Xa abantu besiva 'kwi-powder metallurgy', bakholisa ukuba nomfanekiso wenkqubo ecocekileyo, yale mihla—ucofa umgubo, i-sinter, yenziwe. Ubunyani bomgangatho wevenkile bumdaka, bugcwele ukuchasana kwaye 'kuxhomekeke' kumaxesha apho amaphepha edatha awaquki.
Umsantsa phakathi kweNgcaciso kunye neNyaniso
Thatha ingxinano, umzekelo. Wonke umntu uleqa loo theory 100% inxalenye exineneyo. Kodwa ekusebenzeni, ukufezekisa ubuninzi obufanayo, ngakumbi kwiijometri eziyinkimbinkimbi, yimfazwe eqhubekayo. Unokuba ne-spec call ye-7.2 g/cm3, kwaye uyibethe kumndilili. Nangona kunjalo, icandelo elinqamlezayo, kwaye uya kufumana i-gradients-amacandelo amancinci ahamba ngokwahlukileyo kunee-hubs ezinkulu. Oku ayikokusilela kwenkqubo kumgubo wesinyithi ngokobuqu, kodwa uphawu olusisiseko. Uyilo lwezixhobo, ukuzaliswa, ukubetha kwe-press-bonke bashiya iminwe yabo. Ndikhe ndabona amacandelo edlula i-QA kwimilinganiselo kunye noxinzelelo oluphakathi, kuphela ukusilela kuvavanyo lokudinwa ngenxa yokuxinana okufihlakeleyo kwiradius. Kulapho umsebenzi wokwenyani uqala khona.
Oku kudibanisa kwimbono engalunganga yomxhasi. Bathumela umzobo wenxalenye eyenziwe ngoomatshini kwaye babuze, Ngaba unokwenza oku nge-PM ukonga iindleko? Ngamanye amaxesha, ewe. Kodwa rhoqo, uyilo luneekona ezibukhali, ubukhulu bodonga obungafaniyo, okanye iimpawu ezifuna umatshini wesibini. Ixabiso lokwenyani kumgubo wesinyithi iqulunqa inkqubo ukusuka ekuqaleni-ibandakanya iidrafti, ukulungiswa kweenguqu eludongeni, kunye nokucacisa ukunyamezela ukuba inkqubo inokubamba ngokwenyani ngaphandle kokuyijika ibe yiprojekthi yomatshini. Linyathelo lokubonisana elidla ngokutsitywa kungxamiseko lwesicatshulwa.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo yenye indawo evuthiweyo kunye ne-nuance. Imixube ye-iron-copper-carbon esemgangathweni ngamahashe okusebenza, kodwa xa ufuna ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion okanye ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu, ungena kwiintsimbi zangaphambili okanye ezingenasici. Nantsi inkcukacha: nge-316L yomgubo ococekileyo, umoya we-sintering uba baluleke kakhulu. Ukuvuza okuncinci ezikweni, ioksijini eshiyekileyo, kwaye awufumani nje umbala ongaphezulu-ufumana ukwakheka kwechromium oxide ethomalalisa ukuxhathisa kokutya kanye embindini. Ijongeka intle xa iphuma ezikweni, kodwa iya kuhlwa. Ufunda ukuthemba abahlalutyi bamanqaku amazolo kunamehlo akho.
Apho i-PM idibana khona neTyethanga leMveliso eBanzi
Apha kulapho ubungcali bomenzi wenkonzo epheleleyo buthi bubaluleke khona. Inxalenye ayizalelwanga kwiziko elitshisayo kwaye ibizwa ngokuba iphelele. Thatha i-sprocket okanye igiya eyenziwe kumgubo wesinyithi. Isenokufuna ibhodlo ephuculweyo de igqitywe ngokuchanekileyo, isitshixo sikrazulwe, okanye sicolwe ngamazinyo. Ukuba i-sintering ayilawulwa ukunciphisa ukugqwetheka, ezo zenzo zesibini ziba yindleko, zidla ukonga kweendleko zokuqala. Ndisebenze namahlakani afumana oku kudityaniswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), kunye namashumi eminyaka ekubunjweni nasekusebenzeni, iyayiqonda le nguqu phakathi kweenkqubo intuitively. Ngelixa isiseko sabo sikubunjwa beqokobhe kunye nokuphosa utyalo-mali, imigaqo yokulawula indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuchaneka komatshini wesibini kugqithiselwa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukutyelela indawo efana neyabo, ubona oomatshini be-CNC bekulungele ukugqiba iinxalenye ezikufutshane ne-net-shape, nokuba zivela kwi-casting mold okanye i-PM compact. Obo buchule basezantsi buchaza indlela oqhuba ngayo inkqubo ye-PM enyukayo.
Ukuthetha nge-ops yesibini, unyango lobushushu emva kwe-sintering lihlabathi lodwa. Case ukuqina inxalenye PM akufani lukhuni bar yentsimbi ekhandiweyo. I-porosity isebenza njengothungelwano lwezigxininisi ezincinci zoxinzelelo. Ukuba awulumkanga nge-atmosphere ye-carburizing kunye nesantya sokucima, unokukhuthaza i-oxidation ye-corn boundary oxidation ecaleni kwe-pore surfaces, okwenza inxalenye ibe brittle. Oku sikufunde kabuhlungu kwibhetshi yamacandelo othumelo. Baphumelele iitshekhi zokuqina kodwa baqala ukuqhekeka phantsi kwetorque. Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli lubhekisele kule oxidation ye-intergranular. Ukulungiswa? Umjikelo we-thermal olungisiweyo kunye nolawulo olungqongqo kakhulu lwe-atmospheric ngexesha lezigaba zokwandisa. Yongeza indleko kunye nexesha, kodwa yayiyiloo nto okanye ichithwe sonke isicelo.
Ngamanye amaxesha, isisombululo asiyiyo inkqubo engaphezulu, kodwa kukutshintsha kwezinto. Sasineprojekthi yecandelo elinxiba kakhulu kumatshini wokulungisa ukutya. Umgangatho owenziwe lukhuni wentsimbi ye-PM ayizange ibambelele. Sajonga ekungeneni ngobhedu, kodwa ezo zinto zazintsonkothile. Emva koko siye sasebenzisa umxube womgubo onokufaka isithambiso esiqinileyo, njengesixa esilawulwayo segraphite, esifakwe kwimatrix. Idale uphawu lokuzithambisa olwandisa kakhulu ubomi benkonzo. Yayingeyiyo incwadi yesikhokelo ekhethiweyo yokuqala, kodwa yayivela ekuqondeni ukuba umsebenzi-ukunciphisa ingxabano kunye nokukrala-ubaluleke ngaphezu kokusukela amandla okugqibela.
I-Tooling Grind kunye nemiqobo yePrototype
Akukho nto izisa ithiyori emhlabeni njengesixhobo. Ukuyila kunye nokwenza iseti yokufa kulapho ingqikelelo yenxalenye iba yinyani. Usulelo lulinganiswa kwishumi lamawaka e-intshi. Ukungahambelani okuncinci kulungelelwaniso lwentonga engundoqo, kwaye unxiba kwicala elinye, okukhokelela kwimicimbi yokukhupha inxalenye kunye nokusilela kwesixhobo ngokukhawuleza. Iindleko kunye nexesha lokukhokela kwizixhobo zezona zithintelo ezinkulu kwiprototyping kwi-PM. Ayifani nokwenza ubuchwephesha apho uphinda ucwangcise indlela. Oku kunyanzelisa uyilo olucwangcisiweyo lomkhenkce. Ndikhumbula iprototype ebalekayo yendlu yesivamvo apho umxhasi wayehlala echwechwela indawo yomngxuma onyukayo. Emva kohlengahlengiso lwesithathu lwezixhobo, iindleko zodlula yonke imveliso eyongiwe kunyaka wokuqala. Kwafuneka sityhale umva kwaye sigqibezele uyilo, sichaza ukuba i-agility kwi-PM iza emva kokuba isixhobo sibonakalisiwe, hayi ngexesha lokudalwa kwayo.
Lo mqobo uphakamileyo wokungena kwiiprototypes yiyo loo nto uninzi lujonge kwiinkampani ezinesakhono esihambelanayo. Ukuba ukusebenza kwelungu akuqinisekanga, kunokuba bubulumko ukulifanisela ngenkqubo ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi efana notyalo-mali okanye ukwenza ubuchwephesha be-CNC ukusuka kwisitokhwe sebha ukuze kuqinisekiswe uhlobo, ukufaneleka, kunye nomsebenzi. Nje ukuba uyilo lutshixiwe, emva koko utyala imali kwisixhobo se-PM sokuvelisa umthamo. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, isebenza kwiinkqubo ezininzi (https://www.tsingtaocnc.com), ubekwe ukuba acebise ngolu hambo luchanekileyo. Banokuphatha iprototype ngokusasaza kwabo okanye kwiivenkile ze-CNC, emva koko batshintshe uyilo oluvuthiweyo ukuya kwi-PM yokuqhuba imveliso, ngelixa begcina ukungaguquguquki kwizinto ezibonakalayo kunye nemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo ngomatshini wabo wangaphakathi.
Ukunxiba izixhobo ayisosiganeko esingqameneyo; kukuthotywa kancinci kancinci okutshintsha indawo. Unokuqala ukuvelisa iinxalenye phezulu kwibhendi yokunyamezela, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yokushicilela, bayakhukuliseka ukuya ezantsi. Inkqubo efanelekileyo ibandakanya ukutshekishwa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo, kodwa ufunda kwakhona iimpawu-ukunyuka okuncinci kwamandla ejection, i-burr encinci kumda othile. Ukuyibamba ke kugcina intaba yokuyihlela kunye nokulahla kamva.
I-atmosphere kunye ne-Sintering: Isandla esingabonakaliyo
Iziko elitshisayo lingundoqo womsebenzi, kwaye i-atmosphere ligazi layo. Ukuqhuba umxube we-nitrogen-hydrogen we-90/10 usemgangathweni, kodwa ucoceko lubalulekile. I-spike kwioksijini okanye kumxholo wokufuma, kwaye uhambisa isikhephe esinenkunkuma. Safakela inkqubo yokuhlola umoya wexesha lokwenyani emva kokulahlekelwa yimveliso yosuku lonke kwibhotile yerhasi engcolisekileyo. Idatha yayivula amehlo-ungabona inqaku lombethe linyuka kwimizuzu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele nasiphi na isiphene. Ngoku yinxalenye engaxoxisiyo yokuseta.
Ubushushu beSintering kunye nexesha ngumdaniso. Iincwadi zezifundo zikunika uluhlu, zithi 1120 ° C imizuzu engama-30 ngentsimbi ethile. Kodwa indawo yakho yomlilo eshushu, indawo yakho yokulayisha ingxinano kwibhanti, kunye nokufuma okungqongileyo okuchaphazela iindawo eziluhlaza njengoko zingena-zonke ziyayitshintsha le ndawo ifanelekileyo. Uphuhlisa iresiphi yelungu ngalinye losapho, kodwa uhlala uyilungisa. Ngaba isantya sebhanti sisebenza ngokukhawuleza? Ngaba iindawo ezisembindini webhanti zifikelela kwiqondo lokushisa? Ufunda ukufunda umbala we-sintered kunye nomsesane wenxalenye ecofe etafileni njengoko ufunda ipyrometer.
Izinga lokupholisa yinto engaphantsi-kuxoxwa ngayo. Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunokukhupha iinxalenye zocango ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kwezinye iialloys, kunokutshixa kuxinzelelo okanye kuthintele ukwakheka okupheleleyo kwezigaba ezinqwenelekayo zesinyithi. Ngamanye amaxesha udinga ukupholisa okulawulwayo, okuvala i-output yesithando somlilo. Yimveliso yakudala vs. ukurhweba ngomgangatho ofumana ukusonjululwa hayi ngencwadana, kodwa ngokusebenza kwenxalenye endle. Ukuba iinxalenye zibuya kunye ne-micro-cracks, indawo yokuqala ukujonga indawo yokupholisa.
Ukucinga Ngaphaya Kweendaba
Ekugqibeleni, impumelelo kumgubo wesinyithi imalunga nokubona inxalenye njengenkqubo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo. Ayilolungu lodwa. Idibana njani neshaft? Ngaba icinezela-ifanelekile, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, i-porosity ikuchaphazela njani ukubalwa kokuphazamiseka? Sasinemeko apho i-PM bushing ngokugqibeleleyo yaqhekeka ngexesha lendibano yokucofa. Ingxaki yayingekuko ukubhuqa; ibiyi-aggressive press-fit spec ethathwe kuyilo lwendawo ekhandiweyo. Kuye kwafuneka ukuba siphinde sibale ukulingana ngokusekwe kowona mandla acinezelayo wemathiriyeli yeporous, hayi uxinaniso oluqinileyo lwethiyori.
Le mbono yenkqubo yinto eyahlula umthengisi wamalungu kwiqabane lemveliso. Imalunga nokubuza, Le nxalenye yenzelwe ukwenza ntoni? kunokuba nje, Ngaba singayenza le milo? Ibandakanya ukuqonda lonke ikhonkco lokubonelela, ukusuka ekufumaneni umgubo (apho ukuhambelana kulawula) ukuya kunikezelo lokugqibela. Yiyo loo nto abavelisi bexesha elide, nokuba bagxile kwi-PM, ukuphosa, okanye ukwenza oomatshini, bahlala benolwazi olunzulu olusebenzayo. Bakubonile ukusilela, bajonge ukunqongophala kwezinto, kwaye bahlengahlengise iinkqubo zokugcina imigca isebenza. Loo mava, uhlobo olwakhiwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 njengoko kuphawulwe kwimisebenzi ye-QSY kuyo yonke i-casting kunye ne-machining, yazisa inyathelo ngalinye-ukusuka kukhetho lwemathiriyeli kunye noyilo lwenkqubo ukuya kuhlolo lokugqibela-ukuqinisekisa ukuba inxalenye ayihlangani nje noshicilelo, kodwa iyasinda kwihlabathi lokwenyani.
Ngoko, xa ndicinga ngokusebenza kumgubo wesinyithi, kuncinci malunga nenkqubo yencwadi kwaye ngakumbi malunga nale maleko eqokelelweyo yohlengahlengiso olusebenzayo. Libala apho uhlala ulungelelanisa i-physics efanelekileyo kunye neenyani zoqoqosho lwemveliso kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Umgubo sisiqalo nje.
