Uma abantu abaningi bezwa 'ukunemba komshini we-CNC,' ngokushesha bacabanga ukubekezelela okuqinile, njengamayintshi angu-±0.001 noma ama-microns angu-5. Leyo yinkulumo yencwajana. Indaba yangempela, leyo egcina abaphathi bezitolo bengalali ebusuku, imayelana nokungaguquguquki, hhayi nje inombolo eshidini. Kungumehluko phakathi kokushaya ukubekezelelana engxenyeni eyodwa ephelele nokuyibamba udlule umjaho ongamakhulu amahlanu, ngokusebenzisa ukuguga kwamathuluzi, ukukhukhuleka okushisayo, nokungahambisani kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Yilapho ikhono langempela, kanye nezindleko zangempela, kulele khona.
I-Illusion of the Perfect Print
Ngibone imidwebo eminingi ingena nayo yonke into eyodwa ehlatshwe umkhosi ngenxa yokubekezelelana okuphambene, njengokungu-±0.0002. Kumemeza ukuthi umklami akakaze ame ngasemshinini. Bahlanganisa izisekelo zabo, kodwa kwenza umsebenzi ubize ngokungadingekile. Ukunemba kweqiniso kumashini we-CNC kuqala ngedizayini ehlakaniphile. Ingabe lokho kubekezelela kungakhululeka uma kusebusweni obungagxeka? Ingabe ingxenye idinga lokho kuqedwa kuyo yonke indawo? Umakhi wemishini omuhle, noma uzakwethu omuhle njenge-QSY, uzobuyisela emuva kulawo maphrinti. Akukhona ukusika amakhona; kumayelana nokusebenzisa ukunemba lapho kubalulekile. Ukumosha umzamo ngobukhulu obungabalulekile kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuqhuma isabelomali ngaphambi kokuba ithuluzi lokuqala lithinte insimbi.
Inketho yezinto ezibonakalayo ingumashiqela othule wokunemba. Ungakwazi ukuhlela indlela yamathuluzi enhle kakhulu ye-aluminium, kodwa zama indlela efanayo ku-gummy 304 engagqwali noma insimbi yethuluzi eliqinile, futhi uzobuka ukunemba kwakho kuhwamuka. Impahla iyalwa. Iyaphambuka, iyashisa, iyasebenza. Ukusebenza ngama-alloys akhethekile i-QSY ibalula-i-nickel-based, i-cobalt-based-yengeza esinye isendlalelo. Lezi akuzona nje izinsimbi eziqinile; baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngaphansi komsiki. Okuphakelayo kwakho, isivinini, kanye necebo lendlela yamathuluzi kufanele yakhelwe eduze kobuntu bento, hhayi nje ukukala ubulukhuni bayo. Ukuthola ukunemba lapha kuncane mayelana nekhono lomshini nokuningi mayelana nolwazi olubalulekile lomhleli.
Bese kuba khona ukusetha. Yilapho 80% wamaphutha anemba azalwa khona, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami. I-vise eyinkulungwane ukusuka ku-parallel, into yokusebenza engahlali phansi ngenxa ye-burr encane, ikholethi enechashaza lothuli-konke kuyaphindaphinda. Ngifunde lokhu kabuhlungu kusenesikhathi, ngijaha inkinga ye-runout engxenyeni ye-lathe amahora amaningi, ngathola i-chip ecishe ingabonakali iboshwe ngaphansi komhlathi. Umshini wawuphelele; inqubo yami yayingekho. Manje, isigamu sehora sokuqala sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi siwukuhlanza, ukuhlola, nokubonisa. Izwakala inensa, kodwa iyindlela eshesha kakhulu eya engxenyeni enhle.
Amathuluzi, i-Thermal Drift, kanye ne-March of Time
Ukugqokwa kwamathuluzi akulayini, futhi kuyisitha sokunemba kwenqwaba. Ungadayela i-endmill entsha futhi uthole imiphumela emihle. Kodwa ngemva kwezingxenye ezingamashumi amahlanu, lelo thuluzi lilahlekelwe imakron onqenqemeni lwalo. Ingxenye isabukeka iyinhle, kepha ubukhulu bushintshile ngobuqili. Ukuze uthole ukugijima okunembe okuphezulu kwangempela, udinga isu lesinxephezelo sokugqoka. Lokhu kungase kusho izinguquko zethuluzi elihleliwe ngaphambi kokwehluleka, ukucubungula ukulinganisa nokulungisa ama-offset ngokuzenzakalelayo, noma ukuklama izici okufanele ziqedwe ngethuluzi elizinikele nelisha. Kuyimpi egijima ngokumelene ne-entropy.
Ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal yisipoki emshinini. Isigayo se-CNC asisona insimbi engashintshi; kuyinto ephilayo ekhula njengoba ishisa. Ukuqhuba umsebenzi womshini onesivinini esikhulu amahora amane kuzoshintsha ijometri yomshini kusukela ekuqaleni kuye ekupheleni. I-spindle iyakhula, ama-ballscrews afudumele, ama-castings ashintsha. Ukuze uthole umsebenzi onembe kakhulu, ungase udinge umshini onohlelo lokulawula ukushisa okumangalisayo, noma kufanele ucwilise umshini—uwuyeke usebenze umjikelezo wawo wokufudumala uze ufinyelele izinga lokushisa elizinzile. Futhi noma kunjalo, izinga lokushisa lesitolo esizungezile libalulekile. Ukushwibeka okungu-10-degree Fahrenheit kusukela ekuseni kuze kube ntambama kungalahla umsebenzi osudonse isikhathi eside. Ngike ngabona izingxenye zidlula i-QC ngo-9 AM futhi zehluleka ngo-3 PM ku-CMM efanayo ngoba akekho obambele ukuthi isitolo sishise.
Kulapho ukuphila isikhathi eside kwenkampani, njengeminyaka ye-QSY engu-30, kuhumusheka khona ngokuqondile. Akukhona nje ngokuba nemishini yesimanje (yize lokho kusiza). Kumayelana nokuba nolwazi lwezizwe. Bayazi ukuthi imishini yabo ethize iziphatha kanjani. Bayazi ukuthi uMshini 3 usebenza ngokufudumele ku-Y-eksisi, ngakho bayanxephezela ohlelweni. Bakhe imitapo yolwazi yamapharamitha afakazelwe wezinto ezihlukene—hhayi nje insimbi evamile, kodwa eyezinga elithile lensimbi ewuketshezi noma insimbi engenasici abayisebenzisa kulelo sonto. Le nkumbulo yesikhungo iyithuluzi elinembayo ongeke walithenga.
Isilinganiso: Ijaji Lokugcina, Elinephutha
Awukwazi ukukhuluma ngokunemba ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngokuthi ukukala kanjani. Leli elinye igebe elikhulu phakathi kwethiyori nokwenza. Ingxenye ingase ilinganise kahle ku-micrometer ephathwayo, kodwa lokho kuhlola iphuzu elilodwa kuphela. Ukunemba kwejiyomethri kwangempela—ukucaba, i-perpendicularity, ukugxila—kudinga i-CMM noma uhlelo lokubona. Futhi noma kunjalo, usesihawu seshejuli yokulinganisa, ikhono lomsebenzisi, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwengxenye. Ngiqophisane ne-QC izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa lapho umehluko bekuyizigxivizo zeminwe endaweni yokulinganisa noma ukukhethwa kwedatha okuhlukile. Ukuchaza Ukunemba komshini we-CNC kudinga kuqala ukuchaza kahle ukuthi izokalwa kanjani, kuphi, nokuthi izokalwa ngani.
Isici somuntu esilinganisweni sikhulu. Ukukhathala, ukucindezeleka kwamehlo, ngisho nokucindezela okufakwa ngethuluzi lesandla kungahluka. Kungakho ezicini ezibalulekile, udlulela ku-automated gauging noma kumasheke asekelwe endaweni. Isusa okuguquguqukayo. Kodwa ukusetha leyo mpahla yokuhlola ephelele kuwubuciko ngokwako. Kufanele icace kakhulu kunengxenye eyihlolayo, futhi kufanele ilandise ukuthi ingxenye izosetshenziswa kanjani. Ukuhlola ingxenye esimweni esikhululekile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuyibheka ukuthi iboshiwe njengoba bekuzoba njalo emhlanganweni kunganikeza izimpendulo ezimbili ezihlukene. Iyiphi elungile?
Ukunemba Kokuqukethwe: Isixhumanisi Sokusakaza
Yilapho imodeli ye-QSY ithakazelisa khona. Benza kokubili ukulingisa kanye CNC imishini. Lokhu kukhulu ngokunemba. Uma wenza ukusakaza okuthengiwe, uqala ngokungaziwa. Kungase kube khona izindawo eziqinile, ukuncipha kwangaphakathi, noma isibonelelo sesitoko esingaguquki. Ulwa nokulingisa kusukela ekusikeni kokuqala. Kodwa uma ithimba lemishini lingaphansi kophahla olufanayo ne-Foundry, njengaku QSY, bangasebenzisana kusukela ekuqaleni. Indawo yokusungula ingatshelwa, Sidinga isitokwe esingeziwe esingu-0.5mm kulobu buso ukuze sihlanzeke, noma Ungakwazi yini ukubeka isango lapha ukuze ugweme le ndawo ebucayi? Umakhi wemishini uthola ukusakaza okuklanyelwe umshini ngokunembile. Lokho kulawulwa komfula kuyingxenye enkulu, evame ukunganakwa, yokunemba kwengxenye yokugcina.
Isibonelo, ngokusakazwa kokutshalwa kwezimali, ungathola izingxenye zomumo oseduze nenetha. Ukunemba kwemishini bese kuba mayelana nokushaya ama-bores abalulekile, izintambo, nokuvala izindawo, kunokuba kukhishwe inani elikhulu lezinto. Lokhu kushintsha sonke isimo sokucindezeleka sengxenye ngesikhathi somshini. Ukususwa kwempahla encane kusho amathuba amancane okuthi ingxenye inyakaze noma ihlanekezele njengoba uyisika. Inqubo yokwenza imishini iba izinzile futhi ibikezelwe kusukela engxenyeni eyodwa kuya engxenyeni eyinkulungwane.
Izindleko Zangempela Zokuxosha Uziro
Lonke i-oda lobukhulu ngokunemba likhuphula izindleko kakhulu. Ukusuka ku-±0.010 kuye ku-±0.005 kungase kusho izinga lokuphakelayo elisheshayo kanye nethuluzi elibukhali. Ukusuka ku-±0.001 kuye ku-±0.0005 kungase kudinge igumbi elilawulwa yisimo sezulu, ama-spindle anembe kakhulu, amathuluzi edayimane, namahora e-metrology. Umbuzo ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele ube: isicelo sidingani ngempela? Umzimba wamavalvu we-hydraulic udinga ukunemba ezindaweni zokuvala kanye ne-spool bore, kodwa ingaphandle lingase libe lihle ngokubekezelela okuxekethile. Ukusebenzisa ingubo yokulala, ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kuwukunethezeka okumbalwa okungenziwa.
Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuphishekela ukunemba okuphelele emdwebeni kungenza ingxenye ingasebenzi kahle. Ngikhumbula umphini owawudinga i-press-fit bear. Umklami ucacise isiphetho sesibuko kanye nokubekezelelana kobubanzi obuhlanyayo. Eqinisweni, isiphetho esiqinile kancane (ngaphakathi kwesizathu) kunikeza okunamathelayo okulingana nokucindezela okuthile okumele kulume kukho, kudala isibopho esiqinile. Kwadingeka sibe naleyo ngxoxo. Ukunemba akuwona umgomo ongabonakali; kuyisidingo sokusebenza. Ifeza injongo yengxenye emhlabeni wangempela, ngamandla angempela, amazinga okushisa angempela, nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa zangempela.
Ngakho uma ngicabanga Ukunemba komshini we-CNC manje, angiboni nje inombolo. Ngibona iketango: idizayini enengqondo, into efanelekile, inqubo ezinzile, ithuluzi elibukhali neliqondakalayo, indawo elawulwayo, kanye nohlelo lokulinganisa olufanele. Hlukanisa noma yisiphi isixhumanisi, futhi ukunemba kuyahlukana. Isiyalo esiphelele, hhayi ukushintsha okushintshayo kusilawuli somshini. Kungumsebenzi wansuku zonke wokunaka imininingwane emincane eyikhulu abantu abaningi abangakaze bayibone. Yilokho okuhlukanisa ingxenye evele ilingane nengxenye esebenzayo, ngokuthembekile, unyaka nonyaka. Futhi yilokho ekugcineni izinkampani ezihlala kulo mkhakha, njenge-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology, ezithengisa ngempela.
