Anthu ambiri akamva za 'advanced powder metallurgy', nthawi yomweyo amaganiza za zida zamlengalenga zaukadaulo wapamwamba kapena zoyikapo zachipatala zovutazo. Izi sizolakwika, koma ndikuwona kabuku kowoneka bwino. Chowonadi, kugaya kwake kwatsiku ndi tsiku, kumakhudza kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto owoneka bwino: mumapeza bwanji zida zovuta kuti zigwire mawonekedwe ake podutsa popanda kumenyana, kapena mumagunda bwanji 7.4 g / cm3 pakupanga zidutswa za 50,000? Mbali ya 'pamwamba' si ufa chabe; ndiye kuganiza monse, kuyambira pogwira ufa mpaka pomaliza. Mashopu ambiri amati ali ndi mphamvu pano, koma mdierekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane m'mapepala ambiri omwe samatchula nkomwe.
Maziko: Imayamba ndi Kuyima ndi Ufa
Aliyense amangoyang'ana ndikukankhira, koma ngati chakudya chanu sichili bwino, mukumanga pamchenga. Ndawonapo mapulojekiti akulephera chifukwa gasi wopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri anali ndi gawo logawika pang'ono. Kuthamanga mu kufa kunali kosagwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma gradients apangidwe omwe amangowoneka ngati ming'alu pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha. Simungathe kukonza pambuyo pake. Kusankha pakati pa madzi atomized ndi mpweya atomized si za mtengo; ndi za gawo lomaliza la moyo wotopa. Kwa ndodo yolumikizira magalimoto yothamanga kwambiri yomwe tidagwirapo ntchito, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya wa atomized ufa ndi mpweya wochepa wa okosijeni sizinali zokambitsirana, ngakhale pamtengo wa 30%. Ndiko kumene patsogolo ufa zitsulo imayambadi - pamlingo wazinthu zopangira, ndikumvetsetsa mozama momwe morphology ya ufa imalamulira chilichonse kunsi kwa mtsinje.
Ndiye pali kusakaniza. Zikumveka zosavuta: sakanizani ufa wachitsulo woyambira ndi graphite, lubricant, mwinanso mkuwa. Koma kukwaniritsa kusakaniza kofanana komwe sikumalekanitsa paulendo wopita ku atolankhani ndi njira yaying'ono yojambula. Nthawi ina tinali ndi magawo angapo pomwe kulimba kwapamwamba kunali kwangwiro, koma pachimake chinali chofewa. Zinatitengera sabata kuti tibwererenso kumagulu ophatikiza mafuta panthawi yotalikirapo. Njira 'yotsogola' idatsitsidwa ndi nkhani yoyendetsera zida zoyambira. Ndi chikumbutso chodzichepetsa kuti ukadaulo uwu umakhala pamzere wa chemistry, physics, komanso uinjiniya wamakina wothandiza kwambiri.
Kuyang'ana pang'onopang'ono pa feedstock ndichifukwa chake mgwirizano ndi ogulitsa odalirika ndikofunikira. Sizongogula ufa; ndi za kukhala ndi kukambirana luso pa zambiri-to-loti kusasinthasintha. Kampani ngati Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), yomwe ili ndi zaka makumi angapo ikuponya mwatsatanetsatane komanso kupanga makina, imamvetsetsa izi. Pomwe maziko awo a https://www.tsingtaocnc.com akuwonetsa kuponya kwa nkhungu ndi makina a CNC, kuyanjana kwanthawi yayitali ndi sayansi yazinthu-makamaka ma aloyi apadera ngati opangidwa ndi faifi tambala-kumasulira kulemekeza koyambira kwazinthu zomwe zimapindulitsa mwachindunji kupanga zitsulo zilizonse kupanga kapena kumaliza.
Kukanikiza Nkhani ya Zida ndi Mphamvu Zobiriwira
Mapangidwe a zida za PM ndi dziko lawokha. Si mphako chabe; ndi dongosolo la kugawa ufa, compaction, ndi ejection. Ma angles okonzekera ndi ochepa, kusiyana kwa makulidwe a khoma kumakhala kovuta, ndipo mafupipafupi nthawi zambiri sangapite pokhapokha ngati mukupanga jekeseni wachitsulo (msuweni wa PM). Tinapanga chida cha sprocket chokhala ndi mawonekedwe a mano pang'ono a helical. Papepala, zinali bwino. M'zochita, kukangana kosagwirizana pa ejection kunapangitsa kuti pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mu gawo lobiriwira. Iwo anali osawoneka mpaka sintering, pamene iwo anatsegula ngati zolakwa ting'onoting'ono. Tinayenera kubwereranso, kusintha mapeto a zida ndi ndondomeko ya ejection-ma tweaks ang'onoang'ono omwe amawononga milungu iwiri poyesedwa.
Mphamvu yobiriwira - mphamvu ya gawo lophatikizika la ufa musanalowe - ndi gawo lina lofunikira koma lomwe nthawi zambiri limanyalanyazidwa. Zimatsimikizira ngati gawo lanu likhoza kupulumuka kugwiridwa, kuchotsedwa ufa, ndikuyikidwa pa tray ya sintering. Kutsika kwambiri, ndipo kumasweka; okwera kwambiri, ndipo mutha kukhala ophatikizana mopitilira muyeso, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zake. Ndimakumbukira kasitomala wochokera kumakampani opanga zida zamagetsi yemwe ankafuna nyumba yovuta kwambiri, yokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala. Tidakwanitsa ma geometry, koma gawo lobiriwira linali losalimba kotero limafunikira makina ogwiritsira ntchito robotic. Gawoli linali lopambana mwaukadaulo, koma zachuma zopanga zidakhala zovuta. Ndiko kusinthanitsa kosalekeza patsogolo ufa zitsulo: kukankhira malire a geometrical ndikusunga kulimba kwa kupanga.
Apa ndipamene kulumikizana ndi makina a post-sinter kumakhala kofunikira. Nthawi zambiri, njira ya PM imakupatsirani 95% pamenepo, koma kulolerana kofunikira kapena mawonekedwe ngati mabowo opangidwa ndi ulusi amafunikira makina. Kukhala ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo mnyumba, monga luso la QSY lodzipatulira la CNC, ndi mwayi waukulu. Simukungopanga gawo la PM; mukupanga njira yopangira. Katswiri wamakina amayenera kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kazinthu zotayidwa - ndi porous, zomwe zimakhudza kuvala kwa zida ndi zida zodulira mosiyana ndi zida. Chidziwitso chotsekedwa chimenecho kuchokera ku sintering kupita ku makina omaliza chimalepheretsa mbali zambiri zoloza zala ndi zolephera.
Sintering: Kumene Matsenga ndi Zolakwa Zimachitika
Sintering ndi mtima wa ndondomeko. Ndi kuvina kotentha ndi nthawi, kutentha, ndi mpweya. Ng'anjo ya lamba wa mesh ndi yabwino pazinthu zambiri, koma mukalowa patsogolo ufa zitsulo okhala ndi ma aloyi ochita bwino kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mumayang'ana pa vacuum sintering kapena mlengalenga wopanikizika kwambiri. Cholinga ndi kupanga zomangira zitsulo pakati pa tinthu ta ufa popanda kusungunula chinthu chonsecho. Ndi kusamalidwa bwino.
Kulamulira mumlengalenga ndi chilichonse. Kudontha kwakung'ono mu ng'anjo ya hydrogen-nitrogen kumatha kuyambitsa mpweya, zomwe zimatsogolera ku okosijeni komwe kumawononga gawolo. Nthawi ina tidapanga magawo a aloyi opangidwa ndi faifi tambala kuti tigwiritse ntchito zowononga chilengedwe. Mayeso a kachulukidwe ndi kuuma anali abwino kwambiri pambuyo pa sinter. Koma poyezetsa wopopera mchere, analephera msanga. Wolakwa? Chosanjikiza chochepa kwambiri cha kaboni pamwamba, chokhuthala ma microns ochepa, chifukwa cha kusalinganika kwa mlengalenga panthawi ya kutentha kwambiri. Zolemba za ng'anjo zikuwonetsa kutsika pang'ono mu mphamvu ya gasi yomwe timayiwona ngati phokoso. Linali phunziro lofunika kwambiri pa kusunga deta.
Mlingo wozizira ndi chowongolera china. Kwa magiredi ena achitsulo, mutha kusintha gawo lozizirira la ng'anjo kuti mukwaniritse mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, mogwira ntchito yochizira kutentha mumzere. Kuphatikiza uku ndi chizindikiro cha njira zapamwamba. Imathetsa ntchito yachiwiri koma imafunikira kuwongolera koyenera. Zimandikumbutsa kulondola komwe kumafunikira pakuyika ndalama pamasamba a turbine, pomwe kasamalidwe ka kutentha kumatanthawuza kapangidwe kambewu. Makampani omwe ali ndi luso lokhazikika, monga omwe adachitapo kanthu pakupanga ndalama (ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya QSY), ali ndi njira yotenthetsera yomwe imatha kusamutsidwa mwachindunji kuti igwire bwino ntchito yokhotakhota.
Pambuyo Pokonza: Kumaliza Kapena Kusokoneza
Ambiri amaganiza kuti gawolo limachitika pambuyo pa sintering. Kutali ndi izo. Ziwalo zosiyidwa nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kukula (kukanikizira komaliza), mankhwala a nthunzi, kuthira mafuta, kapena zokutira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo cha nthunzi chimapanga magnetite (Fe3O4) wosanjikiza womwe umapangitsa kuuma komanso kukana dzimbiri pazigawo zachitsulo. Koma ngati kutentha kwa nthunzi kapena nthawi yazimitsidwa, mumapeza oxide yolakwika, ndipo gawolo limachita dzimbiri mmalo motetezedwa. Ndi gawo lomaliza lomwe limafuna ulemu wochuluka monga chochitika chachikulu.
Kulowetsedwa kwamafuta kumakhala kofala pama bere odzipaka okha. Lingaliro ndikudzaza porosity yolumikizidwa ndi mafuta. Zikumveka zolunjika, koma kukwaniritsa kwathunthu, yunifolomu impregnation mu mkulu voliyumu batch n'kovuta. Tagwiritsa ntchito makina a vacuum impregnation, koma ngakhale apo, gawo loyang'ana pa dengu limakhala lovuta. Gawo lomwe lili ndi bowo losawona limatha kutsekereza mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo owuma omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamagwire ntchito. Kuthetsa izi si zaukadaulo wapamwamba; ndi za kapangidwe koyenera komanso kutsimikizira ndondomeko.
Chisamaliro ichi pakumaliza ndi chomwe chimalekanitsa gawo lomwe limagwira ntchito ndi gawo lomwe limakhalapo. Ndi nzeru zomwezo zomwe mumaziwona mukuchita bwino kwambiri pakuponya ndi kukonza makina. Mtengo womaliza suli mu mawonekedwe apafupi; zili m'ntchito yotsimikizika. Pamene wopanga ngati QSY akulemba ntchito zawo ndi cobalt ndi nickel-based alloys kuti agwiritse ntchito, zimatanthawuza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti asamangopanga koma kumaliza chigawo kuti apulumuke zochitika zenizeni za dziko-kaya zimachokera ku nkhungu yoponyera kapena PM compaction kufa.
The Real-World Fit ndi Economic Reality
Ndiye liti patsogolo ufa zitsulo kupanga zomveka? Si njira yokhayo. Nthawi zonse mumaziyesa motsutsana ndi makina opanga ma bar, kupanga ndalama, kapena kupanga. Malo okoma ndi ovuta, zigawo zapamwamba zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ganizirani za zida za helical zotumizira: kuzipanga kuchokera kuzitsulo zazitsulo zimawononga 60% yazinthuzo ngati tchipisi. PM ikhoza kukhala ndi zokolola za 95%. Pamene mukupanga mazana zikwizikwi, ndalamazo zimalipira zida mwachangu kwambiri.
Koma si za chirichonse. Mavoti otsika? Mtengo wa zida umapha. Zigawo zazikulu kwambiri? Dinani matani ndi kukula kwa ng'anjo kumakhala kochepera. Magawo omwe amafunikira kwambiri, isotropic ductility? Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimapambanabe. Chinsinsi chake ndikuwunika moona mtima. Ndalankhula ndi makasitomala kuti asagwiritse ntchito PM pomwe kuchuluka kwawo kwa zidutswa 500 sikunalungamitse zida za $ 80k, kuwawongolera m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito makina kapena ma jettings a prototyping. Cholinga chake ndikugwiritsa ntchito chida choyenera pantchitoyo.
Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, kuphatikiza kwa matekinoloje ndikomwe kupindula kotsatira kuli. Kuphatikizira PM preforms ndi pang'ono njira CNC Machining, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito PM kupanga zinthu zophatikizika wapadera (monga mkuwa wolowetsedwa zitsulo kuti madutsidwe mkulu ndi mphamvu) kuti n'zosatheka kupanga mwa njira zina. Ndi m'njira zosakanizidwa izi m'pamene kuzama kwamakampani kumakhala kofunikira. Kutha kuyang'ana gawo lojambulira osati kungowona gawo la PM, koma kuwona njira yomwe ingaphatikizepo PM kwa thupi, mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi makina a ulusi wovuta kwambiri, ndi zokutira zapadera zokana kuvala-ndiwo mathero athunthu, othandiza a zitsulo zotsogola za ufa. Imasiya kukhala njira yodziyimira yokha ndipo imakhala khadi yamphamvu pamakina ambiri opanga mayankho.
