Mukamva 'gawo loponyera zitsulo', malingaliro ambiri amalumphira molunjika mpaka pomaliza - geometry pachithunzichi. Ndilo lingaliro lolakwika loyamba. Gawo lenileni silimangokhala mawonekedwe; ndi mbiri yonse ya chitsulo chosungunula, khalidwe la nkhungu, zoziziritsa zotsekera mkati, ndi ntchito zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa zomwe zimabwera pambuyo pa kugwedeza. Ndikusintha kwazinthu ndi kukumbukira, osati kungolemba kophweka kuchokera ku CAD.
Masewera a Zipolopolo: Zoposa Mchenga Wokha
Tengani kuponya nkhungu, imodzi mwa njira zathu zazikulu pa QSY. Anthu amaganiza kuti zangotsala pang'ono kumaliza bwino, ndipo ndi—tikulankhula za Ra 6.3 mpaka 12.5 μm molunjika kuchokera mu nkhungu. Koma zenizeni zenizeni ndi kugwa kwa mchenga wopangidwa ndi utomoni. Kwa zovuta chitsulo kuponyera gawo ndi ngalande zamkati kapena zigawo zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, ngati chipolopolocho sichitulutsa bwino pakuzizira, mumapeza misozi yotentha. Osati ming'alu yomwe mumayiwona nthawi yomweyo, koma zabwino, zofooka za tsitsi zomwe zimangowoneka pokhapokha poyesedwa kapena kukanikizidwa. Tinaphunzira izi movutirapo zaka za m’mbuyo pa mndandanda wa nyumba zopopera. Miyezo yabwino, kumaliza kokongola, koma kulephera kwa 30% pakuyesa kwa hydro. Wolakwa? Kupanga kwa zipolopolo kunali kolimba kwambiri kuti chitsulo chochepa cha carbon chitsulo cholimba chachepa. Tinayenera kuyimbanso utomoni wa ntchitoyo, kusiya pang'ono mphamvu ya nkhungu yoyambirira kuti iwonongeke bwino. Sichikhazikitso chimodzi chomwe chimakwanira zonse.
Ndipo njira yolowera ku nkhungu za zipolopolo ndi chilombo chosiyana. Chifukwa nkhungu ndi yopyapyala komanso yolondola, zitsulo zimayenda mofulumira, zimazizira mofulumira. Simungagwiritse ntchito mawerengedwe okwera omwewo monga momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nkhungu yamchenga wobiriwira. Nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito zokwera zing'onozing'ono, zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pafupi ndi zigawo zokhuthala. Zikuwoneka zochepa buku, koma zimagwira ntchito. Cholinga ndi kudyetsa shrinkage popanda kupanga malo otentha kwambiri omwe amakhala madera olekanitsa. Nthawi zina, njira yabwino kwambiri pa pulogalamu yofananira imafunikira pragmatic, yoyipa poyambira pansi.
Kusankha kwazinthu apa ndikofunikiranso. Kumangira zipolopolo kumagwira ntchito bwino ndi zitsulo za carbon ndi low-alloy. Koma tikalowa m'makalasi amphamvu kwambiri, kuzimitsa-ndi-kupsya mtima, kuzizira kofulumira komwe kumachokera ku chipolopolo chopyapyala kungayambitse kuuma kwapamwamba kuposa momwe timafunira m'madera opyapyala, kupangitsa makina otsatila kukhala owopsa. Muyenera kuyang'ana mu as-cast microstructure kuyambira pachiyambi, nthawi zina ngakhale kusintha kamangidwe kachitsulo pang'ono ndi mphero kuti apereke chiwongoladzanja chathu cha kutentha. Ndi kukambirana, osati dongosolo.
Investment Casting: Kulondola Pamtengo (Wovuta)
Kuponya ndalama, kapena kutayika-sera, ndipamene mumapeza zozizwitsa zamtundu wapafupi. Kulekerera mkati mwa ± 0.005 mainchesi pa inchi ndikotheka. Koma mawu akuti zotheka akugwira ntchito zambiri. Ndondomeko ya jekeseni wa sera imayambitsa zosiyana-kutentha kwa jekeseni, kuthamanga, kutentha kwa kufa. Kusinthasintha kwa madigiri angapo kungasinthe kufota kwa sera, komwe kumafalikira mwachindunji mu chipolopolo cha ceramic, ndipo pamapeto pake muzitsulo. Nthawi ina tidakhala milungu iwiri kuthamangitsa valavu yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chilichonse chomwe chinkachitikacho chinali chokhazikika. Pomalizira pake, tinayang’ana nyengo. Inali mlungu wotentha wachilimwe. Mapangidwe a sera anali kuyamwa chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga pakati pa jekeseni ndi kulumikiza, kutupa pang'ono. Kukonza? Kuwongolera kwanyengo kwamitengo ya sera. Tsatanetsatane waung'ono, wosagwirizana ndiukadaulo wokhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu zaukadaulo.
Njira yopangira zipolopolo popanga ndalama ndi luso la zigawo. Kuviika kulikonse kwa slurry, ntchito iliyonse yamchenga, imakhudza kuthekera kwa chipolopolo chomaliza komanso mphamvu zake. Cholowa kwambiri, ndipo chitsulocho chimatha kulowa, kupangitsa kuti pakhale khwimbi. Zowundana kwambiri, ndipo mutha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kusweka kwa zipolopolo panthawi yotentha kapena kuthira. Kwa otsutsa chitsulo kuponyera gawo monga turbine blade kapena implant implantation, titha kugwiritsa ntchito chojambulira chosiyana cha malaya oyambira (mwinamwake zirconia m'malo mwa silika) kuti tigwiritse ntchito bwino mankhwala motsutsana ndi aloyi yachitsulo. Izi sizili mu kabuku kokhazikika; idamangidwa kuyambira zaka zoyeserera ndi zolakwika, komanso milu yochepa yodula.
Ndiye pali kufewetsa. Steam autoclave ndiyofala, koma pamagulu akulu kapena ovuta, kuwombera kwamoto kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chotsani sitepe iyi, ndipo chipolopolocho chimang'ambika kuchokera ku sera yomwe yatsekeredwa. Chigoba chosweka sichitanthauza nthawi zonse kutulutsa kwachitsulo; nthawi zina zimangoyambitsa zipsepse kapena mitsempha pamtunda woponyedwa. Simungathe kuziwona mpaka ceramic itachotsedwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zipika zoyendetsera gulu lililonse ndi golide. Muyenera kufufuza mmbuyo. Kodi curve ya autoclave inali yofanana ndi tsiku limenelo? Kodi kutentha kwa masango kusanawonjezedwe kumagwirizana? Ndi ntchito yofufuza.
CNC Machining: Kumene Kuponya Kumatuluka
Apa ndipamene kuponyedwa kwamalingaliro kumakumana ndi zenizeni zankhanza. A chitsulo kuponyera gawo si yunifolomu chipika cha billet zakuthupi. Kudula kwanu koyamba kumakuuzani zonse. Phokoso la chida, mtundu wa chip, momwe madzi odulira amayendera. Timayendetsa gawo lathu la makina a CNC mnyumba ndendende chifukwa cha ndemanga iyi. Simungathe kulekanitsa kuponya kuchokera ku makina ngati mukufuna kusasinthasintha.
Vuto loyamba ndikukhazikitsa datum. Kodi mazero anu mumawatengera kuti pamalo ovuta, osawoneka bwino? Nthawi zambiri timayika timapepala tating'ono, tokwezeka pamalo osafunikira makamaka popanga ma datamu. Iwo amapangidwa mu sitepe yomaliza. Ngati simukukonzekera izi mu kapangidwe kake, mukukakamiza katswiri wamakina kuti apeze gawolo, lomwe limayambitsa kusinthasintha. Ndawonapo magawo atasulidwa chifukwa kuponyedwa kusuntha pang'ono mu nkhungu, ndipo popanda datum pad yodalirika, makinawo adabowola mabowo omwe mwaukadaulo amasindikiza koma osagwira ntchito.
Zolakwika zobisika zimadziwonetsera pano. Kutsika pang'ono, kosawoneka ndi X-ray ngati kuli kakang'ono, kumapangitsa chida kuyankhula kapena kusweka chikafika pamalowo. Malo ovuta kuchokera ku kuzizira kofulumira adzawononga choyikapo cha carbide mumasekondi. Makina athu ndi oyang'anira omaliza. Amalemba zokumana nazo izi: Chida chimavala mopitilira muyeso kumaso B, kukayikira kulimba kwamaloko. chipika chimenecho chimabwerera kwa woyambitsa metallurgist. Mwina tikufunika kusintha kutentha kothira kapena kayimidwe kokwera kwa zoniyo. Njira yophatikizikayi pa QSY ndi yomwe imatembenuza kuponya bwino kukhala gawo lodalirika, losinthika. Simatsenga; ndi kulumikizana, zophikidwa mu ntchito ya zaka 30.
Ndipo kupanga. Kupanga ma welds sikuli ngati kukonza chowotcherera. Simungathe kukanikiza pansi ndi mphamvu mosasamala. Castings amakhala ndi nkhawa yotsalira. Kugwedeza mopitirira muyeso kumatha kusokoneza gawolo, kotero mumalipanga kuti likhale lozungulira kuti likhale lopanda kulolerana likatulutsidwa. Timagwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera kupsinjika tisanapange zida zofunika kwambiri, ndipo timapanga zida zomwe zimagwira mwamphamvu koma zimalola kuyenda pang'ono kwachilengedwe. Nthawi zina, mumadutsa movutikira, kumasula zingwe, mulole kuti ipumule, sinthaninso ma torque, kenako ndikupita kukamaliza. Zimatenga nthawi yambiri, koma zimapulumutsa gawolo.
The Material Maze: Chitsulo Si Chitsulo Chabe
Kutchula zitsulo kulibe tanthauzo. Kodi tikulankhula 1020 low carbon? 4340 aloyi chitsulo? 17-4 PH yopanda banga? Kapena malo achilendo a duplex zosapanga dzimbiri kapena cobalt-based alloys ngati Stellite 6? Iliyonse imachita ngati nyama yosiyana pa maziko. The chitsulo kuponyera gawo kwa mpope wonyezimira wovala mbale mu aloyi ya cobalt-chromium ilibe chilichonse chofanana, mwanzeru, ndi 1045 carbon steel gear yopanda kanthu.
Zitsulo za carbon ndi zokhululuka, koma zimakhala zosavuta kutsika ndipo zimafuna chakudya champhamvu. Zitsulo zotsika ngati 4140 zimakhala ndi kuuma bwino, zomwe zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pazomaliza koma zimatha kuyambitsa kusweka pakuzizira ngati mawonekedwe a nkhungu ndi olimba kwambiri. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic (304, 316) zimakhala ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri - pafupifupi kawiri kuposa ya carbon steel - ndipo amakonda kung'ambika. Mageti awo amayenera kupangidwa kuti achepetse zovuta zamafuta. Kuthira kutentha kumakhala kolimba; kutentha kwambiri, ndipo mumapeza tsankho lalikulu ndi njere zazikulu; kozizira kwambiri, ndipo nkhungu imathamanga kapena kutsekeka kozizira.
Ndiye muli ndi magiredi oumitsa mvula ngati 17-4 PH. Zosangalatsa zomaliza, koma njira yoponyayi iyenera kukhala yoyera bwino kuti mupewe zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala zolimbikitsa kupsinjika. Ndipo kutentha mankhwala pambuyo Machining si negotiable; simukupeza zotsimikizika popanda izo. Nthawi zambiri timachita njira yothetsera mankhwala (Chikhalidwe A) pambuyo Machining akhakula, ndiye makina omaliza, ndiye mankhwala okalamba. Ndi kuvina kwa matenthedwe ozungulira ndi kuchotsa zinthu. Kulakwitsa kumatanthauza gawo lomwe limayesa bwino koma lidzalephera msanga m'munda. Zomwe takumana nazo pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi zimatanthawuza kuti tili ndi ma protocol - omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kasitomala wina wake - mpaka kusinthasintha.
Kulephera Monga Mphunzitsi: The Scrap Yard Mbiri
Simuphunzira kuchokera ku kutsanulira kwangwiro. Mumaphunzira kwa omwe amapita molakwika. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi imene ndinali kuno, tinali ndi dongosolo lopanga mabulaketi achitsulo aakulu, okhuthala—mfundo zofananazo zimagwiranso ntchito pazitsulo. Iwo anapitiriza akulimbana m'dera ukonde pambuyo kutentha kutentha. Zojambula zokongola, kenako ping - kung'amba. Tinadzudzula kutentha kwa kutentha poyamba. Pambuyo pa kusanthula kwazitsulo, vuto linali pakudziponyera lokha: micro-shrinkage porosity yomwe inkachita ngati kuyambitsa ming'alu. Zokwerapo zinali zazikulu mokwanira, koma zinayikidwa molakwika. Iwo anali kudyetsa pamwamba pa chigawocho, koma porosity inali kupanga mu malo otentha otentha pa mphambano yomwe kayeseleledwe anaphonya. Tinafunika kuwonjezera kaziziridwe kakang'ono, kozizira kunja—kachidutswa ka mkuwa kokachiika pakhoma la nkhungu—kuti akakamize mphambanoyo kulimba kaye. Vuto lathetsedwa. Tsopano, pa geometry iliyonse yokhuthala, yodutsana, timaganizira za kuzizira monga momwe timaganizira zokwera.
Chinthu chinanso chapamwamba: zolakwika pazigawo zopyapyala. Chojambulacho chimafuna khoma la 3mm m'dera linalake. Mukuthira, ndipo gawolo silinakwaniritsidwe. Yankho losavuta ndi kuwonjezeka kuthira kutentha. Koma izi zitha kuyambitsa zovuta zina monga kuwotcha mchenga kapena njere zazikulu. Nthawi zina yankho labwino ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa nkhungu m'deralo poyika gawolo pafupi ndi chipata kapena ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito manja a exothermic kuzungulira mbali zina za gating system kuti madzi azitsulo azikhala nthawi yayitali munjira yeniyeniyo. Ndi za kuwongolera kutentha, osati kungowonjezera padziko lonse lapansi.
Maphunzirowa sapezeka m'mabuku ambiri. Zalembedwa pamtengo wa zitsulo zopanda pake komanso kuchedwa kutumizidwa. Amakukakamizani kuti muone dongosolo lonselo—patani, nkhungu, chitsulo, kuzizira, kugwedeza, kuyeretsa, kukonza makina—ngati njira imodzi yolumikizirana. Kusintha pa sitepe yoyamba kumadutsa pa sitepe khumi. Ndilo luso lenileni lopanga a chitsulo kuponyera gawo. Si mndandanda wa machitidwe ang'onoang'ono; ndi kusinthika kosalekeza komwe mukuyesera kubweza mpaka kumapeto kopambana. Ndipo masiku ena, zitsulo zimakhala ndi malingaliro akeake. Muyenera kumvetsera mwatcheru nthawi ina.
