Anthu ambiri akamva 'zigawo zopangira ndalama', amajambula zinthu zosalala, zowoneka ngati ukonde, mwina turbine blade kapena implant yachipatala. Ndiwo mathero opukutidwa. Chowonadi, kugaya tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikuyang'anira kukhulupirika kwa sera, kutsekemera kwa chipolopolo cha ceramic, ndi kuvina kwazitsulo panthawi yothira. Mashopu ambiri amangoyang'ana pazomwe zimalolerana - zomwe ndizovuta, osandimvetsa bwino - koma nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza momwe unyolo wonse, kuyambira pakupanga nkhungu mpaka pakuwotcha komaliza, kumatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwake. Sizongopanga mawonekedwe; ndi za engineering a microstructure.
Chipinda cha Sera: Kumene Zonse Zimayambira (Ndipo Zitha Kulakwika)
Gawo la jekeseni wa sera ndi losavuta mwachinyengo. Mungaganize kuti ndi kungodzaza ufa wachitsulo ndi sera ndikudikirira kuti ikhazikike. Koma ma gradients otentha apa ndi chilichonse. Sera ikazizira kwambiri, mumakumana ndi zovuta zamkati zomwe zimawoneka ngati ming'alu kapena ming'alu patatha masiku angapo, pakusonkhanitsa. Ndawona gulu la magawo opangira ndalama pampopi amachotsedwa chifukwa kutentha kwa chipinda cha sera kumasinthasintha ndi madigiri 5 Celsius kumapeto kwa sabata. Mawonekedwewa adawoneka bwino Lolemba m'mawa, koma pofika Lachitatu, anali atapotoza mokwanira kuti alephere cheke cha CMM.
Ndiye pali sera yomwe. Sikuti sera zonse zimapangidwa mofanana. Pazinthu zovuta, zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, mumafunika kuphatikiza ndi zodzaza zapamwamba kuti zikhale zolimba, koma izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zisawonongeke. Ndiko kusinthasintha kosalekeza. Wopereka ngati Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY), ndi zaka zawo zamasewera, mwina ali ndi mawonekedwe a sera kapena okhwima owongolera omwe amagawira mabanja osiyanasiyana. Ndiwo mtundu wa chidziwitso chachinsinsi chomwe mumapanga zaka 30, osati kuchokera m'buku.
Kusonkhanitsa kwa sera pamtengo wapakati ndi luso lina. Makona ndi zomata sizongothira; iwo amakhudza kwambiri kulimbitsa malangizo kwachitsulo pambuyo pake. Ikani chitsanzo cholemera pamalo olakwika, ndipo mumapanga malo otentha omwe amatsogolera ku shrinkage porosity. Tinaphunzira izi movutikira kale ndi thupi la valve yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kumaliza kokongola kwapamwamba, koma kulephera kuwunika kwa X-ray. Kukonza sikunali mu ng'anjo; chinali kupanganso kamangidwe ka mtengo wa sera.
Chipolopolo Cha Ceramic: Ndi Fyuluta, Osati Nkhungu Yokha
Kupanga chipolopolo cha ceramic ndi njira yocheperako, yobwerezabwereza yoviika, kuyika, ndi kuyanika. Zofotokozera zambiri zimayima pa izo zimapanga nkhungu yotsutsa. Chomwe amachiphonya ndichakuti chipolopolochi ndi chotchinga chosunthika, chomwe chimatha kutha. Chovala chake choyambirira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi zircon-based slurry, chimatsimikizira kutha kwapamwamba kwa kuponyera. Ma thovu aliwonse amlengalenga kapena zophatikizika pano zimatsatiridwa bwino kwambiri pamwamba pazitsulo. Ndimathera nthawi yochuluka ndikuyang'ana chovala choyamba pansi pa nyali yokulitsa.
Zovala zosunga zobwezeretsera zotsatizana ndi mphamvu komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta. Koma apa pali kusiyana: kutha kwa chipolopolo chomalizidwa kumayang'anira momwe mpweya umathawira panthawi yothira komanso kupsa kwa sera. Chigoba chomwe chili chowundana kwambiri chimatha kugwira mpweya, kupangitsa nkhonya kapena mapini. Imabowola kwambiri, ndipo siingathe kupirira kukakamizidwa kwa metallostatic, zomwe zimatsogolera kuphulika - kulephera kosokoneza komanso koopsa. Kupeza slurry viscosity ndi kukula kwa njere za stucco pachovala chilichonse ndi njira yodziwikiratu. Makampani omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali Mtengo wa QSY khala ndi izi mpaka ku sayansi, mwina ndi mizere yoviika yokha kuti isasinthasintha, koma ngakhale pamenepo, chinyezi cha chilengedwe ndizovuta zomwe amayang'anira nthawi zonse.
Dewaxing - sitepe yomwe mumasungunula kapena kuyatsa sera - ndizovuta kwambiri pa chipolopolo. Ngati mutachita mwamphamvu kwambiri, kutentha kwa kutentha kungayambitse micro-ming'alu. Nthawi ina tidasinthiratu kuzungulira kwachangu kwa autoclave kuti tiwonjeze ntchito. Zipolopolozo zinagwedezeka, koma zojambulazo zinayamba kusonyeza mitsempha yabwino. Zinatitengera kwa mlungu umodzi woyeserera mowononga kuti tiwunikenso kuti tibwerere ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chipolopolocho kuchokera pakuphulika kwamphamvu kwa nthunzi. Tidayimbanso kuzungulirako ndipo chiwongolero chidatsika. Nthawi zina, pang'onopang'ono ndi bwino kwambiri.
Kuthira: Metallurgy Imakumana ndi Zochita
Apa ndi pamene chiphunzitsocho chimakumana ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Za magawo opangira ndalama mu aloyi monga nickel-based kapena cobalt-based superalloys, kutsanulira ndi mpikisano wolamulidwa ndi nthawi. Chitsulocho nthawi zambiri chimatsanuliridwa pa kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri pamwamba pa malo ake a liquidus kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi amatha kupyolera muzigawo zopyapyala, koma kutentha kowonjezerako kungayambitse kukula kwa tirigu ndi kulekanitsa mankhwala. Njira yotsekera yomwe mudapanga masabata apitawa ngati sera tsopano ndiyo yokhayo yomwe muli nayo pa momwe chitsulo chimadzazira pabowo. Iyenera kukhala yaphokoso mokwanira kuti ipewe kutsekeka kozizira koma kotayirira kokwanira kuti musatseke mafilimu a slag kapena oxide.
Ndikukumbukira pulojekiti ya chigawo chapamwamba cha alloy chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzamlengalenga. Zolembazo zinkafuna kuti pakhale njira inayake yoyendera mbewu kuti musatope. Kukwaniritsa izo sikunali kokha za zitsulo zimapangidwira; zinali pafupi kutenthetsa chipolopolo cha ceramic ku kutentha koyenera (mkati mwa zenera la 25 ° C) ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa kutsanulira kulimbikitsa kulimba kolunjika kuchokera kumapeto kwa gawolo kubwerera kuchipata. Zinatengera maulendo atatu oyendetsa ndege kuti akonze. Kuthekera kwa oyambitsa kuwongolera magawo awa - kuwongolera ng'anjo, mavuni awo otenthetsera chipolopolo - ndizomwe zimalekanitsa malo ogulitsa ntchito ndi mnzake weniweni waukadaulo.
Pambuyo kutsanulira, chipolopolocho chimathyoledwa, koma gawolo silinathe. Zipata ndi othamanga, nawonso tsopano muzitsulo, ayenera kuchotsedwa. Kwa ma alloys olimba, izi nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito gudumu lodulira la abrasive kapena kudula waya wa EDM. Muyenera kusamala kuti musabweretse kupsinjika kapena kuwonongeka kwamafuta mu gawo lomwelo panthawiyi. Ndi njira yomaliza yomwe imafuna finesse yambiri monga momwe amachitira.
Machining & Finishing: Kuponya Si Mapeto
Pafupifupi ntchito zonse zopanga ndalama zimafunikira makina ena. Lonjezo la pafupi ndi ukonde silikhala lofanana ndi ukonde. Mutha kukhala ndi malo osindikizira ovuta, mabowo okhala ndi ulusi, kapena mabowo olekerera omwe amafunika kumalizidwa. Apa ndipamene kuphatikiza ndi CNC Machining luso kumakhala mwayi waukulu. Ngati nyumba yoponyera imagwiranso ntchito ndi makina, monga Mtengo wa QSY amachita ndi ntchito zawo za CNC Machining, amatha kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe kake ka machinability kuyambira pachiyambi.
Mwachitsanzo, atha kuwonjezera ndalama zochepetsera masheya m'malo enieni, podziwa momwe mawonekedwe awo amagwirira ntchito modabwitsa. Amamvetsetsa kuthekera kwa kupsinjika kotsalira pakuponya ndipo amatha kutsata machining kuti athetse popanda kusokoneza gawolo. Kuyesera kupeza mulingo uwu wa synergy potumiza kuponya kosaphika ku malo ogulitsira makina kumadzaza ndi mipata yolumikizirana ndikuloza zala ngati china chake chalakwika.
Kumaliza pamwamba ndi lingaliro lina. Kwa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri, chithandizo cha passivation ndichokhazikika. Koma kwa magawo omwe ali ndi ma tchanelo amkati kapena ma geometri ovuta, kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala akuphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi kutsuka ndizovuta. Ndi mwatsatanetsatane womwe ndi wosavuta kutchula pachithunzi koma chovuta kuchichita mosasinthasintha. Wothandizira wabwino adzakhala ndi njira zovomerezeka za izi, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mukubwadamuka kapena ma ultrasonics.
Zinthu Zakuthupi: Si Zitsulo Zonse Ndi Zitsulo
Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu ndi komwe ntchitoyo imatanthauziradi ndondomekoyi. Tikakamba za zitsulo kapena zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kwa magawo opangira ndalama, tikukamba za magiredi angapo apadera. 17-4 PH yosapanga dzimbiri imapereka kuuma kwa mvula kuti ikhale yamphamvu, koma kutentha kwake kumakhala kovutirapo ndipo kumatha kupindika gawo lopanda khoma. A 316L imapereka kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri koma ndi gummy kumakina. Woyambitsa ayenera kudziwa izi.
Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ma aloyi apadera. Ma alloys opangidwa ndi nickel, monga Inconel 718, nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zotentha kwambiri komanso kukana okosijeni. Komabe, amadziŵika kuti amakonda kulekanitsa zinthu monga niobium panthawi yolimba. Izi zimafuna kulamulira zolimba kwambiri pa mlingo kuzirala ndipo nthawi zambiri wotsatira homogenization kutentha mankhwala kugawiranso zinthu mofanana. Sitolo yopanda ukadaulo wozama wazitsulo imatha kupanga mawonekedwewo moyenera koma imapereka gawo lokhala ndi makina ocheperako.
Ma alloys opangidwa ndi Cobalt, monga Stellite, ndi chirombo china. Amavala modabwitsa komanso osachita dzimbiri koma amatha kukhala osalimba. Kupanga fillet radii ndi kusintha kwa magawo kuti mupewe kupsinjika ndikofunikira. Simungangotenga kapangidwe ka chitsulo cha kaboni ndikuponya mu aloyi ya cobalt. Kubwereza kwa mayankho pakati pa injiniya wopanga ndi woyambitsa metallurgist ndikofunikira pano. Kugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kumamanga laibulale ya chidziwitso ichi, kumvetsetsa momwe chilichonse mwazinthu zawo zazikulu - kuchokera ku chitsulo cha ductile kupita ku ma superalloys - zimachita bwino m'malo awo enieni.
Malingaliro Omaliza: Ndi Dongosolo, Osati Njira
Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo, phunziro lalikulu ndikuti kuponya ndalama ndi njira yolumikizana. Kuphatikizika kwa sera kumakhudza mapangidwe a zipolopolo, zomwe zimakhudza kupambana kwa dewaxing, zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe a kutentha kwa kuthira, zomwe zimakhudza kapangidwe ka tirigu. Simungathe kukhathamiritsa mu silos. Kufunika kwa bwenzi sikungokhala ndi zida zopangira nkhungu, kuponya ndalama, ndi CNC Machining pansi pa denga limodzi. Ndiko kukhala ndi akatswiri opanga njira omwe amamvetsetsa momwe gawo lililonse limayankhulira lotsatira.
Mtengo weniweni suli pamtengo wagawo lililonse; zili m'moyo wonse wa polojekitiyo - nthawi yauinjiniya, kubwereza kwa ma prototype, nthawi yotsogolera kukuyenda kodalirika. Kuchepetsa pang'ono kwapatsogolo ndi shopu yocheperako kumatha kusanduka nthunzi ndi kulephera kwa batchi imodzi komwe kumatseka chingwe cholumikizira. Kusasinthika komwe kumabwera kuchokera pazaka makumi angapo akuyendetsa njira zomwezo, monga momwe mungayembekezere kuchokera kukampani yomwe ili ndi mbiri yazaka 30, ndi chinthu chosawoneka koma chofunikira. Ndiko kusiyana pakati pa kupeza gawo lomwe likuwoneka bwino ndikupeza gawo lomwe limachita bwino, batch after batch.
Chifukwa chake nthawi ina mukadzawunikanso zojambula za momwe mungasungire ndalama, yang'anani mopitilira geometry. Ganizirani za khalidwe la zinthu, malo ovuta, nkhani zolemetsa. Ndipo sankhani mnzanuyo potengera kuganiza kwadongosolo, osati kabuku kawo. Ulendo wa gawo kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha CAD kupita ku gawo logwira ntchito m'manja mwa munthu ndi wautali kwambiri komanso wochuluka kuposa momwe ukuwonekera.
