Xa abantu abaninzi besiva 'i-metal shaft', baba nomfanekiso wentonga elula, eyomeleleyo. Enyanisweni, kulapho umbono wokuqala ongalunganga ulele khona. Ayikhe ibe yintonga nje. Yinto ethwele umthwalo, i-torque-transmitting, idla ngokuchaneka-ilungelelwaniso inxalenye ekungaphumeleli kwayo kunokumisa umgca wendibano wonke. Ndibone iiprojekthi ezininzi kakhulu ziyiphatha njengempahla yorhwebo, ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kwakhona okuxabisa kakhulu. Olona celomngeni alukho ekuphumeleleni; kukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo kwasekuqaleni-izinto eziphathekayo, ukunyamezela, ukugqiba, kunye nenkalo esoloko ihoywa yoxinzelelo olushiyekileyo oluvela kumatshini.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kungaphezu kweBanga
Ukukhetha intsimbi ye-4140 okanye i-304 engenasici kuba ikuluhlu oluqhelekileyo sisiqalo, kodwa yinto engenangqondo. Indawo yokusebenza iyalela yonke into. Ndikhumbula iprojekthi yempompo yaselwandle apho i-spekthi yokuqala ibifuna umgangatho we-316 ongenastainless ishaft yentsimbi. Iphumelele iimvavanyo zokuqala kodwa yasilela endle kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa. Ingxaki? Hayi i-corrosion jikelele, kodwa i-corrosion ye-crevice kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking kwindlela engundoqo phantsi kokulayisha kwi-cyclic kumanzi e-chlorinated. Kwafuneka sitshintshele kwibakala eliphindwe kabini elingenasici kunye nokuxhathisa okungcono kwekloride kwaye sihlengahlengise inkqubo yomatshini ukuze senze uxinzelelo olucinezelayo kumphezulu. I-takeway? Inombolo yealloyi litikiti lokungena.
Kulapho ababoneleli bexesha elide abane-Foundry kunye ne-machining phantsi kophahla olulodwa babonisa ixabiso labo. Inkampani efana Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd.(QSY), kunye neminyaka yabo engamashumi amathathu ekujuleni nasekusebenzeni, bayakuqonda oku kusebenzisana. Abagcini nje ngomatshini ibhilethi; banokuqala ukusuka kwiqokobhe okanye utyalo-mali, olunokubaluleka kwiijiyometri ezintsonkothileyo zeshaft ezineflange okanye iiprofayili ezingaqhelekanga. Ukulawula uhambo lwezinto ukusuka kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ukuya kwinxalenye egqityiweyo kunciphisa iingozi ezifihlakeleyo.
Kwizinto ezinxitywayo eziphezulu, njengakwiziqhushumbisi zodaka olurhabaxa, sidlulele ngaphaya kokuqina. Unyango lwakumphezulu olufana nokuqiniswa kwentsimbi kumbindi wekhabhoni okanye nkqu nokufaka i-Stellite (ingxubevange esekwe kwi-cobalt) i-weld overlesing kwiindawo ezithile zokunxiba ziba yimfuneko. Luhlalutyo lweendleko-inzuzo: ixabiso elithe kratya ishaft yentsimbi ehlala iminyaka emithathu xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso eliphantsi elitshintshwa ngonyaka. Ixabiso lilonke lobunini akufane lithande ukhetho oluphantsi.
UkuQeda koMachining: Apho iiSpecs zidibana neNyaniso
Umzobo unokubiza umphezulu we-0.8 Ra. Ukuyifeza yinto enye; ukuyifezekisa ngokuqhubekayo kwimveliso eqhutywayo yeeshafti ezingama-500 yenye. Usathana ukuseta, ukunxiba izixhobo, kunye nolawulo lokupholisa. Ukugqitywa kwesipili kunokubonakala kunomtsalane, kodwa kwishafuti ebaleka kwindawo ethambekileyo, ufuna ipateni ethile enqamlezileyo yokugcina ioyile. Ugudile kakhulu, kwaye ubeka umngcipheko wokubetha.
Oku ndikufunde kabuhlungu kumatshini wokupakisha onesantya esiphezulu. Iishafti zazikhazimliswe kakuhle zaya kutsho kwi-0.4 Ra. Batshisa kakhulu kwaye babamba kwisithuba seveki. Ingxaki yayingeloxabiso lokugqiba ngokwalo, kodwa ukunqongophala kwemijelo yokuthambisa echaziweyo kunye nomkhombandlela ongalunganga womphezulu wokuthungwa. Kuye kwafuneka siphinde senze umatshini zonke iiyunithi, songeza inkqubo ethile yokuhombisa ithafa. Ngoku, ndihlala ndikhankanya kungekhona iRa kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-Rz kunye nepateni yokubeka (i-circumferential, axial, okanye i-cross-hatched) kumzobo. Uninzi lweevenkile ezithengisa amayeza enziwe afana nalawo enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi azizukuyihoya le nto ngaphandle kokuba uyifake kuzo.
Amaziko omatshini e-CNC, njengalawo unokuwafumana kwiziko leprosesa elikhethekileyo (indawo yabo tsngtaocnc.com iinkcukacha ngezakhono zabo), zibalulekile ukuze ziphindeke. Kodwa ulwazi lomdwelisi lungundoqo. Indlela abalandelelana ngayo imisebenzi-i-roughing, i-semi-finishing, finishing-ichaphazela igalelo lobushushu kunye nokuzinza kwe-dimensional. Ukusikwa okunzima okushiyekileyo kumdlalo wokugqibela kunokuphazamisa indawo emva kokuba ingafakwanga. Bubugcisa obufihlakeleyo obugqunywe njengenzululwazi.
Umthetho wokuLungelelanisa: Ayiphelelanga nje kwiiTurbines
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iishafti ze turbine zifuna ulungelelwaniso oluguqukayo. Kodwa kuthekani ngeshaft fan esebenza kwi-3000 RPM? Okanye ishafti yokuhambisa eziimitha ezi-3 ubude? Imfuno yolungelelaniso ijongelwa phantsi kakhulu. Ukungalungelelani ishaft yentsimbi yenza ukungcangcazela, okukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kokuzala kwangaphambi kwexesha, ukuguga kwetywina, kunye nengxolo. Kuyo nantoni na ejikelezayo ngasentla malunga ne-1000 RPM, ngoku ndigunyazisa ukucaciswa kokulinganisa, nokuba yibhalansi emileyo yeerotha ezicothayo, eziqinileyo.
Indlela ibalulekile. Ngokuqhelekileyo sichaza i-G2.5 ibakala lomgangatho wokulinganisela kuninzi lweeshafti zoomatshini. Kodwa ukuyifikelela kufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo. Udinga ukufana kwezinto eziphathekayo (kungoko ukubaluleka kokuphosa okulungileyo okanye i-forged blank), i-symmetrical machining, kunye neendawo ezikhethiweyo zokongeza okanye ukususa ubunzima. Ndikhe ndabona iivenkile zigrumba imingxuma engacwangciswanga ukulinganisa ishaft, ibeka esichengeni amandla ayo okudinwa. Indlela echanekileyo kukuba neepads ezenziwe ngoomatshini okanye iiflange eziyilwe kwasekuqaleni ukuze zibe nobunzima.
Kwishaft ende, ebhityileyo, ibali liya lintsonkotha ngakumbi. Inokuba ithe tye kwaye ilungelelene xa ibanda kwaye imile, kodwa phantsi kobunzima bayo kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal ngesantya sokusebenza, inokuthoba kwaye ibangele ukungalingani. Ngamanye amaxesha, awulinganisi i-shaft yedwa, kodwa yonke indibano ye-rotor. Oku kufuna intsebenziswano kunye nomatshini ukubonelela ngeejenali zokulinganisa kunye nokuqonda ukulandelelana kwendibano.
Ukunyamezelwa kunye nokuLungelelaniswa: Ulwimi lweNdibano
I-shaft ububanzi obuyi-50mm. Ithetha ntoni le nto? Akukho nto ngaphandle kokunyamezelana. I-h7 ifanele isihlalo sokuthwala, i-k6 ye-gear press fit, i-f7 ye-seal esebenzayo. Ukufumana oku kungalunganga yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokusilela kwendibano. Ndakhe ndafumana ibhetshi yeeshafu apho iijenali ezithweleyo zatshintshwa zaya kukunyamezelana kwe-g6 endaweni ye-h7. Kwakungcono (okuqina) ukunyamezelana, kodwa kwakuthetha ukuba iibheringi, ezazisele ziyi-press fit fit, zaba phantse akunakwenzeka ukufaka ngaphandle komshicileli we-hydraulic, umngcipheko wokulimala.
Omnye umlinganiselo obalulekileyo kukunyamezela kwejometri: ukuthe tye, isilinda, kunye nokugxila. Ishaft inokuba nayo yonke i-diameter kwi-spec kodwa ibe ne-0.1mm yokugoba kubude bayo. Oku kuya kubangela ukuphuma, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokunxiba okungalinganiyo. Kwiishafti ezibalulekileyo, ngoku sihlala sikhankanya i-callout yobulungisa, rhoqo ngaphezu kwe-500mm ye-span. Ukujonga oku kufuna iibhloko ezichanekileyo ze-V kunye nesalathisi sokudayela, kungekhona nje i-calipers.
Oku kuchanekileyo kulapho iinkonzo ezidibeneyo zihlawula khona. Inkampani ephethe zombini ukuphosa kwimilo ekufutshane-netha kunye nomatshini wokugqibela we-CNC, njenge-QSY, inolawulo olungcono kule nto. Banomatshini womgangatho obalulekileyo wedatha ekujuleni kuqala, emva koko basebenzise ezo zokubamba indawo kwimisebenzi elandelayo, beqinisekisa ukugxila kunye nokuchaneka kwendawo kwasekuqaleni. Ukuzama ukubamba umphezulu orhabaxa ukuze ugqibezele ukwenziwa komatshini yiresiphi yokungangqinelani.
Xa I-Shaft Ingaqinanga: I-Shafts eHollow kunye neempawu zangaphakathi
Ayizizo zonke iishafu eziyimivalo eyomeleleyo. Iishafti ezingenanto zibalulekile ekunciphiseni ubunzima (kwi-aerospace okanye kwi-automotive applications) okanye ekusebenzeni njengemibhobho yokupholisa, i-hydraulic fluid, okanye iingcingo. Oku kwazisa uluhlu olutsha lwemingeni. Ukwenza ubunzulu, ubuncinci obunobubanzi obunobude obuthe tye kunye neemfuno zokugqiba umphezulu ngumsebenzi okhethekileyo. Ukuphambuka kwesixhobo, ukukhutshwa kwetshiphu, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezipholileyo kuba yintloko enkulu.
Senze umngxuma ishaft yentsimbi kwisicelo somanyano olujikelezayo. I-internal bore idinga ukugqiba kwe-1.6 Ra kunye nokugxila okuchanekileyo kunye neejenali ezithwala ngaphandle. Umthengisi wethu wokuqala wazabalaza ngencoko yebar ekruqulayo, eshiya isiphelo esibi. Isisombululo sivela kumatshini ocebise ukuba kusetyenziswe ibha enenqaku elinye elikruqulayo elinejiyometri ethile kunye nenkqubo yokupholisa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngesixhobo sokuphula iitshiphusi kunye nokuthomalalisa ukungcangcazela. Isebenzile, kodwa ibiyinkqubo ephuhliswe ngolingo kunye nempazamo, hayi umsebenzi oqhelekileyo.
Kobu matshini buntsonkothileyo bangaphakathi, iinkqubo ezifana nokugrumba imipu zihlala zisetyenziswa. Lumsebenzi ocothayo, ochanekileyo. Lo ngumzekelo omhle apho ufuna ivenkile enezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifanelekileyo kunye nomonde wokucofa kwinkqubo. Ayingomsebenzi ophezulu, okhawulezayo. Uhlawulela ubuchule kunye nobuchule, hayi ixesha lomatshini kuphela.
Inqaku Elilityelweyo: Uxinzelelo lweNtsalela kunye nokuzinza kwexesha elide
Oku kunokuba ngowona mba ungahoywanga kumgangatho ishaft yentsimbi imveliso. Ukutshiza, ngakumbi ukujika okanye ukucola okunamandla, kwazisa uxinezeleko olushiyekileyo kumaleko angaphezulu. Olu xinzelelo lunokuphumla ekuhambeni kwexesha, lubangela ukuba i-shaft ijike kancinci. Kwishaft yokuhambisa eqhelekileyo, ayinamsebenzi. Kwisixhobo sokusonta esichanekileyo kwisixhobo somatshini, yintlekele.
Sasinebhetshi yokuphotha koomatshini bokugaya abaphumelele zonke iitshekhi zokuqala ze-QC. Emva kokuhlala kwindawo yokugcina iinyanga ezintandathu, malunga ne-30% yazo ibonise ukuphuma okunokulinganiswa. Umoni? Ukuxinezeleka okushiyekileyo ukusuka ekusikeni, kuhlanganiswe kunye nezinto eziphathekayo (isixhobo sensimbi) esasingenako ngokwaneleyo uxinzelelo-ukunciphisa ngaphambi kokulungiswa kokugqibela. Ukulungiswa yayikukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuguga yobushushu obuphantsi (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba kukuguga okwenziweyo) emva kokugqiba ukugaya ukukhawulezisa ukuthomalalisa uxinzelelo ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokugqibela.
Ukulawula oku kufuna indlela yokuvelisa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqala ngento engenanto ephathwe ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu (i-annealed, normalized, or quenched and tempered) linyathelo lokuqala. Emva koko, ukucwangciswa kufuneka kwenziwe ngezigaba kunye nokukhululeka koxinzelelo phakathi kweendawo ezibalulekileyo. Umnikezeli wenkonzo epheleleyo olawula yonke ikhonkco-ukususela ekufumaneni i-alloy efanelekileyo, ukuphosa / ukukhwabanisa, unyango lobushushu, kunye ne-machining yokugqibela-ibekwe kakuhle ukulawula ezi ziguquko. Kungumahluko phakathi kokwenza inxalenye esebenzayo ngomhla eyenziweyo nesebenza ngokuthembekileyo kangangeminyaka.
