Lokacin da kuka ji 'karfe foda' ƙarfe', hoton nan da nan sau da yawa na pristine, matsi mai sarrafa kansa yana fitar da cikakke, sassa masu rikitarwa. Wannan sigar kasida ce. Gaskiyar, musamman lokacin da kake samowa ko haɗa waɗannan abubuwan cikin manyan majalisai, ya fi girma. Yana da game da fahimtar inda ainihin ƙarfin ya ta'allaka ne - ba kawai a cikin ɓangarorin ƙarshe ba, amma a cikin halayen foda, tsarin ɗaure, da ayyukan sakandare da galibi ba a kula da su ba. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukan kantin tsayawa ɗaya ne don sassa masu siffa, amma sun yi sakaci da muhimmiyar rawar da ke tattare da injina ko kutse. Wannan rata tsakanin tsammanin da aikace-aikacen aiki shine inda yawancin ayyuka suka yi tuntuɓe.
Foda Kanta: Inda Komai Ya Fara kuma Zai Iya Tafi Ba daidai ba
Duk yana farawa da kayan abinci. Ba za ku iya magana akai ba karfe foda karafa ba tare da samun granular game da foda ba. Na ga ayyukan suna ƙayyadaddun foda na bakin karfe kawai don fuskantar ƙaƙƙarfan ɓacin rai da warpage. Rarraba girman barbashi, ilimin halittar jiki (mai siffar zobe vs. mara ka'ida), da kuma gudana ba kawai ƙayyadaddun bayanai ba ne akan takardar bayanai; suna bayyana koren yawa kuma, a ƙarshe, amincin ɓangaren. Wani mai sayarwa ya taɓa aiko mana da wani nau'in foda na 316L wanda yayi kama da cikakke amma yana da babban abun ciki na oxygen. Sakamakon bayan sintering? Embrittlement da sikelin saman. Mun koyi hanya mai wahala cewa takaddun shaida suna da kyau, amma wani lokacin kuna buƙatar bincika tabonku, musamman don aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci.
Wannan shine inda haɗin gwiwar kayan dogon lokaci ke da mahimmanci. Kamfanin kamar Fasahar Qingdao Qiangsenyuan (QSY), tare da tarihin shekaru 30 a cikin simintin gyare-gyare da kuma yin amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, sun fahimci halin kayan aiki a matakin mahimmanci. Duk da yake an san su da saka hannun jari, wannan zurfin ilimin ƙarfe yana fassara. Lokacin da suka samo powders don a karfe foda karafa aikin — ka ce, don kayan aikin superalloy na tushen nickel - ba kawai siyan kayayyaki ba ne; suna kimanta shi bisa ga gadon sanin yadda karafa ke tafiyar da zafi da damuwa. Wannan hangen nesa yana da kima.
Zaɓin tsakanin ruwa-atomized da gas-atomized powders wani kira ne na shari'a. Gas-atomized yana kula da zama mafi zagaye, yana gudana mafi kyau don hadadden cikawar mutu, kuma sau da yawa yana haifar da mafi kyawun kaddarorin ƙarshe. Amma ya fi tsada. Don babban girma, mafi ƙarancin tsarin tsarin, ruwa-atom ɗin zai iya zama daidai daidai kuma ya rage tsada sosai. Irin wannan nau'in cinikin ne ke raba tsarin ka'idar da abin da ake iya samarwa, mai inganci.
Daga Compaction zuwa Sintering: Matsayin Yin-ko-Break
Ƙunƙarar da alama yana da sauƙi: danna foda a cikin mutu. Amma daidaituwar rarraba matsa lamba shine fasaha mai duhu. Sassan matakai masu yawa tare da bambance-bambancen tsayi masu mahimmanci sun shahara ga gradients mai yawa. Mun taɓa samun cibiya ta gear inda flange ɗin ya kasance cikakke, amma yanki na tsakiya ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gazawar da ake amfani da shi. Maganin ba shine babban latsa ton ba; ya kasance sake fasalin kayan aiki tare da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa da gyare-gyaren foda mai wayo. Ya kara kudin kayan aiki amma ya ajiye bangaren.
Sintering shine inda sihiri-da firgita- ke faruwa. Yanayin tanderun shine komai. Kashe stoichiometry kaɗan a cikin haɗewar hydrogen-nitrogen na iya haifar da lalata ko, mafi muni, ɗaukar carbon a cikin sassan ƙarfe. Vacuum sintering abu ne mai ban sha'awa ga kayan amsawa kamar titanium ko waɗancan gami na musamman QSY suna aiki da su, amma tsari ne mai ƙarfi. Matsakaicin ƙwanƙwasa, yanayin zafi, da yanayin sanyaya duk an samo su ne daga gwaninta, ba kawai lanƙwan littafi ba. Na tuna wani nau'i na sassan cobalt-chrome waɗanda suka haɓaka ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta saboda yawan sanyaya ya kasance mai tsanani ga takamaiman tsarin ɗaure da muka yi amfani da shi. Canza wannan zagayowar ya ɗauki ƙarin tanderun wuta guda uku da yawan yin nuni da bayanan foda.
Hakanan yana da kyau a lura cewa ba da daɗewa ba sintering yana ba da sifar hanyar sadarwa ta gaskiya. Koyaushe akwai canjin yanayi. Tsammani da ƙira don wannan juriyar juriya yana da mahimmanci. Wani lokaci, kuna nufin yanayin juzu'i inda kuka rage girman da gangan sannan ku daidaita. Wani lokaci, kuna shirin yin injina kawai. Wannan ita ce hanyar haɗin kai ta dabi'a zuwa kamfanoni waɗanda ke haɗa hanyoyin aiwatarwa. Za a iya yin sashi ta hanyar karfe foda karafa don ingancin kayan sa da siffar kusa-tanet, sannan a aika don daidaito Injin CNC don cimma juriya na ƙarshe akan mahimman diamita ko zare. Hanya ce ta masana'anta wacce ta fi dacewa.
Muhimman Matsayin Ayyukan Sakandare
Wannan watakila shine babban kuskure. Mutane suna tunanin sashin yana fitowa daga tanderun sinter a shirye don jigilar kaya. Kusan taba. Yawancin sassa suna buƙatar ƙima ko ƙira-aikin latsa na ƙarshe don buga ƙayyadaddun ƙira. Wasu suna buƙatar maganin tururi don juriya na iskar shaka a kan sassa na tushen ƙarfe. Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar matsa lamba, kamar kayan aikin hydraulic, resin impregnation daidaitaccen mataki ne amma ƙarami. Samun matakin injin da ba daidai ba a cikin ɗakin da ke cikin ciki, kuma mashin ɗin ba zai shiga cikin porosity ɗin saman gaba ɗaya ba.
Sannan akwai machining. Abubuwan da aka ƙera na iya zama masu ɓarna kuma suna da yanke yanke, wanda ke da wuyar kayan aiki. Kuna buƙatar madaidaitan maki na carbide da ciyarwa/gudu. Abokin tarayya mai karfi Injin CNC gwaninta, kamar abin da zaku samu a kamfani mai bayanin martabar QSY, yana da fa'ida anan. Ba wai kawai suna yin kwangilar aikin injiniya ba ne; sun fahimci yadda sintered microstructure zai yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kayan aikin yankan. Sun san cewa wani ɓangare na iya samun ɗan bambance-bambancen ɗimbin yawa wanda zai iya haifar da maganganun kayan aiki, kuma suna iya tsarawa da kayan aiki daidai.
Maganin zafi bayan sintering wani Layer ne. Anyi shi ne don haɓaka kaddarorin, amma dole ne ku yi hattara don kar a haifar da ɓarna a ɓangaren da aka riga an daidaita shi zuwa madaidaicin siffa. Harka taurara na'urar karfen da aka yayyanka yana buƙatar daidaitaccen sarrafawa don gujewa wargaza haƙora. Waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ne ke ayyana aikin ɓangaren da gaske.
Haɗin Kayan Abu: Lokacin da Ƙarfafan Foda Ya Haɗu da Ƙwararrun Casting
Wannan kusurwa ce mai ban sha'awa. Yayin karfe foda karafa kuma ana yawan ganin simintin saka hannun jari a matsayin matakai masu gasa, akwai haɗin kai a cikin ilimin abin duniya. Dukansu suna ma'amala da ƙarfe da ke fitowa daga granular ko narkakkar yanayi, tare da ƙarfafawa/sintering. Kamfanin da aka kafa a cikin simintin saka hannun jari na nickel da cobalt na tushen gami yana da zurfi, kusan fahimta game da yadda waɗannan allunan ke amsa yanayin hawan zafi, halayen su na raguwa, da kaddarorin injin su na ƙarshe.
Wannan ilimin yana iya canzawa kai tsaye. Lokacin da irin wannan kamfani ya kimanta a karfe foda karafa aikin ga wani babban zafin alloy bangaren, ba su fara daga sifili. Za su iya yin tambayoyi mafi kyau: Shin wannan taga mai siyar da foda za ta iya ɗaukar ƙirar gamma na farko da muke buƙata a cikin wannan gami da nickel? or Based on our casting experience with similar compositions, what post-sinter heat treatment will optimize creep resistance? Wannan ba zakka ba ne; ana amfani da ƙarfe. Ga abokin ciniki, yin aiki tare da mai ba da kayayyaki wanda ke da wannan fahimtar tsarin giciye yana lalata yanayin haɓakawa sosai.
Na ga wannan wasa tare da hadadden tsarin tsarin man fetur. Zane na farko ya buƙaci yin simintin saka hannun jari, amma ga wasu ƙananan sassan da ke da tashoshi na ciki, karfe foda karafa Ta hanyar gyaran gyare-gyaren ƙarfe (MIM) yana ba da mafi kyawun bayani don ƙayyadaddun siffar da ƙananan machining. Ƙwarewar da mai kawo kaya ke da ita na gawa da kanta ya sa tsarin jujjuyawar tsari da haɓaka siga ya fi sauƙi.
La'akari Mai Aiki Da Gaskiyar Kuɗi
Bari mu yi magana da lambobi da kundi. Babban tsadar kayan aiki don ƙaddamarwa ko ƙirar MIM yana nufin karfe foda karafa wasan juzu'i ne. Yana da wuya yana da ma'ana ga samfuri ko gudana cikin ɗaruruwa. Kuna buƙatar dubbai, sau da yawa dubun dubbai, don daidaita wancan farashi na gaba. Koyaya, amfani da kayan yana da kyau sosai, sau da yawa sama da 95%, wanda ga gami masu tsada babban ceto ne idan aka kwatanta da mashin ɗin daga hannun mashaya.
Lokacin jagoranci wani abu ne. Yayin da lokacin sake zagayowar kowane sashi ya kasance gajere, ƙirar kayan aiki, ƙirƙira, da haɓaka tsari yana ɗaukar watanni. Ba mafita ba ce da sauri. Hakanan ana ɗan kulle ku da zarar an yi kayan aikin. Canjin ƙira, ko da ƙarami, na iya nufin gyare-gyaren kayan aiki masu tsada ko sabon saitin mutuwa. Wannan yana buƙatar babban matakin balagaggen ƙira a gaba, wanda ya ci karo da falsafar saurin jujjuyawar zamani. Yana tilasta wani nau'in horo na daban.
A ƙarshe, kula da ingancin yana yaduwa. Ba wai kawai dubawa na ƙarshe ba ne. Kuna buƙatar saka idanu ɗimbin foda, koren nauyi/yawan sashe, raƙuman raƙuman yanayi, da duban ƙima a kowane mataki. Taswirar sarrafa tsarin ƙididdiga shine babban abokin ku. Tsari ne wanda ke ba da lada ga daidaito kuma yana azabtar da canji. Shi ya sa samun abokin tarayya tare da ingantacciyar al'adar sarrafa tsari - nau'in da aka gina a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kamar a cikin kamfanin masana'antu mai shekaru 30 - ba abu mai kyau ba ne; yana da mahimmanci ga duk wani abu da ya wuce mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sintered.
