Lokacin da wani ya ce 'bakin karfe,' yawancin mutane nan da nan suna zana abubuwa masu sheki, marasa tsatsa a cikin kicin. A cikin duniyar kafuwa da machining, wannan kusan koyaushe ne Austenitic bakin karfe, yawanci 304 ko 316 maki. Amma ga matsala ta farko ta gama gari: ɗauka cewa an halicci duk austenitics daidai da aiki. Na ga zane-zane da yawa kawai suna ƙayyade bakin karfe kuma suna barin mu mu yi hasashe, wanda babu makawa ya haifar da zance, ko mafi muni, sake kira. Babban abun ciki na nickel da chromium yana ba shi juriya na lalata kuma ya sanya shi ba maganadisu ba, tabbas, amma machinability? Wannan wani labari ne na daban. Yana da ɗanɗano, yana aiki-taurare kamar mahaukaci idan ba ku kula da ciyarwarku da saurin gudu ba, kuma wannan kyakkyawan yanayin gama kowa yana buƙatar tsari mai mahimmanci, ba kawai kayan aiki mai kaifi ba.
Haƙiƙanin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙasa: Ƙimar Austenitic
Yin shi wani nau'i ne na fasaha a cikin kansa. A shagon mu, muna hulɗar da yawa zuba jari da harsashi mold simintin gyaran kafa. Zubar da gawa mai austenitic kamar CF8M (simintin da ya yi daidai da 316) ba kamar zubo karfen carbon bane. Ruwan ruwa ya bambanta, raguwar ya fi bayyanawa, kuma dole ne ku kasance mai ban mamaki game da haɗawa. Mun koyi wannan hanya mai wuya tun da wuri tare da rukunin bawul ga abokin ciniki na ruwa. Takaddun bayanai sun yi kira ga amincin matsi, amma muna da raka'a kaɗan da suka gaza gwajin ruwa. Bayan an raba shi, mun sami ƙarancin ƙanƙara-ƙara wanda ba a iya gani akan radiyon saman. Batun? Ba takaddun takaddun kayan ba-suna da kyau-ya kasance ƙirar mu da haɓakar ƙira don wannan takamaiman lissafi. Muna amfani da tsarin da yayi aiki da kyau don ƙarfe na carbon amma ya shaƙe hanyar ciyarwa don halayen ƙarfafa austenitic.
Abin da ke da shi ke nan Austenitic bakin karfe a cikin simintin gyare-gyare: ba za ku iya kwafi-manna matakai kawai daga wasu iyalai na kayan aiki ba. Babban abun ciki na gami yana canza komai game da yadda karfe ke gudana da sanyi. Dole ne mu koma baya, mu sake yin kwatankwacin ƙarfafawar tare da madaidaitan ma'aunin zafi don takamaiman maki, kuma mu sake fasalin tsarin ciyarwa. An ƙara wasu ƙarin masu tashi a cikin ɓangarori masu banƙyama. An warware matsalar, amma ya kashe mu lokaci da ƴan ingots na abu mai kyau. Ya toshe cikin ƙungiyar wanda bakin ciki a cikin zane yana buƙatar zuwa tare da takamaiman maki, har ma a lokacin, injiniyan aikin mu dole ne a keɓance shi.
Wannan shine inda gwaninta na dogon lokaci a cikin kayan aiki ke da mahimmanci. Kamfanin kamar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), tare da fiye da shekaru talatin a cikin yin simintin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare, babu makawa ya gina ɗakin karatu mai zurfi na waɗannan ma'auni na ƙayyadaddun tsari. Ba wani abu ba ne da kuke samu a cikin littafi; yana cikin rajistan ayyukan da suka gabata, bayanin kula daga ma'aikatan tanderu, ƴan gyare-gyare da masu yin ƙirar suka san yin. Lokacin da suka ce sun kware a kayan da suka hada da bakin karfe da kuma gami na musamman, wannan ƙwarewa ba kawai game da samun tanderu ba ne - game da samun ilimin da aka tara, sau da yawa mai wuyar samun ilimin yadda ake samun sautin simintin sauti daga ƙarfe na ruwa zuwa gama siffar ba tare da ɓoyayyun lahani ba.
Machining: Inda ka'idar ta hadu da guntu
Idan jefa shi fasaha ne, injina shi ne ilimin da ya dace wanda ke da ɗaki mai yawa don kuskure. Halin ƙarfin aiki na austenitic steels almara ne. Kuna iya yanke cikakkiyar yanke, amma idan kayan aikinku ya daɗe ko gogewa, kun ƙirƙiri wuri mai wahala fiye da yankan kayan aikin ku, yana ba da tabbacin ƙarewar lalacewa da guntuwar sakawa a kan wucewa na gaba. Na tuna kafa aikin CNC don flange 316L akan sabon injin. Mai shirye-shiryen ya yi amfani da sigogi daga ɓangaren ƙarfe mai kama da carbon. Kashi na farko yayi kyau, amma ta na uku, saman yana tsage, kuma kayan aiki yana kururuwa. Dole ne mu tsaya, sake kimanta komai.
Makullin shine sarrafa zafi da kiyaye daidaito, ingantaccen ƙaurawar guntu. Coolant ba kawai don sanyaya a nan ba; don lubricanci ne da wanke wannan igiya, mai wuyar guntu kafin a nade shi a kusa da kayan aiki ko kayan aiki. Mun canza zuwa mafi m, kaifi sakan na lissafi tare da keɓe bakin karfe shafi, sauke gudun kadan, da kuma kara ciyar da samu a karkashin aikin-taurare Layer daga baya yanke. Bambancin dare da rana. Chips ɗin sun juya daga shuɗi, gidajen tsuntsun da aka ruɗe zuwa kyau, madaidaiciyar lalurar azurfa. Ƙarshen saman ya tashi daga ragged Ra 3.2 zuwa mai tsabta Ra 1.6.
Wannan shine a aikace, kunna hannu-kan kunnawa wanda ke bayyana iyawar injina na gaske. Shi ya sa da'awar shago na Injin CNC gwaninta yana buƙatar zama takamaiman kayan aiki. Kowa zai iya tafiyar da aluminum da sauri. Gudun 316 ko 304 yadda ya kamata, tare da juriya mai tsauri da ingantaccen ingancin saman, musamman akan simintin simintin gyare-gyaren bango inda ba za ku iya matsawa da ƙarfi don tsoron murdiya ba, wannan shine ma'auni. Yana buƙatar masu fasaha waɗanda suka fahimci halayen kayan, ba kawai lambar G ba.
Nuances na Alloy: Ba Duk 304 ba ne kawai 304
Wani Layer shine bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin dangin austenitic. Dauki 304 zuwa 304L. The 'L' yana nuna ƙarancin carbon, musamman don yaƙar hankali-samuwar chromium carbides a iyakokin hatsi yayin walda ko yanayin zafi mai zafi, wanda ke lalata chromium na gida kuma yana kashe juriyar lalata. Ga wani ɓangaren da za a yi masa walda bayan machining, ƙayyade 304 maimakon 304L babban kuskure ne. Na ga abin ya faru. Abokin ciniki ya ba da takaddun shaida na kayansu don samfuran mashaya 304 don taron welded. Mun kera shi, suka yi masa walda, kuma bayan wata shida, sun sami tsage-tsage masu kyau tare da wuraren da zafi ya shafa a cikin wani wuri mai lalata. Kayan ya kasance don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, amma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen.
Sannan akwai austenitics na musamman, kamar makin high-molybdenum (316, 317) don muhallin chloride, ko kuma matakan daidaita kamar 321 tare da titanium. Kowannen injin yana ɗan bambanta. 321, alal misali, yana da waɗancan abubuwan da aka haɗa da titanium waɗanda zasu iya lalata kayan aiki. Kuna buƙatar yin lissafin hakan. Lokacin da lissafin kayan kamfani ya haɗa musamman gami kamar na tushen nickel, yawanci yana nuna cewa dole ne su kewaya waɗannan nuances. Tunani da dabarun kayan aiki sun fara haɗuwa. Hankali ga daki-daki da ake buƙata don Inconel kai tsaye yana amfana da mashin ɗin bakin bakin austenitic.
Wannan yana kaiwa ga ainihin tallafin zaɓin kayan. Abokin masana'antu mai kyau ba kawai ɗaukar oda ba; ya kamata su iya gano waɗannan rashin daidaituwar aikace-aikacen. Idan zane don ɓangaren famfo na teku ya buƙaci 304, ya kamata a ɗaga tuta, an fara tattaunawa. Watakila ana buƙatar 316, ko ƙila baƙar fata mai duplex don ingantacciyar ƙarfi. An haifi wannan matakin tuntuɓar ne daga ganin abubuwa sun gaza da nasara a fagen.
Daga Raw Casting zuwa Ƙarshe Sashe: Haɗin Kalubalen
Gwajin na gaske yana zuwa lokacin da kuke sarrafa dukkan sarkar darajar, kamar simintin gyare-gyaren harsashi wanda sannan yana buƙatar mashin ɗin CNC daidai akan fuskoki masu mahimmanci. Wurin simintin simintin gyare-gyare na ƙarfe austenitic yana da ma'auni mai ƙarfi, oxidized da sikelin da aka yanke. Fas ɗin mashin ɗinku na farko dole ne ya kasance mai zurfi sosai don shiga ƙarƙashin duk wannan, don tsaftace, ƙarfe mai sauti. Idan simintin ku yana da ɗan bambanci, shirin ku na CNC yana buƙatar alawus don hakan. Mun haɗa tsarin bincike na yau da kullun akan injinan mu don nemo ainihin haja akan fuskar datum kafin cikakken sake zagayowar ƙarshe ta fara. Yana ƙara minti ɗaya zuwa lokacin zagayowar amma yana ceton wani sashi daga gogewa saboda yanke ya yi zurfi sosai akan ƙaramin wuri.
Wannan haɗin kai yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci. A wani wuri kamar QSY, inda tafiyar matakai na harsashi mold simintin gyaran kafa, zuba jari, kuma Injin CNC suna ƙarƙashin rufin ɗaya, madaidaicin ra'ayi gajere ne. Ƙungiyar mashin ɗin za ta iya gaya wa masana'antar idan suna ci gaba da samun wuri mai wahala a wani yanki na simintin gyare-gyare, wanda zai iya nuna matsala mai sanyi a cikin ƙirar. Wurin kafa na iya daidaita tsarin simintin gyare-gyare don samar da daidaito, wurin farawa da injina. Wannan haɗin gwiwa yana da mahimmanci ga kayan da ke da ƙalubale ga tsari da yanke.
Hakanan yana ba da izini don ingantaccen sarrafa simintin simintin-kusa-net. Don ɓangaren bakin bakin austenitic, kuna so ku rage adadin gami mai tsada da dole ku juya zuwa kwakwalwan kwamfuta. Ta hanyar matso kusa da siffa ta ƙarshe da sarrafa mahimman mu'amala kawai, kuna adana ɗimbin tsadar kayan aiki da lokacin injin. Amma wannan yana buƙatar haɗin kai mai ban mamaki tsakanin ƙirar ƙirar simintin gyare-gyare da saitin kayan aikin injin. Yana da babban matakin wasan ingancin masana'antu wanda ke da yuwuwa kawai tare da zurfi, ƙwarewar tsarin giciye.
Ƙarshe Tunani: Mutunta Abu
To, menene abin ɗauka bayan shekaru na aiki da shi? Austenitic bakin karfe iyali ne mai ban mamaki na kayan, amma yana buƙatar girmamawa. Ba ɗigo ba ne don maye gurbin ƙananan karafa. Nasarar sa a cikin aikace-aikacen yana kan abubuwa uku: zaɓar madaidaicin maki don yanayin sabis, yin amfani da tsarin ƙirƙira (kamar simintin gyare-gyare) wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun halayen ƙarfafawar sa, da aiwatar da dabarun injina wanda ya yarda da keɓaɓɓen kayan aikin sa. Sami ɗayan waɗannan kuskuren, kuma kyakkyawan juriya na lalata da taurin da kuka biya ba zai taɓa yiwuwa a ƙarshe ba.
Kamfanonin da ke sadar da ingantattun abubuwan da ba su da kyau austenitic ba kawai masu ba da oda ba ne. Su ne masu warware matsalar tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran fahimtar ƙarfe da hulɗar tsari. Suna yin tambayoyi game da amfani da ƙarshen, suna da bayanan tarihi don guje wa ɓangarorin da suka gabata, kuma suna da damar cikin gida don daidaita matakai da yawa na masana'anta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine ainihin ma'anar ƙwarewa a cikin wannan fanni - ya rage game da jerin kayan aiki da ƙari game da tarawa, hikimar aiki da ake amfani da ita ga kowane aiki da ya zo ta ƙofa.
A ƙarshe, ya zo ne don ɗaukar kayan a matsayin abokin tarayya tare da halayensa, ba kawai kayan da za a tsara ba. Lokacin da kuka yi haka, zaku buɗe cikakkiyar damarsa, kuma shine abin da ke raba kayan aiki daga abin dogaro, mai dorewa. Wannan shine burin, ko ta yaya. Har yanzu muna koyon sabbin dabaru a duk lokacin da ƙalubalen bugu ya sauka akan tebur.
