Lapho abantu abaningi bezwa 'i-DIY metal casting', babona umfana egaraji encibilika amathini esoda esithandweni somlilo esenziwe ekhaya. Leyo yinguqulo yothando, futhi ngokweqiniso, yilapho abantu abaningi beqala khona-nami ngenza kanjalo. Kodwa kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwalokho nokukhiqiza ingxenye esebenzayo, enembe ngokwengxenye engaqhekeki noma efihlekile. I-craft yangempela ayikona nje ukuthola uketshezi lwensimbi; imayelana nokulawula yonke into eyenzekayo ngaphambi nangemuva kwalowo mzuzu. Izifundo eziningi eziku-inthanethi zeqa izingxenye eziqinile: idizayini yephethini, amasistimu wokugenca, ukuphatha ukuncipha, nokwelashwa kokushisa. Benza kubonakale sengathi iphrojekthi yezimpelasonto, kodwa ukuze uthole imiphumela engaguquki, udinga ukucabanga njenge-Foundry, ngisho nangesilinganiso esincane.
Isisekelo: Iqala (Futhi Imvamisa Yehluleka) Ngephethini
Ukulingisa kwakho kuhle kuphela njengephethini yakho. Ngokusakazwa kwesihlabathi, lokho kusho ukuqonda okusalungiswa, ukuqedwa okufanele, nokuzinza kwezinto. Ngichithe amahora amaningi kunalokho engikunakile ukuvuma ukuqopha amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi okhunini, kuphela ukuthi angqubuzane nomswakama noma abhajwe ngokungenathemba esihlabathini ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka. Igwebu le-polystyrene lokuphonswa kwegwebu elilahlekile libonakala liyisinqamuleli, kodwa ukulawula ukutubeka kanye nokulimala kwegesi okuwumphumela kungenye isayensi. Iphethini iyipulani, futhi uma icishiwe, yonke into engezansi izoba njalo. Yilapho uqaphela khona ukuthi kungani izingubo zochwepheshe zithanda I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd.(QSY) sebenzisa amaphethini omshini noma amasu athuthukile okwenza isikhunta kubo ukubunjwa kwegobolondo futhi ukutshala imali umsebenzi—ukunemba kulesi sigaba kuqeda izwe lobuhlungu kamuva.
Ukukhetha okubalulekile kwephethini kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngobakaki olula, uphayini ungase usebenze. Entweni enemininingwane emihle noma edinga ukuthululwa okuningi, ukhuni oluqinile oluqinile, inhlaka ye-urethane, noma insimbi iyadingeka. I-thermal expansion coefficient yendawo yephethini yakho ingathinta usayizi we-mold cavity, ikakhulukazi ezihlabathini eziboshwe nge-resin. Kuyimininingwane abathandi bokuzilibazisa abaningi abalokothi bacabange baze bathole ingxenye engamamilimitha ambalwa enziwe usayizi omncane futhi bazibuze ukuthi kungani.
Bese kuba nohlelo lokungena nokukhuphuka. Lesi akusona nje isiteshi sensimbi; iyinethiwekhi yokulawula okudonsa amanzi kanye ne-thermal. Ukuthela insimbi akufani nokuthela amanzi. Liyaphola, liyashwabana, livalela umoya. Lokhu ngikufunde kanzima ngegiya elincane le-aluminium. Ngenza iphethini elihle, ngapakisha isikhunta sehlabathi eliluhlaza, ngathela. Igiya lalibukeka lilungile... ngaze ngalungisa indawo engaphezulu futhi ngathola imbobo enkulu yokushwabana ezimpandeni zamazinyo. Insimbi yaqina kusukela ngaphandle phakathi, futhi indawo yokugcina yokuqina—indawo eshisa kakhulu—yayingenalo iqoqo lensimbi ewuketshezi yokuyiphakela. Yilokho okwenziwa ama- risers. Ukuwaklama ngendlela efanele kudinga ukuqonda izici zokuqiniswa zengxubevange yakho ethile, okuthile okuvela kokuhlangenwe nakho noma isifundo esijulile.
I-Crucible of Melting: Ama-alloys, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-Atmosphere
Ukuncibilika kuyingxenye emangazayo, kodwa kulula ngendlela ekhohlisayo ukwenza okungalungile. I-aluminium akuyona nje into eyodwa. Ingabe uyancibilikisa ama-extrusions angu-6061? Amathini e-soda angu-300? Zinokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwe-silicon ne-magnesium, okuthinta kakhulu uketshezi, ukuncipha, namandla okugcina. Ngake ngazama ukuphonsa isibambo emathinini ancibilikile. Umphumela waba brittle, ugcwele ama-oxides, futhi ujwayele ukuklebhuka okushisayo. Izinga lokungcola ku-aluminium yesibili liphezulu, futhi ngaphandle kokukhipha umoya nokuguquguquka okufanele, uphonsa izinkinga engxenyeni.
Ukulawula izinga lokushisa kubalulekile. Kubanda kakhulu, futhi insimbi ngeke igcwalise izingxenye ezincane. Kushisa kakhulu, futhi wandisa ukumuncwa kwegesi, i-oxidation, kanye nengozi yokushiswa kwesikhunta sesihlabathi (esihlabathini esiluhlaza). I-pyrometer akuxoxiswana ngayo nganoma yini engaphezu kokuthululwa okuyisisekelo. Okwezinsimbi ezinjengensimbi ekhonjiwe noma i- ama-alloys akhethekile (ama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt, ama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel, njll.) ukuthi izinkampani ezifana nesibambo se-QSY, ukulawulwa komkhathi kuba okubalulekile ukuvimbela i-oxidation nokulahlekelwa izakhi ezibalulekile ze-alloying. Ukusethwa kwezimboni zabo ezineziko lokungeniswa kanye nezindawo ezilawulwayo zikude ngeminyaka yokukhanya kude ne-crucible ebaselwa ngamalahle, futhi ngesizathu esihle.
Ukuthulula ngokwako kungumzuzwana weqiniso. Kudingeka isheshe ngokwanele ukuze igweme ukubanda ngaphambi kwesikhathi kodwa ibushelelezi futhi ingabi nesiyaluyalu ukuze igweme ukubamba umoya ne-slag. Ngibone ama-casting amaningi awonakaliswa ukuthela okungekuhle kunokuncibilika okubi. Ingqondo iyashintsha isuka ekuthululeni insimbi iye ekugcwaliseni isikhunta ngendlela elawulwayo. Umehluko ocashile kodwa obalulekile.
Izinto Zokubumba: Ngaphezu Kokungcola Nje
IGreensand iyisidakamizwa sesango. Kushibhile, kungasetshenziswa kabusha, futhi kuyathethelela. Kodwa amandla ayo kanye nezici ezishisayo zikhawulela imininingwane nokunemba kwe-dimensional ongayifinyelela. Ukuze uthole izici ezingcono kakhulu, uya ezihlabathini eziboshwe nge-resin (njenge-furan noma i-phenolic), noma endaweni yobumba. Ukubunjwa kwegobolondo, inqubo ewumgogodla ye-QSY, isebenzisa isihlabathi esimbozwe inhlaka esakha igobolondo elincanyana, eliqinile elizungeze iphethini. Inikeza isiphetho esihle kakhulu esingaphezulu kanye nokunemba kwe-dimensional, ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu yezingxenye ezincane. Ukuzama ukuphindaphinda lokho ekhaya kunzima-ukubhekana nephethini eshisayo, ingxube ye-sand-resin, kanye nohhavini wokwelapha kudinga ukusetha okuzinikele.
Ukutshala imali (i-wax elahlekile) iyinkosi yemininingwane. Ungathwebula ukuthungwa kanye nama-undercuts angenakwenzeka ngesihlabathi. Inguqulo ye-DIY isebenzisa izingxube ze-plaster-silica ekutshalweni kwezimali. Ukubanjwa? Ukuphatha ukunwetshwa nokufinyezwa kokubili kwephethini ye-wax kanye negobolondo le-ceramic phakathi nokukhipha i-waxing nokudubula. Uma engahambisani, igobolondo liyaqhekeka. Khona-ke, ngesikhathi sokuthulula, insimbi eshisayo ishaya igobolondo le-ceramic elibandayo, elingabangela ukushaqeka okushisayo. Ukushisa kuqala isikhunta kubalulekile, kodwa ukuthola ukushisa okulinganayo ngaphandle kokusiqhekeza kuyibhalansi ethambile. Kuyinqubo yokulawula ingcindezi esinyathelweni ngasinye.
Izembatho eziphikisayo zezithando zomlilo kanye nezinsimbi ziyimbobo yazo onogwaja. I-crucible clay-graphite eshibhile izokwehlisa ngokushesha ngama-alloys athile, ingcolise ukuncibilika kwakho. Ukunamathisela isithando somlilo esenziwe ekhaya ngengxube engalungile ye-refractory kungaholela ekuhlulekeni okuyinhlekelele—ngike ngathamba futhi kwawa ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, okuyingozi njengoba kuzwakala. Isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ngemuva kwesikhunta kanye nemidiya ephikisayo iyisiyalo ngokwayo.
Lapho Izinto Zingahambi Kahle: Iqiniso Lokukhubazeka
I-shrinkage porosity, izimbobo zegesi, iminyango ebandayo, i-inclusions, ukungahambi kahle, izinyembezi ezishisayo-isigama sokwehluleka sikhulu. Lonke iphutha lixoxa indaba mayelana nokuthi yini engahambanga kahle ohlelweni. Imbobo ecwebezelayo, eyindilinga ngaphakathi kwengxenye? Lokho i-gas porosity, okungenzeka isuka kumswakama esikhunjeni noma i-hydrogen encibilikisiwe ekuncibilikeni. Umgodi ongajwayelekile, onesiponji? Lokho kungukuncipha, inkinga yokudla. Umthungo obonakalayo ongaphezulu lapho kuhlangana khona izinsimbi ezimbili kodwa zingahlangani? Lokho kuvala okubandayo, okusho ukuthi insimbi ibipholile kakhulu noma ukuthela bekuhamba kancane.
Ukususa amaphutha kulezi zindaba yilapho ithiyori ihlangana khona nokusebenza. Kukuphoqa ukuthi uhlole konke okuguquguqukayo: umswakama wesihlabathi, ubulukhuni besikhunta, izinga lokushisa elithelayo, ukwakheka kwe-alloy, ukwakheka kwesango. Akuvamile ukuthi kube khona impendulo eyodwa. Isibonelo, ukuvala okubandayo kungalungiswa ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, kodwa lokho kungase kungenise izinkinga zegesi. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe udinga ukuhlela kabusha amasango ukuze abe mkhulu noma ushintshe indawo yawo ukuze uthuthukise ukugeleza kwensimbi. Lesi sici esiphindaphindayo, sokuxazulula izinkinga yinhliziyo yangempela ye I-DIY metal casting. Yingakho le nqubo ilutha kangaka futhi ikhungathekisa. Awenzi nje ingxenye; wenza isistimu yesikhashana, elahlekayo (isikhunta) ukuyidala.
Lona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokukhiqizwa okukodwa kwe-hobbyist kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemboni. Inkampani efana QSY, namashumi eminyaka phakathi ukukhiqiza kanye nokwenza imishini, ibone yonke into engaba khona futhi inezinqubo ezijwayelekile, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, nokusakazwa kwangemuva CNC imishini ukulungisa ukuchezuka okuncane noma ukwengeza ukunemba. Umsebenzi wabo nge insimbi, insimbi, insimbi engagqwali yengeza izendlalelo zobunkimbinkimbi mayelana namaphoyinti ancibilikayo, uketshezi, namazinga okuncipha lawo ama-DIYers amaningi angasoze awathinta.
I-Post-Casting Grind: Ukuqeda Kuyingxenye Yenqubo
Ukubunjwa kuphuma esikhunjeni, futhi umsebenzi usuphelile. Unezihlahla zezihlahla, amasango, nezikhuphukeli okufanele uzinqume. Bese kuba khona ukugaya, ukugcotshwa kwesihlabathi, kanye nokwelashwa okungase kube nokushisa. Ukusika amasango nge-engeli grinder kuqondile, kodwa kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ungayigudli ingxenye noma ukhiqize ukushisa okwanele ukuze uguqule ukwakheka kwe-microstructure, ikakhulukazi ezinsimbi zamathuluzi noma ama-alloys aqinisa umoya.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kuwubuciko obumnyama kumuntu ongaziwa. Ama-alloys e-aluminium afana ne-A356 adinga isixazululo sokwelashwa kokushisa nokuguga (i-T6 temper) ukuze afinyelele amandla awo aphelele. Ngensimbi, ungase udinge ukujwayela, ukuphefumula, ukucisha, nokufutheka. Ukwenza lokhu okungalungile kungenza ukusakaza okubukeka kuphelele kube brittle noma kuthambe kakhulu. Idinga ihhoni elilawulwayo nolwazi lwemidwebo ye-time-temperature-transformation (TTT) yengxubevange yakho ethile. Amaphrojekthi amaningi e-DIY ame endaweni ye-as-cast, okuthi ezingxenyeni eziningi asebenze kahle kodwa angasebenzi kahle.
Ekugcineni, kukhona imishini. Abalingisi abambalwa kakhulu abanomumo wenetha. Indawo ephethe kungase kudingeke ukuthi iguqulwe, izimbobo kungase kudingeke ukuthi zibhojwe futhi zithintwe, noma ubuso obukhwezwayo bungase budinge ukugaywa bube phansi. Yilapho ukuhlanganiswa kokulingisa kanye nokwenza imishini, njengoba kubonakala endaweni yomhlinzeki wesevisi ephelele (ungabona izibonelo zendlela yabo edidiyelwe ku- https://www.tsingtaocnc.com), inamandla kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuklama ingxenye becabanga ngezibonelelo zomshini kusukela ekuqaleni, bayiphonse, bese bayiqedela ngokubekezelela okunembile kwasendlini. Ku-caster ye-DIY, lokhu kuvame ukusho ukucwila okwesibili, ngokujulile ngokulinganayo kumamashini okwenziwa ngesandla noma e-CNC ukwenza ukusakaza kusetshenziswe ngempela.
Ngakho, I-DIY metal casting isango. Iqala ngensimbi encibilikayo, kodwa uma unamathela kuyo, ikudonsela kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, i-fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, kanye nokwakheka kwemishini. Ikuthobisa ngokwehluleka futhi ikuvuze ngokugculiseka okujulile kokubamba into yensimbi eyinkimbinkimbi, eqinile oyidalile ngezinto ezingavuthiwe nolwazi. Igebe phakathi kokuthululwa kwegceke kanye nokulingisa kwemboni akusona nje isikali esisodwa; kuwukuqhubeka kokulawula, ukuqonda, kanye nokucwengwa. Futhi leyo inselele yangempela—nobumnandi bangempela—kukho konke.
