoyi waɗanda a zahiri suka yi ƙoƙarin tantance ta ko na'ura, ta ta'allaka ne kan gibin da ke tsakanin alƙawarin daftarin bayanai da gaskiyar zaman bita. Ba harsashin sihiri ba ne; wani abu ne mai ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi. Na ga zane-zane da yawa waɗanda ke bi da shi kamar maye gurbin 316L da aka yi, kawai don fuskantar matsaloli tare da porosity, rashin daidaituwar mashin, ko abubuwan ban mamaki na maganin zafi. Ƙarfafawa yana da ƙarfi-ƙirƙirar sassa masu rikitarwa kamar abubuwan bawul ko gidaje na firikwensin tare da ƙarancin sharar gida-amma aiwatarwa yana buƙatar mutunta tsarin, daga kayan abinci na foda zuwa na ƙarshe.
Babban Alkawari da Tambayar Mahimmanci Mai Dorewa
Babban fa'ida shine 'yanci na geometric. Muna magana ne game da sassan da za su zama mafarki mai ban tsoro ga injin daga mashaya ko ma simintin saka hannun jari. Yi la'akari da ƙaramin injin famfo tare da tashoshi na ciki, ko gidan kayan aikin likita tare da yanke ƙasa. Foda karfe yana sa waɗannan su kasance masu tasiri a cikin tattalin arziki a matsakaici zuwa matsakaicin girma. Bakin karfe maki, yawanci 304L, 316L, da kuma ƙara shahara 17-4 PH, bayar da lalata juriya da ake bukata domin wadannan aikace-aikace.
Amma ga matsala ta farko: yawa. Samun cikakken yawa yana da tsada kuma ba koyaushe burin bane. Yawancin abubuwan haɗin ginin an haɗa su zuwa matakin da ya dace da ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Wannan yana barin saura, porosity mai haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Ba lallai ba ne aibi; sifa ce. Duk da haka, wannan porosity shine tushen yawancin al'amurra na ƙasa. Yana rinjayar ingantaccen juriya na lalata - pores na iya kama ruwaye da fara lalata lalata, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ga sassan sarrafa ruwa mai mahimmanci, ayyuka na biyu kamar guduro impregnation ko zafi isostatic pressing (HIP) ya zama marasa sasantawa. Na tuna wani tsari na 316L flanges don abokin ciniki kayan aikin sinadaran; sun ci gwajin gishirin gishiri kamar-sintered, amma sun kasa a filin bayan watanni shida saboda porosity na ciki mugu a cikin matsakaici. Dole ne mu sake gyara matakin zubar da ciki don duk umarni na gaba.
Wannan porosity shima yana shafar injina kai tsaye. Kayan aikinku na yankan ba kawai karafa ba ne; yana cin karo da tsarin da ke da ƙarfi kuma mara amfani. Wannan yana haifar da micro-chatter, haɓaka kayan aiki (musamman a kan drills da taps), da ƙarewar saman da za ta iya kama da speckled idan ba a sarrafa shi daidai ba. Ba za ku iya amfani da abinci iri ɗaya da saurin gudu kamar kayan aikin da aka yi ba. Yana buƙatar saiti mai tsauri, kayan aiki masu kaifi, kuma wani lokacin ma da dabarun yankan ruwa daban-daban don hana toshe pores da swarf.
Machining Jihar Sintered: Haɗin gwiwa tare da Shaguna Kamar QSY
Wannan shi ne inda ka'idar ta hadu da mai amfani, kuma dalilin da ya sa haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'anta da kantin sayar da inji wanda ya fahimci dukan sarkar yana da mahimmanci. Ba za ku iya aika da komai ba kawai zuwa kowane shagon CNC. Suna buƙatar sanin abin da suke riƙe. Kamfanin kamar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) yana gabatar da wani lamari mai ban sha'awa. Tare da fiye da shekaru 30 a cikin simintin gyare-gyare da injina, sun ga juyin halitta na kusan-tsarin tsari. Yayin da ainihin su ke cikin harsashi da simintin saka hannun jari, ƙa'idodin suna fassara. Sun fahimci halayen kayan aiki bayan gyare-gyaren, matsalolin machining, da mahimmancin sarrafa tsari don gami. Za a foda karfe bakin karfe bangaren, ƙwarewar injin su na CNC ya zama muhimmin rabin na biyu na lissafin.
Makullin shine sadarwa. Lokacin da muka yi aiki tare da shaguna akan sassan P/M, fakitin zane dole ne ya ƙididdige kewayon ɗimbin yawa kuma a lura cewa abu ne mai ruɗi. Wannan yana faɗakar da mashin ɗin. Mahimman girma sau da yawa suna buƙatar izinin ƙarewa bayan ɓata don ƙididdige ƙaramar murdiya. Shagon da ya ƙware da simintin gyare-gyare, kamar QSY, ya riga ya kware a wannan- gano datums, fahimtar cewa yanke na farko zai iya bayyana kuraje, da samun hanyoyin magance shi ba tare da yaye ɓangaren ba. Kwarewarsu tare da gami na musamman, kamar sansanonin nickel da cobalt, kuma suna ba da shawarar sanin masaniyar kayan injin da ke da wahala, wanda shine tushe mai kyau don magance bakin karfe.
Wani ƙalubale ɗaya na musamman shine zaren. Taɓa wani ɓangaren da ba a sani ba yana neman matsala idan ramin bai yi girman daidai ba kuma ba a inganta famfo ba. Sau da yawa muna ƙididdige zaren niƙa don haɗin kai mai mahimmanci, ko ƙira don yin amfani da sukurori masu ƙirƙira zaren waɗanda ke haɗa kayan maimakon yanke shi. Wannan shi ne nau'in daki-daki da ke fitowa a cikin taron da aka riga aka yi tare da abokin aikin injiniya.
17-4 PH Conundrum: Hazo da Matsala Girma
Idan daidaitattun austenitic maki kamar 316L suna da quirks, 17-4 PH bakin da aka yi ta hanyar foda karfe dabba ce da kanta. Roko a bayyane yake: babban ƙarfi da taurin magani bayan zafi. Amma tsarin taurarewar hazo shine tafiya mai tsauri tare da kayan da ba a so.
Daidaitaccen jiyya na H900 (900°F shekaru) yana aiki, amma canjin girma ba shi da tabbas fiye da kayan aikin da aka yi. An riga an sami raguwa a ɓangaren lokacin yin sintiri. Maganin tsufa yana gabatar da wani, ƙarami, amma har yanzu mahimmancin motsi. Ga wani ɓangaren da ke da ƙwaƙƙwaran haƙura a cikin abubuwa da yawa, wannan na iya zama mafarki mai ban tsoro. Mun koyi wannan hanya mai wuyar gaske akan aikin samfuri don ɓangaren mai kunnawa mara matuki. Girman kamar-sintered sun kasance cikakke. Bayan maganin magancewa da tsufa, diamita na ɗaki ya ragu fiye da iyakar haƙuri, yayin da diamita na waje ya sami ɗan rauni. Anisotropy ya kasance saboda ainihin maƙasudin ƙwayar foda.
Maganin, duk da haka ya fi tsada, sau da yawa don na'ura zuwa ma'auni na ƙarshe a cikin shekarun da suka wuce (Sharadi A) ko yanayin maganin maganin, sannan shekaru. Amma wannan yana buƙatar sanin ainihin nawa ɓangaren zai girma ko raguwa yayin tsufa don takamaiman nau'in kayan da tanderun. Ya zama tsari na tushen girke-girke, ba daidaitaccen aiki ba. Wannan matakin sarrafawa shine inda haɗin kai tsakanin mai yin ɓangarorin P/M da ingantattun injina ke da matuƙar mahimmanci. Mashin ɗin yana buƙatar madaidaicin bayanan kula da zafi daga sinterer don sanin abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su a cikin shirin CNC ɗin su don aikin injin da ya riga ya tsufa.
Lokacin Da Ya Haska (Kuma Lokacin Duba Wani Wuri)
To yaushe ne foda karfe bakin karfe zakaran da babu jayayya? Yana da ga hadaddun, ƙananan ƙananan zuwa sassa masu matsakaici inda amfani da kayan aiki daga kayan aikin da aka yi zai kasance ƙasa da 40%, kuma inda ƙarar samarwa ta tabbatar da farashin kayan aiki don ƙaddamarwa ya mutu. Misalai masu kyau sune abubuwan kullewa, sassan tsarin mai na mota (kamar faranti na swirl), da wasu muƙamuƙi na kayan aikin tiyata. Daidaitaccen foda na zamani da tanderun wutar lantarki mai sarrafawa yana haifar da ingantaccen maimaitawa-zuwa-tsari don waɗannan aikace-aikacen.
Duk da haka, sau da yawa ba shine mafi kyawun zaɓi don siffofi masu sauƙi ba (mai ɗaukar hoto na asali ko mai wanki), don manyan sassa inda ƙarfin latsa ke iyakancewa, ko don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar cikakken matsakaicin juriya na lalata ko ƙarfin gajiya mai cikakken aiki, ƙirƙira, da gurɓataccen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A waɗancan lokuta, hanyar simintin al'ada daga ƙwararru kamar QSY, ko injina daga mashaya, na iya zama abin dogaro kuma mai tsada. Yin simintin saka hannun jari, alal misali, na iya samun irin wannan sarkakiyar kuma sau da yawa mafi kyawun ƙarewa da yawa ga wasu geometries, kodayake tare da tsarin farashi daban.
Matrix na yanke shawara ba kawai game da farashin kayan kowane kilogiram ba ne. Yana da kusan jimlar kuɗin da aka gama, ɓangaren aiki, wanda ya haɗa da injina na biyu, duk wani abin da ake buƙata na impregnation ko plating, ƙimar tarkace, da aiki a fagen. Zaɓin injiniyan tsarin ne.
Gaba yana cikin Haɗawa da ɗaure
Abubuwan haɓaka masu ban sha'awa a yanzu ba kawai a cikin sabbin abubuwan foda na bakin karfe ba, amma a cikin hanyoyin da suka ɗaure su. Ƙarfe Injection Molding (MIM), wanda ke amfani da foda mafi kyau da kuma mai ɗaure filastik, yana tura ambulan mai rikitarwa har ma fiye da P/M na gargajiya-da-sinter na gargajiya, kodayake ya zo tare da ƙalubalen ƙaddamarwa kuma ya fi dacewa ga ƙananan sassa.
Wani yanki shine kayan haɗin gwal-bakin ƙarfe foda wanda aka haɗe shi da mai mai kamar jan ƙarfe ko ma'auni. Wannan na iya ƙirƙirar bearings mai shafan kai ko sassa tare da ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin a cikin zagaye guda ɗaya. Amma kuma, wannan yana gabatar da sabbin masu canji a cikin injina. Ta yaya kuke kera yankin da ke da ƙarfe 90% da tagulla 10%? Tsarin sawa kayan aiki yana canzawa ko'ina cikin ɓangaren.
Ƙarshe, yin aiki tare da foda metallurgy bakin karfe shine motsa jiki a cikin daidaitawa da kuma zurfin ilimin tsari. Yana tilasta muku yin tunani gabaɗaya, daga ƙirar mutuwa ta farko zuwa duban QC na ƙarshe. Ba abu ne kawai kuke yin oda ba; tsari ne da kuke shiga ciki, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu sinterer da mashin ɗin don kewaya sararin samaniya tsakanin ingantacciyar isotropic mai ƙarfi da iyawa mai ban mamaki, amma ɗan ɗanɗano mai ban tsoro, gaskiya mai ban tsoro. Kamfanonin da suka yi nasara tare da shi su ne waɗanda ke gadar waɗannan duniyoyin, kamar yadda haɗaɗɗen aiki mai ɗaukar nauyin simintin gyare-gyare da injina na CNC, kamar QSY, ke sarrafa nau'ikan halayen gami daga mold zuwa ƙãre samfurin.
