Ka sani, lokacin da mutanen da ke wajen sana'ar suka ji 'foda karafa', sukan yi tsalle kai tsaye zuwa latsawa-ƙarfin wannan busasshiyar foda a cikin wani ɓangaren 'kore' mai ganewa. Wannan shi ne abin da ake gani. Amma ainihin alchemy, inda ruhun kayan ya yanke shawarar gaske, yana faruwa a cikin tanderun lokacin sintiri. Kalma ce mai sauƙi mai yaudara don tsari mai cike da nuance. Yi kuskure, kuma ba kawai kuna kallon wani yanki mai rauni ba; kana duban tarkacen da ya bi ta matakai masu tsada kawai don kasa a wasan karshe, matsalar zafi. Ba wai kawai ' dumama shi' bane; raye-rayen sarrafawa ne na watsawa, samuwar wuya, da zagayen pore, duk sun rataye kan daidaitaccen sarrafa lokaci, zafin jiki, da yanayi.
Yanayin Ba Gas Bane Kawai
Tun da wuri, na koyi wannan hanya mai wahala. Muna da ɗigon ɓangarorin ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, an matse su da kyau. An saita sake zagayowar tanderun daga tsohuwar girke-girke. Amma kula da yanayin yana samun hutun rana-ƙaɗan sauyi a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar gas, ɗan ƙaramin raɓa fiye da manufa. Sakamakon? Fasa jiki a kan fuskoki masu ɗaukar nauyi masu mahimmanci. Sassan sun yi kyau, sun wuce abin gani na yau da kullun, amma a ƙarƙashin gwajin microhardness, sun nuna fata mai laushi. Mara amfani ga aikace-aikacen. Shi ke nan lokacin da aka danna: yanayin da ba a iya gani ba ne; ƙwararren ɗan takara ne. Don karafa, game da kiyaye yuwuwar carbon ne. Don bakin, yana game da hana samuwar chromium oxide, wanda zai iya nufin babban tsaftataccen hydrogen ko gudu. Na tuna samun iskar gas na musamman daga ma'aikacin da muka amince da shi, kuma bambancin daidaiton ɓangaren ƙarshe shine dare da rana.
Wannan ya danganta da kayan da muke yawan sarrafawa. A QSY, tare da asalinmu a cikin simintin saka hannun jari da kuma sarrafa gami na musamman kamar na tushen nickel, tunanin yana kama da haka amma aiwatar da shi ya bambanta. Simintin gyare-gyare yana hulɗa da narkakkar kwararar ƙarfe; foda karfe sintering yana mu'amala da yaɗuwar ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Amma ilimin abin duniya ya ketare. Lokacin da abokin ciniki ya zo tare da buƙatun ɓangaren cobalt-chromium wanda ke buƙatar juriya mai ƙarfi, mun san daga ƙwarewar wasanmu yadda waɗannan gami ke da mahimmanci ga tarihin thermal. Fassara wannan zuwa hanyar PM yana nufin fahimtar cewa yawan zafin jiki na irin wannan gami ba batu ɗaya ba ne amma kunkuntar taga - yayi ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma yawancin yana fama; yayi girma sosai, kuma kuna haɗarin haɓakar hatsin da ya wuce kima ko ma samuwar lokaci na ruwa wanda ke gurbata sashin. Bayanan tanderu ya zama mai mahimmanci.
Ba za ku iya yin magana da yanayi ba tare da taɓa matattarar injin ba. Sun kasance abin ban sha'awa don kayan aiki masu amsawa. Mun gudanar da wasu gwaji tare da 316L bakin foda compacts. A cikin yanayin hydrogen, zaku iya samun sakamako mai kyau, amma vacuum sintering? Ya samar da sassa masu tsaftataccen iyakoki na hatsi da kuma juriya na lalata, masu mahimmanci ga wasu kayan aikin ruwa da aka tambaye mu akai. Rashin ƙasa shine farashi da lokacin sake zagayowar. Ƙimar ciniki ne akai-akai: shin samun nasarar aikin ya tabbatar da farashin samarwa? Wannan lissafi ne na zahiri da muke yi kullum, ba tambayar littafin karatu kawai ba.
Zazzabi da Lokaci: Profile ne, Ba Saiti ba
Wani ramin gama gari shine ɗaukar zafin zafin jiki azaman lamba ɗaya da kuka saita kuma kuka riƙe. A haƙiƙa, ƙimar haɓakawa, lokutan jiƙa a yanayin zafi na tsaka-tsaki (kamar na ɗaure ƙonawa a cikin ɓangarorin allurar foda), da ƙimar sanyaya duk wani ɓangare na 'profile' ne. Na tuna wani aiki don hadadden kayan aiki inda muka fuskanci tsagewa yayin sanyaya. Mai laifi? Yayi saurin sanyi daga yanayin zafin jiki. Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya haifar da damuwa wanda har yanzu ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ba zai iya ɗauka ba. Dole ne mu canza shirin tanderun don haɗawa da yankin jinkirin sanyi mai sarrafawa. Ya kara sa'o'i zuwa zagayowar amma ya ajiye duka.
Anan ne ji na aiki ya shigo ciki. Littattafan rubutu suna ba ku zane-zane na zamani da maƙasudin ƙima. Amma a farfajiyar kanti, kuna kallon alamu. Launin sassan da ke fitowa, sautin da suke yi lokacin da aka danna shi da sauƙi (ƙara mai laushi tare da zobe mai raɗaɗi), har ma da yadda suke zama a kan tire mai banƙyama-warpage kyauta ce mai kyauta na dumama mara kyau ko rashin tallafi a lokacin zagayowar zafi. Waɗannan ƙwararrun gwaje-gwajen, waɗanda aka inganta akan lokaci, waɗanda ke kama matsaloli kafin CMM ko mai gwajin tensile yayi.
Haɗa wannan baya ga haɗin gwiwar damarmu a Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), matakin ɓacin rai ba tsibirin ba ne. Wani sashe na iya fitowa daga cikin tanderu a 95% na ƙima. Ga aikace-aikace da yawa, hakan yayi kyau. Amma ga jikin bawul ɗin ruwa yana buƙatar cikakken ɗigon ruwa, yana iya buƙatar aiki na biyu kamar resin impregnation. Ko kuma, yana iya zuwa kai tsaye zuwa ƙwayoyin injin ɗin mu na CNC don kammala ma'auni mai mahimmanci - hako madaidaicin ramuka, zaren zaren, ƙirƙirar saman rufewa. Gaskiyar cewa muna sarrafa duka tsarin aikin sintiri da kuma machining na gaba a ƙarƙashin rufin daya yana nufin mun fahimci yadda ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke nunawa a lokacin yankan. Sashin da ba ya da kyau yana iya zama mai lalacewa da tauna ta kayan aiki; wani mashin mai kyau yana yin tsafta. Wannan madaidaicin martani tsakanin shagon tanderun da cibiyar injina yana da matukar amfani.
Gadon Sashen Koren
Duk abin da ke cikin sintering an riga an ƙaddara shi ta yanayin ƙaramin ƙaramin kore. The yawa gradient daga latsawa, kowane lahani na lamination, daidaitattun rarraba foda-wadannan ba sa samun waraka a cikin tanderun; suna karuwa. Bambanci kaɗan kaɗan na iya haifar da raguwa daban-daban, yana mai da ƙaramin latsawa zuwa babban ƙima bayan-sinter. Mun taɓa samun matsala tare da dogon fil ɗin bakin ciki. Fitowa sukayi a sunkuye. Bayan bin bayanan tanderu, a ƙarshe mun waiwaya baya ga kayan aikin. Karamin rashin daidaituwa a cikin latsa yana haifar da cikar foda mara daidaituwa kuma, saboda haka, ƙarancin koren da bai dace ba. Gyara latsa, gyara sashin da aka lalata. Darasi: Sau da yawa ana zargin sintering akan matsalolin da aka haifa tun da farko a cikin sarkar tsari.
Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga hadaddun siffofi. A cikin simintin saka hannun jari, wanda shine sauran ƙwarewar QSY, ƙirar ta bayyana siffa. A cikin PM, mutuwa ta bayyana shi da farko, amma sai ɓangaren yana raguwa a lokacin sintering-kuma ba koyaushe yana raguwa ba. Zayyana kayan aikin yana buƙatar tsinkayar wannan raguwar anisotropic, wanda ya fito daga jagorar latsawa da daidaitawar barbashi. Yana da fasaha mai zurfi kamar kimiyya. Muna da ɗakunan karatu na abubuwan raguwa don abubuwa daban-daban da ɓangaren geometries, waɗanda aka gina sama da shekaru, waɗanda ke jagorantar ƙirar kayan aikin mu. Ba za ku sami ainihin lambobi a cikin littafin jagora ba.
Lokacin da Al'amura suka yi kuskure
Kasawar bala'i-narkewa, murdiya mai tsanani - a bayyane suke. Masu wayo su ne lahani masu hankali. Narkewar da aka fara a kan iyakokin hatsi saboda kun yi nisa kusa da layin kasidar. Yawan wuce gona da iri yana haifar da kumburi, inda rufaffiyar kofuna ke kumbura tare da makale da iskar gas. Ko ƙasa-ƙasa, barin ɓangaren da ƙarancin ƙarfi, aibi wanda zai iya bayyana a gwajin gajiya kawai bayan jigilar kaya. Ina yin taka tsantsan da gami. Ayyukanmu tare da gami na musamman a cikin simintin gyare-gyare yana ba mu kyakkyawan girmamawa ga kwanciyar hankalinsu. Aiwatar da hakan ga PM, yin amfani da kayan aikin superalloy na tushen nickel ba kawai game da samun yawa ba; game da tabbatar da ingantattun hazo na gamma daidai lokacin sanyaya, wanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin zafi. Wannan yana buƙatar takamaiman magani mai zafi bayan-sinter, sau da yawa haɗawa cikin yanayin sanyaya na tanderun da kanta.
Kula da ingancin bayan-sinter ba kawai ƙididdigar ƙira ba ne. Ƙarfafawa ce. Yanke wani sashi daga kowane nauyin tanderu, hawa, gogewa, da etching shi don duba tsarin pore da girman hatsi. Shin ramukan suna zagaye da ware (mai kyau) ko haɗin haɗin gwiwa (mara kyau)? Tsarin hatsi ya girma fiye da kima? Wannan bincike-hannun-kan ba zai yiwu ba. Katin rahoto na ƙarshe don aikin sintiri. Wani lokaci, kuna ganin wani abu da ba zato ba tsammani-kamar oxide inclusions daga gurɓataccen foda-kuma binciken ya sake komawa baya tun kafin a danna.
Sintering a matsayin Ƙofar Ƙimar
Daga qarshe, a cikin fage mai fa'ida, tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna babbar ƙofa ce don ƙara ƙima-ko rasa ta. Kuna iya samun cikakkiyar foda, cikakkiyar matsi, amma tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin, kuma kun ƙare da samfurin matsakaici. Sabanin haka, ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa na iya buɗe cikakkiyar yuwuwar kayan, yana ba ku damar ba da kaddarorin da abokan hamayya suka yi ko simintin kayan, amma tare da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi na net. Don kamfani kamar QSY, wanda ya zana simintin gyare-gyare, injina, da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan PM, hangen nesa cikakke ne. Muna ganin sintering ba a matsayin keɓantaccen mataki na thermal ba, amma a matsayin tabbataccen taron ƙirƙirar microstructural a cikin sarkar PM. A nan ne ɓangarorin foda suka daina zama daidaikun mutane kuma su zama haɗin kai, kayan aikin injiniya mai aiki. Samun daidai shine abin da ke raba sassan da kawai suke da su daga sassan da ke aiki da dogaro a fagen. Kuma wannan, a ƙarshe, shine abin da masana'antu ke nufi.
