Xa umntu ekhankanya IKholoyi 800, into yokuqala ehlala ifika engqondweni yi-data sheet yayo: amandla afanelekileyo obushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwesa okuhloniphekileyo, i-alloy ye-nickel-iron-chromium eqinile. Kodwa kwi-Foundry kunye nevenkile yomatshini, sisiqalo nje eso. Ibali lokwenyani likumsantsa phakathi kwe-spec kunye nesandi esiqhekezayo, i-tint yobushushu, kunye namaxesha athile, ukuqhekeka okukhathazayo. Ndibone uyilo oluninzi kakhulu luyiphatha njenge-drop-in endaweni ye-304H okanye i-825, kwaye kulapho iintloko ziqala khona.
I-Casting Conundrum: Fluidity vs. Integrity
Iyaphosa IKholoyi 800, ngakumbi ngendlela yotyalo-mali, kulapho wahlula khona ithiyori ekusebenzeni. I-alloy inoluhlu oluncinci lokukhenkceza, olulungele ukunciphisa i-porosity ye-shrinkage, kodwa i-viscosity yayo xa ukunyibilika kungakhohlisa. Awufumani ukuhamba lula kwezinye iintsimbi zekhabhoni. Kwiinkqubo zethu zokubumba iqokobhe eQingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), sifunde ukunyenyisa amaqondo obushushu angaphambi kobushushu kubumba ngokungqongqo. Ukugalela koko kuthethwa yincwadi yesikhokelo kuhlala kukhokelela ekuvaleni okubandayo kumacandelo amancinci amacandelo antsonkothileyo, njengalezo zifakelweyo ezintsonkothileyo ze-thermowell okanye imilomo yokutshisa esihlala siyivelisa.
Uyilo lwenkqubo yokungena luba lubalulekileyo. Akunjalo malunga nokuhambisa isinyithi; imalunga nokulawula ipateni yokuqinisa ukondla elo candelo lokugqibela ukuze liqina. Sake saba nebhetshi yenkxaso yetyhubhu ehlala ibonisa i-micro-porosity kwi-flange-to-tube junction. I-spec yahlangatyezwa, kodwa i-X-ray yaxelela ibali elahlukileyo. Ulungiso lwalungelotshintsho olukhulu lwekhemistri; ibiyila ngokutsha imbaleki kunye noyilo lwesiphaseli ukwenza ukuqina okuthe kratya ngakumphezulu. Yongeza ubunzima bokuphosa, apho umxhasi wayebuza kuqala, kodwa yaphelisa ukusilela kwintsimi. Lurhwebo olo.
Emva koko kukho i-oxide. Isiqulatho sechromium kunye ne-aluminiyam ithetha ukuba i-oksidi yomphezulu eqinileyo yenza ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba ukungunda kweqokobhe lakho akomeki ngokugqibeleleyo okanye kuncinci ukungena, ubeka umngcipheko wokubambisa ifilimu yeoksidi ngaphakathi kokusalwa, udala indawo egqibeleleyo yokuqalisa intanda phantsi kwebhayisekile eshushu. Kusisiphene esithe cwaka. Unokuluphumelela uvavanyo loxinzelelo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kodwa iya kubonisa ubuso bayo emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kwinkonzo. Ukuziqhelanisa kwethu ngoku kubandakanya ukulawula okungqongqo kwiqondo lombethe kwigumbi le-stucco kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nakwi-tweak encinci kwi-deoxidizer practice kwi-ladle, nangona kufuneka uqaphele ukuba ungachaphazeli ezinye iipropati.
Machining: Ukuthamba okukhohlisayo
Ephepheni, IKholoyi 800 ayikho nzima kakhulu. Kodwa nawuphi na umachini othathe umsiki omtsha kuyo uyazi ukuba ubuyela umva ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba ungabinabala. Inomkhwa ombi wokusebenza nzima, kwaye hayi ngokufanayo. Ungathatha isisikwa esihle, emva koko ubethe kwindawo apho izinto zibonakala ziqina ngakumbi, kwaye inotshi yakho yokufaka iguge phambi kwexesha. Senza i-post-casting CNC machining kwi-QSY, ukuguqula imizimba yevalve, iiflange zokugaya. Isitshixo esisifumeneyo kukungaguquguquki: ukondla okungaguqukiyo, ubunzulu obuguquguqukayo bokusikwa, akukho ndawo yokuhlala.
Isipholisi asenzelwa ukupholisa nje apha; kukuthintela lo maleko wokuqinisa umsebenzi ukuba wakheke. Kodwa kufuneka usebenzise uhlobo olufanelekileyo. Siye sasuka kwii-oyile ezithe tye ukuya kwii-emulsions zokwenziwa eziphezulu zokusebenza kunye ne-lubricity engcono. Injongo kukufumana i-chip ngokukhawuleza kwaye ugcine ubushushu bommandla osikiweyo bulawulwa. Makube shushu kakhulu, kwaye i-alloy's abrasiveness ibonakala iphindaphindeka, ihlafuna kunye namabakala e-carbide enzelwe ialloys ezinkulu.
Isixhobo sejometri sibaluleke ngaphezu kweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo. I-rake ekhangayo, i-edge ebukhali, kunye ne-chipbreaker eyenzelwe izinto ezinentambo ayinakuxoxisana. Siyifunde le ndlela kabuhlungu kwangethuba, sivelisa izinto ezintle ezisithekileyo ezifihle iifractures ezincinci kwi-vibration yesixhobo kuba sisebenzisa ireki engalunganga yokomelela. Amalungu aphumelele ukuhlolwa kodwa awaphumelelanga kwiimvavanyo zokuqhawula uxinzelelo. Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli lwalathe ekunene kwimfezeko yomphezulu omatshini. Ngoku, sicacisa isicwangciso sendlela yesixhobo kunye nesixhobo ngokwaso sokugxeka IKholoyi 800 amacandelo.
I-Tightrope yoNyango loBubushushu
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba isisombululo se-annealing sisemgangathweni IKholoyi 800 ukunyibilikisa carbides kwaye ufumane ukuba ductility emva. I-callout eqhelekileyo yi-1100 ° C ubuncinane, ipholile ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa igama elisebenzayo likhawuleza. Kwimeko yevenkile, kuthetha ukuthini ukukhawuleza? Ukucima amanzi? Ngamacandelo amancinci, mhlawumbi. Kodwa kwi-casting-section castings okanye iibhloko zoomatshini, ukucinywa kwamanzi kwazisa uxinzelelo lwalo lobushushu. Sineendawo ezigqwethekileyo, hayi kakhulu, kodwa ngokwaneleyo ukukrazula ubuso obuchwechwelwe ngoomatshini.
Siye saya ngakumbi ekucimeni umoya ngenkani kuninzi lwamacandelo ethu. Iyacotha, ewe, oko kuthetha ukuba udlala ngemvula ye-carbide ukuba awulumkanga. Ngoko kufuneka ulawule ixesha elivela kwisithando somlilo ukucima, kwaye ukuhamba komoya kufuneka kube yinto efanayo. Safakela isikhululo esizinikeleyo sokucima umoya ngenkani kumsebenzi wethu wengxubevange yobushushu obuphezulu. Yayilutyalo-mali, kodwa yehlisa izinga le-scrap yethu ukusuka ekugqwethekeni konyango lobushushu ngaphezulu kwe-70% yezi zixhobo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukulungiswa kwenkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kunokutshintshwa kwezinto.
Enye i-nuance kukunciphisa uxinzelelo. Kwiindawo ezihamba ngomatshini onzima, ukukhululeka koxinzelelo oluphakathi malunga ne-900 ° C kunokuthintela ukunyakaza ngexesha lokugqiba kokugqibela. Kodwa kufuneka ubhale eli nyathelo ngokucacileyo. Sakhe sathumela ibhetshi yee-castings ezininzi eziye zafakwa kwisisombululo, zakhiwe ngokurhabaxa, zathomalalisa uxinzelelo, emva koko zagqitywa ngoomatshini. Umphicothi-zincwadi womxhasi ubone imijikelo emibini yokuphatha ubushushu kwaye wayiphawula njengokutenxa. Kuye kwafuneka sinike iimicrographs kunye neemephu ezinobunzima kuyo yonke indawo ukubonisa ukuba i-microstructure yokugqibela ichanekile kwaye umjikelo ophakathi awuzange wonakalise iipropati. Ibiyidabi lamaphepha malunga nesiqhelo sevenkile.
Imigibe yeWelding kunye neFabrication
Abavelisi bathanda ukuwelda IKholoyi 800 kuyo ngokwayo okanye kwintsimbi yekhabhoni. I-weldable, ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nefayili efanelekileyo (njenge-INCO-Weld 82/182). Kodwa i-preheat kunye ne-interpass yokulawula ubushushu ihlala iguquguquka. Ayiyontsimbi ethambileyo le. Yiyeke iphole kakhulu phakathi kokudlula, kwaye usengozini yokuqhekeka kwi-HAZ. Sibonelela ngezinto ezininzi ezifakwayo ezidityaniswa kwiinkqubo zemibhobho. Ipakethi yethu yedatha ngoku ibandakanya iphepha elicetyiswayo lenkqubo yokuwelda, hayi kuba siziingcali zokuwelda, kodwa ngenxa yokuba sibonile ukufowuna xa kusenziwa kakubi.
Umba omkhulu kukuwelding ezahlukeneyo. Xa weld IKholoyi 800 ukuya kwi-carbon steel, ukufuduka kwekhabhoni ukusuka kwicala lentsimbi ukuya kwi-alloy kunokudala indawo enqabileyo. Kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu, le ndawo inokusilela. Saba nemeko apho umthengi welded yethu cast ingxubevange thermocouple umkhono ngqo kwisitya carbon steel. Yahlala unyaka, emva koko yaqhekeka ngokujikelezayo kanye kwinzwane ye-weld. I-metallurgy ibonise i-carbon diffusion ecacileyo. Isisombululo ibingeyonto ingcono yokuwelda; ibisebenzisa iqhekeza lenguqu okanye uyilo olwahlukileyo lilonke. Ngamanye amaxesha umda wezinto eziphathekayo awukho kwimathiriyeli ngokwayo, kodwa kwindlela edibana ngayo nehlabathi.
Unyango lwe-post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) yenye inkonkxa yeentshulube. Ngaba uyayenza? Iikhowudi zihlala ziyifuna kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo. Kodwa umjikelo opheleleyo we-PWHT unokudlulela kwiminyaka yobudala IKholoyi 800 isiseko sesinyithi ukuba iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu okanye ixesha lide kakhulu, linciphisa amandla ayo okurhubuluza. Lungquzulwano lwakudala phakathi kweemfuno zokwenziwa kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide. Ukuma kwethu ngoku kukuba kucace kakhulu kuxwebhu lwethu: Esi sixhobo sisonjululwe. Nayiphi na i-PWHT elandelayo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo isiphumo kwiipropati zesiseko sesinyithi. Ityhala uxanduva lobunjineli lubuyele kumenzi wezinto ezenziweyo kunye nomyili, apho kufanele ukuba lubekho.
Ukufumana kunye neTrap elinganayo
Ayizizo zonke IKholoyi 800 yenziwe ngokulinganayo. Ukuqulunqwa okuqhelekileyo kunokunyamezela, kwaye apho into ewela ngaphakathi kweso sigqeba sinokuchaphazela ukusebenza. I-aluminium kunye nomxholo we-titanium, umzekelo, ibaluleke kakhulu ukuzinza kwexesha elide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Sifumana i-alloy stock yethu ngononophelo, kwaye kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo, sichaza uhlalutyo lobushushu ukuba lube phakathi koluhlu olungqongqo, ngakumbi kwi-aluminium. Ibiza ngaphezulu, kodwa ithenga ukuqikelela.
Imarike igcwele ialloyi ezilinganayo, rhoqo ezisuka kwimizila emitsha. Basenokudibana ne-ASTM B409 spec ephepheni, kodwa izinto zomkhondo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokunyibilikisa ziyahluka. Sivavanye into enye elinganayo kwisibiyeli sezinto zokufudumeza ezingabalulekanga. Isebenza kakuhle, yenziwe kakuhle. Kodwa kwinkonzo emalunga ne-800°C, ibonise ukukala kwe-oxidation engaphezulu kuneyesiqhelo imathiriyeli yomthombo emva kwexesha elifanayo. Umoni? Ukulandelela izinto ezifana ne-magnesium okanye i-calcium echaphazela ukunamathela kwe-oxide. Yayingengokusilela, kodwa yayingalunganga. Sibambelele kumboneleli wethu owaziwayo weendawo apho uzinzo lomphezulu lubalulekile.
Kulapho iqabane lexesha elide kwikhonkco lonikezelo lichaphazelekayo. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, enamashumi amathathu eminyaka ekujuleni nasekusebenzeni ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo, ayithengi nje isinyithi; sithenga imbali yokusebenza okungaguqukiyo kwimizila yethu. Sakhe iiparamitha zenkqubo yethu malunga nokuziphatha kwamabanga athile. Ukutshintshela kwinto elinganayo engaziwayo kusetha ngokutsha yonke into efundiweyo iye kwiqanda, ingenisa umngcipheko. Kithina, ukuthembeka kwecandelo lokugqibela lomthengi lixabisa i-premium kwisiphelo sangaphambili. Kuncinci malunga neendleko zempahla ngekhilo kunye nangaphezulu malunga neendleko zizonke zokungaphumeleli kwintsimi.
Iingcamango zokugqibela: Ukhetho oluNjineli
Ngoko, kunjalo IKholoyi 800 isixhobo esihle? Ngokuqinisekileyo. Lihashe lomsebenzi ngesizathu-kwiityhubhu zohlaziyo, abatshintshisi bobushushu, amacandelo eziko. Kodwa asiyonto yorhwebo. Yingxubevange yobunjineli efuna inkqubo yobunjineli. Ixabiso layo alikho nje ekubunjweni kwayo, kodwa kwindlela yonke inyathelo ukusuka kwinyibilika ukuya ekugqibeleni ilawulwa ngokuqonda ii-quirks zayo.
Obona buchule bokwenyani, ngokokubona kwam, buxhomekeke ekwazini ixesha lokuyisebenzisa kunye nendlela yokuwucacisela umsebenzi. Ayisoloko iyimpendulo. Kwimekobume ezonakalisayo ezonakalisayo, unokufuna i-825 okanye 625. Ukuze ube namandla obushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, mhlawumbi i-800H okanye i-801. Kodwa kuloo ndawo imnandi yobushushu obuphakathi, umoya we-carburizing/oxidizing, kunye nokwenziwa kakuhle, kunzima ukubetha. Iqhinga kukuhlonipha ubuntu bayo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukusebenza ngezi zixhobo yingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwenkcazo, inkqubo, kunye nemeko yenkonzo yehlabathi yangempela. Akukho mqhubi wenqwelomoya. Ibhetshi nganye, icandelo elitsha lejometri, luhlengahlengiso oluncinci. Yiloo nto egcina inomdla, kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo, yintoni egcina umgangatho kwiindawo eziphela kwizityalo eziqhuba amashumi eminyaka. Awukwazi uku-odola nje IKholoyi 800 ngaphandle kwewebhusayithi; kufuneka uyakhe, kwaye wakhe ngayo, amehlo akho evulekile kwiinkcukacha.
