Xa abantu abaninzi besiva 'izahlulo zotyalo-mali', baba nomfanekiso waloo malungu agudileyo, akufutshane ne-net-shape, mhlawumbi iblade ye-injini yomoya okanye isifakelo sonyango. Nantso imveliso egudisiweyo. Inyani, ukugaya imihla ngemihla, imalunga nokulawula ukunyaniseka kwepateni ye-wax, ukunyameka kweqokobhe leceramic, kunye nomdaniso we-metallurgical ngexesha lokugalela. Iivenkile ezininzi zixhonywe kwii-specs zokunyamezelana okulinganayo-ezibaluleke kakhulu, ungandivi kakubi-kodwa zihlala zingahoyi ukuba yonke inkqubo yetsheyini, ukusuka kuyilo lokuqala lokungunda ukuya kunyango lokugqibela lobushushu, iyalela ukuthembeka kolwakhiwo. Ayikokwenza nje imilo; imalunga nobunjineli a microstructure.
Igumbi leWax: Apho iqala khona yonke into (kwaye inokuhamba kakubi)
Isigaba sokutofa kwe-wax silula ngokukhohlisa. Unokucinga ukuba imalunga nokuzalisa idayi yentsimbi ngewax kwaye ulindele ukuba ibekwe. Kodwa amaqondo obushushu apha ayinto yonke. Ukuba i-wax iphola ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ufumana uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubonakala njenge-warping okanye iintanda emva kweentsuku, ngexesha lokuhlanganisa. Ndibone ibhetshi ye iindawo zokugalela imali indlu yempompo iyalahlwa ngenxa yokuba ubushushu begumbi le-wax bebuguquguquka nje nge-5 degrees Celsius ngempelaveki. Iipateni zazijongeka zigqibelele ngoMvulo kusasa, kodwa ngolwesithathu, babegqwethekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba basilele ukujonga iCMM.
Emva koko kukho iwax ngokwayo. Ayiyiyo yonke i-wax eyenziwe yalingana. Kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo, ezinodonga olucekethekileyo, udinga umdibaniso onomxholo ophezulu wokuzalisa ukuqina, kodwa oko kunokwenza kube brittle. Sisenzo esisoloko silungelelanisa. Umthengisi onje I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY), kunye namashumi eminyaka kumdlalo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba banemixube yewax yobunini okanye ubuncinci bolawulo olungqongqo kakhulu lwababoneleli kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo. Olu luhlobo lolwazi olucekethekileyo owakhayo kwiminyaka engama-30, hayi kwincwadi yesifundo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweepateni ze-wax kumthi ophakathi kolunye uhlobo lobugcisa. Ii-engile kunye neendawo zokuncamathela azikho nje ukugalelwa kwamalungiselelo; zichaphazela ngokugqithisileyo ukuqina kolwalathiso lwentsimbi kamva. Beka iphethini enzima kwindawo engafanelekanga, kwaye udala indawo eshushu ekhokelela kwi-shrinkage porosity. Oku sikufunde kabuhlungu kwangethuba ngomzimba wevalvu yentsimbi. Ukugqiba okuhle komphezulu, kodwa aluphumelelanga uhlolo lweX-reyi. Ulungiso lwalungekho ezikweni; yayikukuyila ngokutsha uyilo lomthi we-wax.
Igobolondo leCeramic: Sisihluzo, hayi nje iMold
Ukwakha iqokobhe le-ceramic yinkqubo ecothayo, ephindaphindayo yokudipha, ukufaka istucco, kunye nokomisa. Iinkcazo ezininzi zimisa kuyo idala ukungunda okuchasayo. Into abayiphosayo kukuba eli qokobhe lisisithintelo esiguquguqukayo, esingena lula. Ingubo yayo ephambili, ngokuqhelekileyo i-zircon-based slurry, inquma ukugqitywa komgangatho wokugqibela wokuphosa. Nawaphi na amaqamza omoya okanye izinto ezibandakanyiweyo apha ziphindaphindwa ngokugqibeleleyo kumphezulu wesinyithi. Ndichitha ixesha elininzi ndihlola idyasi yokuqala phantsi kwesibane sokukhulisa.
Iidyasi zogcino ezilandelayo zimalunga namandla kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Kodwa nantsi i-nuance: ukunyanzeliswa kweqokobhe eligqityiweyo kuchaza ukuba iigesi zibaleka njani ngexesha lokugalelwa kunye nokutshiswa kwe-wax. Iqokobhe elixinene kakhulu lingabamba irhasi, libangele izithonga okanye imingxunya. I-porous kakhulu, kwaye ayikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-metallostatic, ekhokelela ekuqhamukeni-ukusilela okumdaka kunye nobungozi. Ukufumana i-slurry viscosity kunye nesayizi yengqolowa ye-stucco ngokufanelekileyo kwidyasi nganye yiresiphi ephuculwe ngamava. Iinkampani eziye zahlala kuyo ixesha elide QSY yiba nale nto isezantsi kwisayensi, kunokwenzeka ukuba inemigca yokudipha ezenzekelayo yokuhambelana, kodwa nangona kunjalo, ukufuma kokusingqongileyo likhadi lasendle abahlala belijongile.
I-Dewaxing-inyathelo apho unyibilika okanye uqhuma i-wax-yindawo ebalulekileyo yoxinzelelo kwiqokobhe. Ukuba kwenziwa ngamandla kakhulu, ukothuka kwe-thermal kunokubangela i-micro-cracks. Sakhe satshintshela kumjikelo okhawulezayo we-autoclave ukuze sinyuse i-output. Amaqokobhe abambekile, kodwa iicastings zaqala ukubonisa imithambo emihle. Kusithathe iveki yovavanyo olutshabalalisayo ukuyilanda emva kokwaphuka okuncinci kwiqokobhe eliphambili ukusuka kugqabhuko-dubulo lomphunga. Siye sacofa umjikelo emva kwaye izinga lesiphako lehla. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukucotha kusebenza ngakumbi.
Ukugalela: I-Metallurgy idibana nokusebenza
Apha kulapho ithiyori idibana nesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Kuba iindawo zokugalela imali kwii-alloys ezifana ne-nickel-based okanye i-cobalt-based superalloys, ukugalela lugqatso olulawulwayo ngokuchasene nexesha. Isinyithi sihlala sigalelwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ngaphezu kwendawo yayo yolwelo ukuqinisekisa ulwelo ngamacandelo abhityileyo, kodwa obo bushushu buninzi bunokukhokelela ekukhuleni kweenkozo kunye nokwahlulwa kwemichiza. Inkqubo yokungena oyilwe kwiiveki ezidlulileyo kwifomu ye-wax ngoku kuphela kolawulo onalo malunga nendlela isinyithi esizalisa ngayo umgodi. Kufuneka ibenesiphithiphithi ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda ukuvalwa okubandayo kodwa i-laminar ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda ukubambisa iifilimu ze-slag okanye i-oxide.
Ndikhumbula iprojekthi yecandelo le-alloy yobushushu obuphezulu obusetyenziswa kwi-aerospace. I-Special ibize icala elithile lokuhamba okuziinkozo kuxhathiso lokudinwa. Ukuphumeza loo nto yayingekokumila kwesinyithi; yayimalunga nokufudumeza kwangaphambili iqokobhe le-ceramic kwiqondo lobushushu elichanekileyo (ngaphakathi kwefestile ye-25 ° C) kunye nokulawula isantya sokugalela ukukhuthaza ukuqiniswa kolwalathiso ukusuka kwincam yecala emva kwesango. Kuthathe imitsi emithathu yomqhubi wenqwelomoya ukuyilungisa. Ukukwazi kwe-Foundry ukulawula ezi parameters-ukulinganisa iziko, iqokobhe labo lokutshisa i-ovens-yinto eyahlula ivenkile yomsebenzi kwiqabane lobugcisa lokwenene.
Emva kokugalela, igobolondo iqhekeziwe, kodwa inxalenye ikude ukuba yenziwe. Amasango kunye nabagijimi, kwakhona ngoku kwintsimbi, kufuneka basuswe. Kwii-alloys ezinzima, oku kuthetha ukusebenzisa ivili elisikiweyo elisikiweyo okanye ukusika ucingo lwe-EDM. Kuya kufuneka ulumke ungangenisi uxinzelelo okanye umonakalo wobushushu kwindawo ngokwayo kweli nqanaba. Linyathelo lokugqibezela elifuna ukohlwaywa okuninzi njengenkqubo yokuphosa.
UMatshini kunye nokuQeda: UkuCasa ayisosiphelo
Phantse lonke utyalo-mali lufuna inqanaba elithile lomatshini. Isithembiso sobume obukufutshane nenetha alufane lufane nenetha. Unokuba neendawo zokutywina ezibalulekileyo, imingxuma enemisonto, okanye imibhobho yokunyamezelana okuqinileyo ekufuneka igqitywe. Apha kulapho ukudityaniswa namandla omatshini e-CNC kuba yinzuzo enkulu. Ukuba indlu yokuphosa nayo iphatha umatshini, njengawo QSY benza ngeenkonzo zabo zobuchwephesha be-CNC, banokuluphucula uyilo lokugalela lobuchule ukusuka ekuqaleni.
Umzekelo, banokongeza isibonelelo esincinci sesitokhwe kwiindawo ezichanekileyo, besazi kakuhle ukuba ukulungiswa kwabo kuya kubamba njani ukuphosa okungaqhelekanga. Bayaqonda ukubakho koxinzelelo olushiyekileyo ekugaleleni kwaye banokulandelanisa imisebenzi yomatshini ukuyikhulula ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indawo. Ukuzama ukufumana eli nqanaba le-synergy ngokuthumela ukuphosa okukrwada kwivenkile yomatshini eyahlukileyo kugcwele izikhewu zonxibelelwano kunye nokukhomba ngeminwe ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle.
Ukugqitywa komphezulu yenye into eqwalaselwayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-corrosion-resistant kwinsimbi engenasici, unyango lwe-passivation lusemgangathweni. Kodwa kwiindawo ezinamatshaneli angaphakathi okanye iijiyometri ezintsonkothileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukugqunywa kweekhemikhali ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuhlanjululwa kulucelomngeni. Yinkcukacha ekulula ukuyichaza kumzobo kodwa kunzima ukuyiphumeza ngokuqhubekayo. Umthengisi olungileyo uya kuba neenkqubo eziqinisekisiweyo zoku, zihlala zibandakanya ukuphazamiseka okanye i-ultrasonics.
IiNuances zeMathiriyeli: Ayiyiyo yonke iNsimbi eyiNtsimbi
Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kulapho isicelo sichaza ngokwenene inkqubo. Xa sithetha ngentsimbi okanye intsimbi engatyiwayo iindawo zokugalela imali, sithetha ngamabakala amaninzi. I-17-4 PH engenastainless inika imvula eqinileyo yokuqina, kodwa umjikelo wayo wonyango lobushushu unovakalelo kwaye unokujija indawo enodonga olucekethekileyo. I-316L inika ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kokutya kodwa igummy kumatshini. I-Foundry kufuneka ikwazi oku.
Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwii-alloys ezikhethekileyo. Ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-nickel, njenge-Inconel 718, zihlala zikhethwa ngamandla obushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. Nangona kunjalo, badume ngokuthanda ukwahlula izinto ezinjenge-niobium ngexesha lokuqina. Oku kufuna ulawulo olungqongqo kakhulu kwizinga lokupholisa kwaye ngokufuthi unyango lobushushu obulandelayo lwe-homogenization ukusasaza ngokutsha izinto ngokulinganayo. Ivenkile engenabuchwephesha obunzulu besinyithi inokubumba imilo ngokufanelekileyo kodwa inike indawo eneempawu ezingaphantsi komatshini.
I-alloys esekwe kwiCobalt, njengeStellite, sesinye isilo. Zinxibe ngendlela emangalisayo kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nomhlwa kodwa zinokuba brittle. Ukuyila i-fillet radii kunye neenguqu zecandelo ukuphepha ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo kubaluleke kakhulu. Awunakuthatha nje uyilo olulungiselelwe intsimbi yekhabhoni kwaye uyiphose kwi-cobalt alloy. I-loop yempendulo phakathi kwenjineli yoyilo kunye ne-metallurgist ye-Foundry ibalulekile apha. Umsebenzi omde wakha ilayibrari yolu lwazi, ukuqonda indlela nganye yezinto zabo eziphambili-ukusuka kwi-ductile iron ukuya kwi-superalloys-ziziphatha ngayo kwindawo yazo yenkqubo ethile.
Iingcinga zokugqibela: Yinkqubo, hayi inyathelo
Ukujonga emva, esona sifundo sikhulu kukuba ukuchithwa kotyalo-mali yinkqubo edibeneyo. I-tweak kwifomula ye-wax ichaphazela ukwakhiwa kweqokobhe, okuchaphazela impumelelo ye-dewaxing, eguqula iprofayili ye-thermal yokugalela, echaphazela isakhiwo sengqolowa. Awunakukwazi ukwenza ngcono kwiisilos. Ixabiso leqabane alikho nje ekubeni nesixhobo sokwenza iqokobhe lokungunda, utyalo mali, kunye CNC machining phantsi kophahla olunye. Kukuba neenjineli zenkqubo eziqonda ukuba isigaba ngasinye sithetha njani nelandelayo.
Ixabiso lokwenyani alikho kwixabiso lenxalenye nganye; kukumjikelo wobomi beprojekthi-ixesha lobunjineli, ukuphindaphindwa kweprototype, ixesha elikhokelela ekuqhutyweni kwemveliso ethembekileyo. Ukongiwa kweendleko zangaphambili ngevenkile engaphantsi kwamava kunokutshintsha ngokusilela kwebhetshi enye evala umgca wokudityaniswa. Ukungaguquguquki okuvela kumashumi eminyaka okuqhuba iinkqubo ezifanayo, njengoko unokulindela kwifemu enembali yeminyaka engama-30, yi-asethi engabonakaliyo kodwa ebalulekileyo. Ngumahluko phakathi kokufumana indawo ekhangeleka ilungile nokufumana icandelo elisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ibhetshi emva kwebhetshi.
Ke kwixesha elizayo xa uvavanya iseti yemizobo yotyalo-mali olunokubakho, jonga ngaphaya kwejometri. Cinga ngokuziphatha kwezinto, iindawo ezibalulekileyo, iimeko zomthwalo. Kwaye ukhethe iqabane lakho ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokucinga yabo, kungekhona nje incwadana yabo. Uhambo lwenxalenye ukusuka kwimodeli ye-CAD ukuya kwicandelo elisebenzayo esandleni somntu lude kakhulu kwaye luncinci kunokuba lubonakala.
