Lokacin da wani ya ce 'nau'in nau'in ƙarfe na foda,' yawancin hankulan suna tsalle kai tsaye zuwa babban latsa-da-sinter. Dokin aiki kenan, tabbas, amma ƙofar farawa ce kawai. Zance na ainihi yana farawa lokacin da kuka tambaya: menene aikin ƙarshe na sashin? Shin mai sauƙi ne, mai ƙarancin damuwa, ko kuma ɓangaren injin turbine yana ganin babban zafi da ƙarfin jujjuyawa? Wannan bambancin yana jujjuya ku daga wannan reshe na wannan fasaha zuwa wani gaba ɗaya. Na ga ƙira da yawa sun shigo inda injiniyan ya ƙayyadad da matakin abu amma bai cika kokawa da tasirin hanyar masana'anta akan rayuwar gajiya ko kwanciyar hankali ba. Wannan rata tsakanin samfurin CAD da gaskiyar sintered shine inda ainihin nau'ikan ƙarfe na foda ke rayuwa.
Latsa da Sinter: Tushen da Iyakokinsa marasa ganuwa
Bari mu fara da wanda yake a ko'ina. Kuna shan foda na ƙarfe, yawanci haɗin ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da wasu jan ƙarfe, nickel, da graphite da aka riga aka haɗa su ko a haɗa su, damfara shi a cikin mataccen mutu a zafin daki, sa'an nan kuma kunna shi a cikin tanderun yanayi mai sarrafawa. Haɗin yana samuwa ta hanyar yaduwa mai ƙarfi. Yana da fantastically ƙwaƙƙwaran don ƙima mai girma, ƙira. Gears, sprockets, structural sassa a cikin kayan aiki - misalai marasa adadi.
Amma a nan ga kama kowa ya haskaka: yawa. Latsa-da-sinter na al'ada yawanci yana sama da kusan kashi 92-95% na ƙima. Wannan ragowar porosity yana da kyau ga aikace-aikace da yawa, amma yana kashe kaddarorin masu ƙarfi. Ƙarfin ƙarfin gajiya yana faɗin abin takaici da wuri. Na tuna wani aiki don kayan aikin famfo na ruwa inda samfuran farko daga daidaitaccen shagon P/M suka gaza da wuri fiye da aikin ƙarfe da aka yi daidai da gwajin juriya. Tushen dalilin ba shine sinadarai na kayan abu ba; Waɗannan ƙananan pores ne waɗanda ke aiki azaman abubuwan damuwa. Dole ne mu canza tunaninmu.
Wannan shine inda tsarin gami da man shafawa ke da mahimmanci. FN-0205 (ƙarfe tare da 2% nickel da 0.5% graphite) zai bambanta da FC-0208 (tare da 2% jan karfe) yayin sintiri, yana shafar canjin girma da ƙarfin ƙarshe. Kuma da raɓa batu na your makera yanayi? Mahimmanci don rage oxide, musamman tare da abubuwa kamar chromium ko manganese. Yi kuskure, kuma kuna da ɓarna. Ba tsari ba ne kawai; gwaji ne na sunadarai a ƙarƙashin zafi.
Lokacin da yawa ba Negotiable: Karfe Injection Molding da Bayan
Don haka, menene idan kuna buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarancin kusa da siffa mai rikitarwa wanda yin amfani da kayan masarufi zai ɓata kashi 80% na kayan? Wannan shine fannin Ƙarfe Molding (MIM). Zaki gauraya mai kyau sosai, mai mai siffa tare da abin ɗaure polymer, a yi masa allura kamar robobi, sannan a hankali cire abin daure (debinding) kafin a haɗa shi. Bangaren yana raguwa da yawa-kusan 15-20% - amma daidai gwargwado idan abincin ku ya yi kama da juna. Kuna samun yawa sama da 98%, galibi kusa da 99%.
Kyawawan MIM yana cikin cikakkun bayanai kamar zaren ciki, ɓarna, da bangon bakin ciki. Mun yi amfani da shi don kayan aikin tiyata, wani bakin karfe 17-4 PH sashi tare da hadadden tsarin latch. Machining shi ya kasance mafarki mai ban tsoro na kayan aiki da karya kayan aiki. MIM ta sanya ta zama guda ɗaya, kamar-sanki. Amma shaidan yana cikin yanke hukunci. Idan ba'a cire abin ɗaure daidai gwargwado ba, kuna samun fashe ko blisters. Yana da sannu a hankali, zagayowar zafi mai laushi, ba aiki mai ƙarfi ba.
Wannan yana haɗi zuwa wani reshe: Zafin Isostatic Pressing (HIP). Wani lokaci kuna amfani da shi da kansa tare da foda a cikin gwangwani (kwantena HIPing), amma sau da yawa, yana da tsari na biyu don rufe ragowar porosity a cikin ɓangaren da ba a sani ba. Za mu ɗauki jikunan bawul ɗin da aka yi ta hanyar latsa-da-sinter kuma mu sanya su ta hanyar sake zagayowar HIP-matsayin argon a babban zafin jiki. Yana matse waɗancan pores na ciki a rufe, yana haɓaka ductility sosai da amincin matsi. Yana ƙara farashi, amma ga kayan mai & iskar gas, tikiti ne don cancanta.
Hanyar Ƙirƙira: Ƙirƙirar Foda da Niche
Sannan ana yin foda. Kuna yin preform ta hanyar latsawa na al'ada, sannan ku ɗauki wannan sintered (ko wani lokacin ba a haɗa shi ba) preform ɗin kuma ku ƙirƙira shi a cikin rufaffiyar mutu. Wannan yana samun cikakken ɗimbin yawa da kyawawan kaddarorin inji, kusa da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira. Samuwar kayan yana da kyau. Ya kasance abin je-zuwa ga abubuwan haɗin mota masu tsananin damuwa kamar haɗa sanduna.
Amma farashin kayan aiki yana da mahimmanci, kuma kuna buƙatar ƙara don tabbatar da shi. Gudanar da thermal yana da wahala - samun preform zuwa madaidaicin zafin jiki iri ɗaya don ƙirƙira ba tare da sikeli ko lalatawa ba. Na ga gwaji inda ƙirar preform mara kyau ta haifar da ƙirƙira folds (hanyoyi), lahani wanda ke da bala'i a wani yanki mai ƙarfi. Yana da nau'in ƙarfe mai ƙarfi na foda, amma yana buƙatar girmamawa ga aikin ƙirƙira gwargwadon ilimin foda.
Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfafawa: Sabuwar Ƙarfi a cikin Iyali
Ba za ku iya magana game da iri a yau ba tare da taɓa masana'anta ƙari ba, ko Fusion Bed Fusion. Narkewar Laser Zaɓaɓɓen (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Wannan ƙarfe ne na foda a ma'anarsa ta zahiri: gina wani sashi ta Layer ta cikakken narkewar foda tare da tushen makamashi mai da hankali. Yawan yawa na iya zama 99.9%+ idan an buga sigogi a ciki.
'Yanci na juyin juya hali ne, amma ƙarewar saman da damuwa na ciki shine cin kasuwa. Wurin da aka buga kamar yadda aka buga yana da siffa mai siffa daga ɓangarori na narke foda, wanda ke da muni ga gajiya idan ba a kula da shi ba. Kuma saura danniya daga saurin dumama da sanyaya yana buƙatar sauƙaƙan damuwa ko zagayowar latsawar isostatic mai zafi. Mun kimanta shi don ƙirar ƙira mai ƙarancin ƙaranci a Qingdao Qiangsenyuan. Geometry ya kasance cikakke a gare shi, amma don amincin saman da ake buƙata da farashi kowane sashi a ƙarar mu, a ƙarshe mun tafi tare da saka hannun jari don gudanar da samfur. AM shine cikakken kayan aiki, amma don wannan takamaiman aikin, ba kayan aikin da ya dace ba ne. Wannan babban bambanci ne.
Inda Hanyar Casting da Powder Metallurgy Road Ke Ketare
Wannan yana kawo ni zuwa tangent mai dacewa. A Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), tare da shekarun da suka gabata a cikin harsashi da simintin saka hannun jari, tattaunawar sau da yawa takan juya zuwa aikin kayan aiki. Lokacin da abokin ciniki yana buƙatar sashe a cikin superalloy na tushen nickel don sabis na zafi mai zafi, zaɓi tsakanin simintin saka hannun jari da hanyar ƙarfe na foda kamar HIP ya zama tsakiya. Yin simintin gyare-gyare na iya ɗaukar manyan sifofi masu sarƙaƙƙiya da kyau, amma tsarin hatsi da yuwuwar ƙaramin porosity iyaka ne. Foda HIPing yana ba ku lafiya, daidaitaccen tsarin microstructure, ainihin abubuwan isotropic. Shawarar ta ta'allaka ne akan girman, rikitarwa, buƙatun dukiya, da girman yawa. Wani lokaci, mafi kyawun mafita shine gauraye: ta amfani da simintin simintin simintin gyare-gyare sannan kuma amfani da murfin da aka samu foda ta hanyar feshin zafi don juriya. Ba game da wanda ya fi kyau ba; game da daidaitattun hanyoyin tafiyar matakai ne.
Abin da Ba a Kalle shi ba: Foda Kanta
Duk waɗannan nau'ikan sun rataye akan kayan farawa: foda. Gas atomized, ruwa atomized, plasma juya electrode tsari (PREP) - da samar da Hanyar bayyana barbashi siffar, size rarraba, da kuma ciki microstructure. Don MIM, kuna buƙatar waɗancan masu kyau, barbashi masu sassauƙa don kyakkyawan kwarara da tattarawa. Don matsi na al'ada, rashin daidaituwa, ɓangarorin ruwa-atomized sun haɗu mafi kyau don ƙarfin kore. Idan kuna aiki tare da kayan aiki masu amsawa kamar titanium ko lissafin QSY na musamman (na tushen cobalt, tushen nickel), sarrafa foda a ƙarƙashin yanayin inert ba zai yiwu ba. Karɓar iskar oxygen shine kisa shiru na ductility.
Na koyi wannan hanya mai wuya tun da wuri. Batch na 316L bakin foda na MIM yana da ɗanɗanon abun ciki mafi girma fiye da ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Ya haifar da rabuwa da foda a lokacin gyare-gyare, wanda ke haifar da ɓoyayyen da kawai ya bayyana bayan sintering. Gaba dayan rukunin ya zama guntu. Foda shine tushe. Ba za a iya gyara kuskure a can ƙasa ba.
Don haka, lokacin da na yi tunani game da 'nau'ikan ƙarfe na foda,' Ina tunanin gaske game da bishiyar yanke shawara. Fara da aikin sashin, buƙatun kaddarorin sa, lissafin sa, da farashi mai karɓuwa. Wannan hanyar tana jagorantar ku zuwa ga madaidaicin foda da kuma hanyar haɗin gwiwa daidai. Ba kawai jerin zaɓuɓɓuka ba ne; jerin fasahohin fasaha da tattalin arziki ne, tare da fatalwar porosity tana fakewa da kowane zabi. Manufar ita ce a zaɓi tsarin da zai sa fatalwar ta ɓace, ko aƙalla ya mayar da shi mara lahani ga rayuwar da aka nufa.
