Mukuwona ASTM A747 ikubwera pachojambula kapena pepala, ndipo anthu ambiri nthawi yomweyo amalowetsamo ndi magiredi ena osapanga mvula. Ndiko kulakwitsa koyamba. Sikuti '17-4PH m'malo' kapena kuyitanitsa kwanthawi zonse 'kopanda banga'. Nuance ili m'matchulidwe a 'CB' ndi 'CX'—CB7Cu-1 ndi CB7Cu-2. The 'Cu' ndiye wopereka. Kuwonjezera mkuwa ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosiyana panthawi ya chithandizo cha kutentha, ndipo moona mtima, ndi kumene ma foundries ambiri ndi masitolo ogulitsa makina amagwedezeka ngati sanayimbidwe. Ndizinthu zomwe zimafuna kulemekeza ndondomeko yake, osati zomaliza zake.
The Foundry Floor Reality yokhala ndi A747
Kuponya magiredi a CB7Cu sikuli ngati kuthira 304 kapena 17-4. The fluidity ndi yosiyana, makhalidwe shrinkage amaonekera kwambiri. Muyenera kusamala kwambiri ndi kukwera kwanu ndi kukwera. Kumayambiriro, tinali ndi magulu a ma valve opangira ndalama - zinthu zovuta, zopyapyala - zomwe zimasonyeza micro-porosity m'madera ovuta pa X-ray. Tinkagwiritsa ntchito njira yodyetsera yomwe imagwira ntchito 316. Zinalephereka momvetsa chisoni apa. Nkhani sinali yaukhondo; chinali kulimbitsa mphamvu. Tinayenera kukonzanso njira yonse yodyetserako chakudya, kuwonjezera zina, koma zazing'ono, zokwera m'malo enaake kuti tilimbikitse kulimba kolunjika kwambiri. Izi zinathetsa, koma zinawonjezera mtengo ndi zovuta. Ndiko kusinthanitsa ndi Chithunzi cha ASTM A747.
Chowonadi china ndi kuyanjana kwa chithandizo cha kutentha. Simungathe kulekanitsa ndondomeko yoponya kuchokera ku njira yothetsera kukalamba ndi kukalamba. The as-cast condition ndi njira yothetsera vuto ngati muziziritsa mofulumira kuchokera ku nkhungu, komabe mukufunikira njira yothetsera vutoli kuti musungunuke zonse. Ngati kuzizira kwanu mu chipolopolo kapena nkhungu sikukugwirizana, mutha kukhala ndi mafunde omwe akupanga kale mosagwirizana. Kenako, yankho lanu lotsatira anneal mwina silingasinthe mawonekedwewo. Tidaphunzira kutsata mitengo yozizirira pamapangidwe a prototype ndi ma thermocouples. Zinkakhala ngati kuchulukirachulukira panthawiyo, koma zidatipatsa chidziwitso kuti tigwirizanitse nthawi zathu zogwedezeka ndi njira zoziziritsira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kutentha komaliza kukhale kotheka kwambiri.
Ndipo makina? Ndi chimbalangondo chomwe chili mumkhalidwe wokhazikika - gummy, zingwe, ndipo chimagwira ntchito ngati misala. Mukufuna mwamtheradi kuyiyika mu ukalamba womaliza. Koma muyenera kuwerengera za kusintha kwa dimensional kuchokera ku ukalamba. Sichikulu, koma pazigawo zololera molimba pa ndege zingapo, ndizokwanira kuchotsa gawo. Timamanga mu sitepe yopangira ukalamba, kusiya pafupifupi 0.5mm mbali iliyonse, kenako kukalamba, kenako kumaliza makina. Kuyesa kugunda kulekerera kwa ± 0.025mm mwa kukonza ukalamba ndikuyembekeza kuti sikusuntha ndi ntchito yachitsiru. Ndakhala chitsiru chimenecho. Mapepala a deta amakupatsani coefficient, koma kusuntha kwenikweni kumadalira gawo la geometry-magawo akuluakulu ndi ma webs woonda. Ndi chidziwitso chokumana nacho.
CX vs. CB: The Corrosion Trade-Off
Zomwe zimapangidwira zonse CB7Cu-1 ndi CB7Cu-2. Nzeru zodziwika bwino ndikuti CX (CB7Cu-2) ili ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri chifukwa cha chromium yapamwamba. Izo nzoona, motambasuka. Koma bwino ndi wachibale. Ngati mukufunikira kukana kwa dzimbiri, mwina simukuyenera kuyang'ana mvula-yowumitsa zosapanga dzimbiri poyamba. Mtengo wa Chithunzi cha ASTM A747 ndi kuphatikiza kwake kwabwino kukana dzimbiri ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku chithandizo chosavuta, chosasokoneza kutentha.
Tidapereka zolumikizira zingapo za CB7Cu-1 (zofala kwambiri, zotsika dzimbiri) kuti tigwiritse ntchito madzi amchere. Wogulayo poyamba adaumirira kalasi ya CX, kutchula matebulo a corrosion. Titawonanso malo omwe amagwirira ntchito - kuyenda kwapakatikati, kuyimirira kwakanthawi, ma chloride pafupifupi 1000 ppm - tidatsutsana za CB. Kulingalira kunali mphamvu. The impellers anali pansi mkulu centrifugal nkhawa ndi cavitation kukokoloka. Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwabwinoko kwa CX sikunali kolepheretsa; mawotchi mphamvu ndi kukana kutopa kuchokera cavitation thovu anali. CB7Cu-1, yokalamba mpaka H900, idapereka mphamvu zokolola zambiri. Tinayendetsa makuponi a dzimbiri m'malo ofananirako kwa masiku 30. Magawo a CB adawonetsa pang'ono, yunifolomu pamwamba, popanda kubowola. Izo zinadutsa. Wogulayo adapulumutsa pamtengo wakuthupi, ndipo tinapewa kulephera kutopa komwe kungakhalepo. Ndizokhudza kufananitsa katunduyo ndi momwe akulephera kwenikweni, osati kungosankha nambala yapamwamba kwambiri papepala la deta.
Apa ndipamene mnzako yemwe ali ndi zinthu zakuya zimafunikira. Sitolo yomwe imangodula zitsulo imatha kuwona magawo awiriwa ngati osinthika kupatula chemistry. Iwo sali. Kuyankha kwa chithandizo cha kutentha kumasiyana pang'ono, kusintha kwa machinability, ndipo envelopu yomaliza yogwira ntchito ndi yosiyana. Pa Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd., ndi zaka makumi atatu akuponya ndi kupanga ma aloyi apadera, uwu ndi mtundu wa kuyitana kwa chiweruzo komwe kumachitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Sikuti kukhala ndi pepala lokhazikika; ndizokhudza kukhala ndi mbiri yakale kuchokera kumadera ofanana kuti adziwitse chisankho pakati pa CB ndi CX.
Kusanthula Kulephera: Pamene Kutulutsa Kwabwino Kumapita Koipa
Maphunziro opindulitsa kwambiri amachokera ku zolephera. Tidakhala ndi mabulaketi angapo opangidwa, opangidwa mu CB7Cu-1, omwe adapambana NDT yonse komanso kuyesa kwamakina koma adalephera kugwira ntchito patatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndikusweka kowopsa. Classic kutopa crack kuyambitsa ndi kufalitsa. Wolakwa? Kumaliza pamwamba mu radius. Chojambulacho chimafuna fillet ya 3mm, koma mawonekedwe oponyedwa mufilletyo anali ovuta - mwina Ra 12.5 microns kapena kupitilira apo. Mu mkulu-mphamvu, mkulu-kuuma zakuthupi ngati okalamba Chithunzi cha ASTM A747, zofooka zapamtunda ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri kupsinjika maganizo. Gawoli linakumana ndi zosindikiza mozama, koma zofunikira zoyendetsera njira yochepetsera nkhawa sizinakwaniritsidwe.
Tinasintha machitidwe athu pambuyo pake. Tsopano, pagawo lililonse la A747 lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi kukwezedwa kwa cyclic, timatchula kumalizidwa kopangidwa ndi makina (Ra 3.2 kapena kupitilira apo) pama radii onse ovuta ndi masinthidwe, ngakhale kusindikiza sikumatchula momveka bwino. Tizitchula ngati ntchito yachiwiri yofunika. Nthawi zina mainjiniya amakankhira kumbuyo pamtengo, ndipo timawawonetsa zithunzi zazikulu za chiyambi cha fracture. Zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimathetsa kukambirana. Mphamvu yayikulu ya zinthuzo imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi inu ngati musiya zowutsa nkhawa.
Wina wolephera mode ndi hydrogen embrittlement. Izi sizosiyana ndi A747, koma chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri, chiopsezo chimakwera. Tidakumana ndi izi pagawo lomwe limafunikira plating kuti musavale. Njira yopangira plating idayambitsa haidrojeni, ndipo kutentha pang'ono kwapang'onopang'ono kwa hydrogen kunali kosakwanira kuuma kwapadera (HRC 45) komwe tinali nako. Zigawozo zidadutsa QC koma zidalephera pakulemedwa pamsonkhano. Kukonzekera kunali kotalikirapo, kotentha kwambiri, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kopitilira muyeso pazigawo zachitsanzo. Zinawonjezera sitepe, koma zinali zosakambitsirana. Zolembazo sizingafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane izi pamagawo aliwonse omwe mungasinthire, chifukwa chake muyenera kudziwa momwe zimakhalira.
Machining ndi Kumaliza Nuances
Tiye tikambirane za kuchoka pakupanga kwaiwisi kupita ku gawo lomaliza. Monga ndanenera, kukonza ukalamba ndi njira yokhayo yanzeru. Gwiritsani ntchito zoyika za ceramic kapena CBN pomaliza; carbide imagwira ntchito koma imavala mwachangu chifukwa cha kuuma kwa mawonekedwe olimba. Kuzizira ndikofunikira - kusefukira. Muyenera kunyamula kutentha, osati mafuta okha. Tachita bwino ndi makina ozizirira othamanga kwambiri pobowola mabowo akuya m'makalasi awa, kuletsa kuwotcherera kwa chip ndikugwira ntchito kuumitsa pabowo.
Kupera ndi EDM ndizofala zachiwiri ops. Kupera kumafuna mawilo ofewa ndi njira zopepuka kuti musawotche. Kuwotcha pagawo la A747 kumatha kupanga malo otenthedwa kwambiri omwe ndi ofooka. Kwa EDM, recast wosanjikiza ndi nkhawa. Ndizovuta, zowonongeka, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zong'ambika. Iyenera kuchotsedwa, nthawi zambiri ndi kutuluka kwa abrasive kapena kupukuta manja, makamaka m'madera ovuta kwambiri. Simungangoyimba EDM ndikuyitcha kuti yachitika. Ndawonapo mbali zomwe EDM recast wosanjikiza sanachotsedwe, ndipo idakhala ngati malo oyambira chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa corrosion kusweka mu chilengedwe cha chloride. Gawoli linkawoneka bwino koma linali losokoneza kwenikweni.
Kuthekera kophatikizikaku -kuchokera ku chipolopolo kapena kuyika ndalama kudzera mu makina olondola a CNC komanso kudziwitsa pambuyo pokonza - ndizomwe zimalekanitsa wopereka magawo ndi omwe amapereka mayankho. Kampani ngati Mtengo wa QSY, yomwe imayendetsa chirichonse kuchokera kusungunuka kutsanulira mpaka kumapeto komaliza pansi pa denga limodzi, ili ndi ubwino waukulu ndi zinthu monga izi. Amatha kuwongolera zosinthika ndikutsata masitepe, kumvetsetsa momwe kusintha kwa kuzizira kozizira kungakhudzire machinability ntchito ziwiri pamzerewu. Mumataya ulusi umenewo pamene mutumiza kuponya kwaiwisi kwa ogulitsa atatu osiyana.
Chifukwa Chake Zimapirira M'mapepala Odziwika
Ndiye ndi zovuta zonsezi, bwanji Chithunzi cha ASTM A747 kulimbikira? Chifukwa mukafuna kuponyedwa komwe kumatha kutenthedwa mpaka 1300 MPa zokolola mphamvu ndi kupotoza pang'ono, kumakhala ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwabwino m'malo ambiri am'mafakitale, ndipo kumatha kupangidwa mumitundu yovuta, njira zina ndizochepa. Mutha kupita ku chitsulo chothamanga, koma kenako kukana kwa dzimbiri kumatsika. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito duplex zosapanga dzimbiri, koma simupeza mphamvu imeneyo. Mutha kupanga kuchokera ku bar stock, koma mumataya ufulu wamapangidwe ndipo nthawi zambiri mumawononga ndalama zambiri popanga zinyalala.
Ndi niche, koma yofunika kwambiri. Ganizirani zoyendetsa ndege, zida zogwira ntchito kwambiri, zida zamapampu mu gawo la mphamvu, ndi zida zapadera. Sizinthu zochulukira. Mtengo wake uli m'magulu ake ogwirizana. Chinsinsi cha aliyense amene akugwira nawo ntchito ndi kusiya kuganiza kuti ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ganizirani izi ngati dongosolo: chemistry yeniyeni, kuponyedwa koyendetsedwa molimba, ndondomeko ya kutentha kosakambidwa, ndi njira yopangira & yomaliza yopangidwira ma alloys amphamvu kwambiri. Kuphonya ulalo umodzi, ndipo unyolo umalephera.
Pamapeto pake, kupambana ndi A747 kumabwera pakulemekeza ndondomekoyi. Sizinthu zomwe mungapirire. Mukufunikira deta, mukufunikira mbiri yakale, ndipo mukufunikira oyanjana nawo omwe adadutsamo-zochita zabwino ndi zoipa-kuti adziwe komwe kuli misampha yobisika. Ndiwo mtengo weniweni wazinthu: osati mtengo wa kilogalamu wa alloy, koma ndalama zopangira chidziwitso kuti zitheke monga zolengezedwa.
