Mumamva 'kuyika ndalama' ndipo malingaliro ambiri amalumphira ku sera yotayika, zodzikongoletsera, kapena masamba a turbine. Ndilo yankho labukhu. Koma pansi pa sitolo, ndizochepa ponena za mbiri yachikondi komanso kukambirana kosalekeza pakati pa zofuna zapangidwe ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Nkhani yeniyeniyo ilibe dzina; zili muzolephera ting'onoting'ono tambirimbiri ndikusintha komwe kumachitika musanayambe kupanga bwino. Makasitomala ambiri amabwera akuganiza kuti ndi njira yamatsenga yopangira chilichonse chovuta - ingotumizani fayilo ya CAD ndikudikirira magawo abwino. Ndilo lingaliro lolakwika loyamba, ndipo nthawi zambiri lokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Masewera a Shell: Zonse Za Maziko
Aliyense amayang'ana kwambiri sera, koma chipolopolo ndi pomwe nkhondoyo imapambana kapena kutayika. Sikuti kuviika ndi kupukutira; ndi ntchito yoyang'anira chemistry ndi kutentha. The slurry viscosity, chinyezi chozungulira tsiku limenelo, nthawi yowuma pakati pa malaya - kusintha kulikonse kumasintha zotsatira. Takhala ndi ntchito pomwe chipolopolocho chimawoneka bwino, ndikungong'ambika panthawi yothira madontho chifukwa mayendedwe owopsa amafuta anali otsetsereka kwambiri pa geometry. Mumaphunzira kuwerenga zipolopolo. Kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kwa utoto mu ceramic kumatha kuwonetsa vuto la chinyezi lomwe lingayambitse kuphatikizidwa pambuyo pake.
Pamalo athu, timayendetsa silika ndi zircon-based primary slurries kutengera alloy. Kwa ma aloyi a nickel apamwamba, nthawi zonse mumapita zirconia pa malaya oyamba amaso kuti mupewe kuyankha kwachitsulo. Ndi mtengo wokwera mtengo, koma kuyesa kusunga ndalama pali njira yotsimikizika yopezera kuwonongedwa kwapamwamba. Ndimakumbukira gulu la choyikapo pampu mu 316L pomwe tidagwiritsa ntchito malaya amtundu wa silika ngati mayeso. Chotsatira? Maonekedwe a 'peel lalanje' m'mbali zotsogola zomwe zimafuna maola owonjezera akupera. Chigobacho chinali chitachitapo kanthu. Phunziro, tsopano ndi muyezo protocol.
Kukula kwa mchenga wa stucco ndi luso lina. Lumphani mwachangu kupita ku giredi yovuta, ndipo mumataya kusunga tsatanetsatane. Yendani pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi yomanga chipolopolo imakhala yosatheka, ndipo mumakhala pachiwopsezo cha zovuta zamphamvu zobiriwira. Takhazikitsa njira yopitira patsogolo, koma ngakhale zili choncho, panjira zozama, zopapatiza, titha kuyika chodula chapakati. Ndi zisankho zosasangalatsa izi zomwe zimatanthauzira mtundu.
Makhalidwe a Alloy: Wothandizira Wosayembekezereka
Kulankhula za ma alloys, apa ndipamene chidziwitso cha generic chimalephera. Investment casting amalonjeza ufulu wopanga, koma zitsulo zili ndi malamulo ake. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri monga 304 ndi 316 zimakhala zokhululuka, koma mukalowa mu superalloys-Iconels, Hastelloys, zinthu za cobalt-zonse zimasintha. Makhalidwe awo osungunuka, madzimadzi, ndi momwe amachepetsera ndi dziko losiyana.
Tinagwira ntchito ndi kasitomala pa gawo lazachipatala la cobalt-chromium. Mtundu wa CAD unali ndi mawonekedwe okongola, okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala. Kuthira koyamba pogwiritsa ntchito geting yathu yokhazikika komanso kukwera kopanda banga kudapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana kosalekeza. Aloyiyo sanali kuyenda mofanana; 'inakakamira' mwachangu. Tinayenera kukonzanso dongosolo lonse lodyetserako chakudya, kusamukira ku zipata zingapo, zing'onozing'ono kuti tigawire zitsulo mofulumira ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha, zomwe zinatikakamiza kusintha chipolopolo chisanayambe kutentha kuti tipewe kutentha kwa kutentha. Zinatenga kubwereza katatu. Ichi ndiye chipika chobisika: sinthani chitsulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri mumapanganso ndondomekoyi kuchokera papepala kupita mmwamba.
Shrinkage ndi msampha wina wakale. Chiwongoladzanja chochepa cha patternmaker ndi poyambira, osati chitsimikizo. Kwa geometry yovuta mu iron ductile iron, shrinkage siili yofanana. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito mzere wa 2.1%, koma pamphambano wandiweyani, imakoka mosiyana ndi ukonde woonda. Nthawi zina, muyenera kuwonjezera kupotoza kwabwino panjira ya sera - kupindika pang'ono, mwachitsanzo - kotero kumasokoneza mawonekedwe oyenera pakuzizira. Mumaphunzira izi poyesa mazana a magulu, kukonza zolakwika, ndikugwira ntchito chammbuyo.
Kugwirana Chanza kwa Machining: Chifukwa Chake Kuponya Sikuyima Payekha
Iyi ndi mfundo yovuta yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphonya. Zochepa zochepa zopanga ndalama zomwe zimamalizidwa kuchokera pa shakeout. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse amafunikira makina. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ku QSY, ndi kuponya ndalama ndi CNC Machining ntchito ali kukambirana mosalekeza. Ndi zopanda pake kuponya Mbali kuti kulolerana zolimba ngati fixturing wotsatira mphero ntchito zosatheka kapena wosakhazikika.
Tinali ndi polojekiti ya thupi la valve. Ndime zamkati za as-cast zinali zabwino, koma kasitomala amafunikira chisindikizo changwiro pa nkhope ya flange. Mapangidwe oyambira opangira anali ndi makina ocheperako, mwina 0.5mm. Mwachidziwitso, ndizothandiza. Mchitidwe, pa kutentha mankhwala, mbali anapotoza pang'ono. Pofika nthawi yomwe tidayiyika pabedi la CNC, sitinathe kuyeretsa nkhope yonse ndikusungabe kusalala. Tinayenera kubwerera ndikusintha sera kuti tiwonjezere 1.5mm ya katundu pankhopeyo. Zimatanthawuza nthawi yochulukirapo yopangira makina, koma zidatsimikizira zomwe zili. Kulumikizana ndikofunika; simukungogulitsa zowonera, mukugulitsa makina opangidwa ndi makina.
Njira yophatikizikayi ndi yomwe makampani amakonda Malingaliro a kampani Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. zamanga kwa zaka zambiri. Pokhala ndi zaka zopitilira 30 popanga ndi kupanga makina, njira yobwereza ndi yaifupi. Gulu la makina limauza oyambitsa, Tikuwotcha zida pamalo ovuta, ndipo mazikowo amatha kuyang'ana pamlingo wa inoculant kapena kuzirala. Ndi malo othandiza, othana ndi mavutowa omwe amakulolani kuti muzitha kuthana ndi zida kuchokera ku chitsulo chonyezimira kupita ku ma aloyi a nickel molimba mtima.
Gating ndi Kudyetsa: The Silent Cost Drivers
Ngati mukufuna kuwona komwe phindu limatuluka kuponya ndalama, yang'anani njira yolowera. Ndizitsulo zomwe zimatsanuliridwa koma sizimayenda. Mapangidwe a ulesi kapena osamala kwambiri amatha kukhala ndi zokolola za 40% - kutanthauza kuti 60% yazitsulo zomwe zimatsanuliridwa zimatha kusungunukanso kapena nyenyeswa. Cholinga ndikupeza zokololazo mpaka 60%, 70%, kapena kupitilira apo pamawonekedwe osavuta.
Mapulogalamu oyerekeza amathandiza, koma si uthenga wabwino. Timagwiritsa ntchito kulosera zam'malo otentha komanso shrinkage porosity. Koma mapulogalamu a zinthu zitsanzo ndi approximations. Nthawi zonse timatsimikizira zakuthupi. Kwa gawo latsopano lovuta, nthawi zina timayendetsa nkhani yoyamba yokhala ndi ma thermocouples ophatikizidwa mu chipolopolo pamalo ovuta. Zomwe timapeza nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza kuti kuyerekezera kunazimitsidwa ndi masekondi ochepa kapena madigiri ochepa, okwanira kuti asunthire malo ocheperako. Kenako yabwereranso ku mtundu weniweni kuti muwongolere makulidwe a feeder kapena malo.
Mavuto okhumudwitsa kwambiri ndi omwe amangokhalira kukangana. Chitsanzo chimayenda bwino kwa miyezi, kenako mwadzidzidzi mumapeza porosity pamalo enaake. Kasanu ndi kasanu mwa khumi, ndikusintha kwa zinthu - gulu latsopano la aloyi lokhala ndi ma trace osiyana pang'ono, kapena kusintha kwa phula komwe kumakhudza kukula kwake. Mumakhala wapolisi wofufuza, kutsata zipika za ndondomekoyi. Ndi kudzichepetsa. Zimakukumbutsani kuti iyi ndi njira ya sayansi ya zinthu, osati yamakina chabe.
Good Enough Standard
Pomaliza, lingaliro pamiyezo yabwino. Zamlengalenga ndi zamankhwala zili ndi zofananira, ndipo sizingakambirane. Koma pazinthu zambiri zamafakitale, kufunafuna kuponya mwangwiro ndi dzenje la ndalama. Luso lenileni ndikudziwa zomwe 'zabwino zokwanira' zili pa ntchitoyi. Kodi pamwamba pang'ono amanjenjemera m'kati mwake osadzikongoletsa? Mwina ayi. Kodi kabowo kakang'ono, komwe kamakhala kocheperako m'malo osanyamula katundu ndikofunikira? Izo mwina sizingatero.
Timathera nthawi yochuluka kuphunzitsa makasitomala pa izi. Kuwunika kwa radiographic (X-ray) kudzapeza kutha kulikonse. Funso ndilakuti ngati ndikusiya kovomerezeka malinga ndi muyezo woyenera (monga ASTM E192). Kukankhira kuponyedwa komwe kuli ndi zolakwika zowoneka bwino kungathe kuchulukitsa mtengo ndi nthawi yotsogolera katatu chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira komanso kukonza uinjiniya. Nthawi zina, njira yotsika mtengo komanso yofulumira ndiyo kupanga moganizira zomwe zimachitika m'machitidwe, kulola zinthu zomwe zili m'malo omwe amatha kukhala ndi micro-porosity, m'malo moyesera kuzithetsa.
Ndiwo nzeru zodzikundikira, zotopa pang'ono zakuchita izi kwa zaka. Investment casting sizikutanthauza kukwaniritsa ungwiro popanda kanthu. Ndi za kuyang'anira mndandanda wazinthu zosinthika kuti zikhale zodalirika, komanso mwachuma, kupanga magawo omwe amagwira ntchito. Ndi sera, zoumba, moto, zitsulo, ndi zambiri anaunjikira, movutikira kuweruza milandu. Makampani omwe amakhalapo, monga QSY yomwe ili ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu zomwe zimayang'ana pa nkhungu za zipolopolo ndi kupanga ndalama zophatikizidwa ndi makina, amamvetsetsa bwino. Mtundu wonyezimira wa CAD umakulowetsani pakhomo, koma ndi njira yowongoka, yosasangalatsa yomwe imapereka gawo lomwe limakwanira ndikugwira ntchito.
