Xa umntu esithi iinkonzo ze-machining ze-CNC ezichanekileyo, into yokuqala efika kwiingqondo ezininzi ngumatshini onomlawuli onqabileyo kunye nesithembiso se-microns. Leyo yinxalenye yayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa yeyona ndawo ilula. Owona mceli mngeni, nalapho ixabiso lilele khona, akukhona nje ukubamba unyamezelo; kukuqonda ukuba zeziphi na ukunyamezelana okubalulekileyo, eziziizinto ezintle, kunye nendlela yonke inkqubo-ukusuka kukhetho lwezinto eziphathekayo ukuya ekulungiseni ukuya emva kokulungiswa-idibana nokuba kuqinisekiswe okanye kutshabalalise ukuchaneka. Ndibone iivenkile ezininzi kakhulu, kunye nabathengi, bexhonywa kwi-nameplate yomatshini ngelixa bengayihoyi i-ecosystem ejikeleze kuyo. Kulapho izinto zihamba ecaleni.
ISiseko: Akunjalo malunga noMtshini
Unokuba ne-five-axis mill yamva nje, kodwa ukuba imathiriyeli yakho ekrwada ayihambelani, ulwa idabi elilahlekileyo kwasekuqaleni. Kulapho imvelaphi efana neQSY's iba yinzuzo ethe cwaka. Isebenza ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 kokubini ukuphosa kunye noomatshini, babonile ukuba uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lokuphosa okanye ulwahlulo oluncinci kulwakhiwo lwealloyi olusuka kwibhetshi yobushushu lunokudala umonakalo ngexesha ukuchaneka okuphezulu CNC machining umjikelo. Ayikokwenza nje ibhloko yesitokhwe; kukuqonda imbali yezinto. Ukusebenza ngee-alloys ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-cobalt-based okanye i-nickel-based ayingomsebenzi webhokisi yokukhangela. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza nzima, zi-abrasive, zichitha ubushushu ngokwahlukileyo. Izicwangciso zokucwangcisa kunye nesixhobo se-304 yensimbi engenasici ngokuchasene ne-Inconel 718 zihlabathi ngokwahlukeneyo, nokuba iplani yokugqibela ibonakala ifana. Ukuchaneka kuninzi kulwazi lwesayensi yezinto njengoko kunjalo kwikhowudi ye-G.
Ndikhumbula iprojekthi yecandelo levalvu yehydraulic, umkhono obonakala ulula. Ushicilelo lufuna unyamezelo oluqinileyo. Iibhetshi zokuqala, ezixutywe kwi-bar stock standard, zadlula i-QC kodwa zahluleka kuvavanyo lwentsimi phantsi koxinzelelo-ukuphazamiseka okuncinci, kodwa okwaneleyo kubangele ukuvuza. Umba ulandelelanisa umva kwicala lokuhamba okuziinkozo ukusuka kwisitokhwe sebha. Siye satshintshela ekusebenziseni i-precision-forged blank, enesakhiwo esifana nengqolowa. Iiparamitha ze-machining, isantya kunye nokutya, kwafuneka zilungelelaniswe kwakhona ngenxa yokuba izinto ezibunjiweyo ziziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo phantsi komsiki. Inkonzo echanekileyo apha ibandakanya ukucebisa ifom yokuqala eyahlukileyo, hayi ukwenza isisikwa kuphela. Olo luhlobo lwesigwebo oluvela kumava enkqubo enqamlezayo, uhlobo olubona ludityanisiwe kwindawo efana I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology (QSY), apho ukuphosa kunye nomatshini phantsi kophahla olulodwa kwazisa zombini izenzo.
Enye intsika edla ngokungahoywa yeyokuxhoma. Ngomsebenzi wokwenyani ochanekileyo, ngakumbi kumthamo ophantsi, iimeko ezixubene kakhulu, izilungiso zesiko azinakuxoxisana. Injongo kukulinganisa iindawo zokunyuka zendibano yokugqibela okanye ukudala i-kinematic mount enciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka. Ndichithe iiyure ndileqa izishumi (0.0001) kuphela ndaqonda ukuba i-vise inika uxinzelelo olungaphezulu kunokusebenza komatshini. Ngamanye amaxesha, eyona nto ichanekileyo oyenzayo kukuyila kunye nomatshini wokulungisa ngokwakho ngaphambi kokuba uchukumise indawo.
Inkqubo: Apho ithiyori idibana nomgangatho wevenkile
Masithethe ngolandelelwano lwenyani lomatshini. Umbono ongalunganga oqhelekileyo kukuba ukuchaneka okuphezulu kuthetha ukuthatha iinqumlo ezincinci, ezicothayo kuyo yonke indawo. Yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokudala ubushushu kunye nokuphambuka kwesixhobo. Indlela ekrelekrele yingxubuwa: rhabaxa ngokurhabaxa ukususa imathiriyeli eninzi kunye nokuzinzisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, emva koko wehla kancinci ukuya ekugqibeni ukupasa. Ulawulo lobushushu lubalulekile. Kwisibiyeli se-aerospace esintsonkothileyo esisebenze kuso, kwafuneka sicwangcise amaxesha okuphola phakathi komsebenzi kunye nokusebenzisa isizipholisi esilawulwa ngamaqondo obushushu ukuze sigcine indawo kwiqondo lokupholisa elingaphantsi kobushushu obumbalwa. Imbuyekezo yobushushu bomatshini inokwenza kakhulu.
Ukukhetha isixhobo kunye nolawulo ngomnye umngxuma womvundla. Ukusebenzisa i-generic carbide end-mill ukugqiba umgodi wokungunda wentsimbi oqinileyo akuyi kukwenza ukuba ugqitywe okanye uphile ixesha elide. Safudukela ekusebenziseni izixhobo ezigqunywe ngedayimani kwizinto ezingezizo ezoni kunye nokufakwa kwejometri ethile yokugqiba intsimbi. Kodwa akukhona nje ngokuthenga esona sixhobo silungileyo. Imalunga nokujonga ukunxitywa kwesixhobo ngexesha lokwenyani, nokuba kungemijikelo yeprobe okanye nokubeka iliso kwisandi kunye nomthwalo. Isixhobo esigugileyo asivelisi nje ukuphela okubi; ityhala izinto, idala ukungachaneki komgangatho. Eyakho Iinkonzo zoomatshini ze-CNC Iprotocol kufuneka ibenobomi besixhobo esiqinileyo kunye ne-cadence yokuhlola ebhakiweyo.
Emva koko kukho i-metrology. Awunako ukufaka ibango lokuchaneka ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa. Ukuba ne-CMM kulungile ekuhlolweni kokugqibela, kodwa ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo ngundoqo. Iiprobes zokuchukumisa kwisixhobo somatshini zixabiseke kakhulu ekujongeni iimpawu ezibalulekileyo emva kokuzilungisa, zivumela ukupheliswa kweprogram ephakathi. Kodwa khumbula, ukuphindaphindwa kweprobe kunye nokuchaneka kwejometri yomatshini zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Oku sikufunde kabuhlungu kwibhetshi yeepleyiti ezidibanisayo. I-probe ithe iphethini yomngxuma yayigqibelele, kodwa i-CMM ibonise impazamo encinci yokujikeleza. Umba ibisisixa esincinci sokubuyela umva kwi-axis ejikelezayo engakhange ibonwe ngumjikelo weprobe. Ngoku, sisebenzisa i-probe yokukhangela indawo kwaye sithembele kwi-CMM kwisiqinisekiso esichanekileyo sokuchaneka kwesikhundla. Imalunga nokusebenzisa isixhobo esifanelekileyo kwinqanaba lokuqinisekisa elichanekileyo.
Case in Point: I-Simple Bearing Housing
Ndifuna ukucazulula inxalenye ebonakala iyinto eqhelekileyo: indawo yokuhlala yempompo enesantya esiphezulu. Imiba ifuna ukunyamezelana kwe-H7, ukugqitywa komphezulu othile, kunye ne-perpendicularity kubuso obunyukayo. Izinto ezazisenziwa yayiyintsimbi ephindwe kabini—iqinile kwaye intsini. Umzamo wokuqala, usebenzisa i-chuck yemihlathi emithathu esemgangathweni kunye nokwenza yonke into kwiseto enye, ayiphumelelanga ukujonga i-perpendicularity. Amandla okuqinisa agqwethe icandelo elinodonga olucekethekileyo.
Siye sayila ngokutsha inkqubo. Umsebenzi wokuqala: umatshini wokuxhoma ubuso kunye nobubanzi bokubeka ngasemva kwisethingi enye, udala ireferensi egqibeleleyo. Umsebenzi wesibini: flip inxalenye kunye ibambe usebenzisa i mandrel isiko elibandakanya indawo ubukhulu, ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo kuphela kumacandelo robust, eshiya indawo bore free. Oku kwakuphelisa ukugqwetheka. Kuba ibhore ngokwayo, asizange nje siyicinge kwakhona. Sasebenzisa ibha ekruqulayo enentloko yokulungiswa kakuhle, sithatha iipasi ezimbini zasentwasahlobo ukuze siphendule naluphi na uxinzelelo lwesixhobo esishiyekileyo. Isipholisi satshintshelwa kwifomula yokuthambisa ephezulu ukuphucula ukugqiba kwimathiriyeli yeentsini.
Isiphumo saba yinto engaguqukiyo, ecacileyo. Kodwa inxalenye yenkonzo yayingamaxwebhu enkqubo esiwanike yona-iphepha lokumisela kunye nengxelo yokuhlola ebonisa kanye indlela esiye sayifumana ngayo. Oku kungafihli nto kuguqula umsebenzi wexesha elinye ube yintsebenziswano ethembekileyo. Bubunzulu benkqubo yobunjineli obuchaza inyani high precision machining umboneleli, hayi nje ivenkile yomsebenzi enoomatshini abalungileyo.
Xa Ukuchaneka okuPhakamileyo akuyompendulo
Oku kunokuvakala njengokungavumelaniyo, kodwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokunikezela ngezi nkonzo kukwazi ixesha lokucebisa ngokuchasene nazo. Ayizizo zonke iifitsha ezikwindawo ethile ekufuneka zibanjwe ziye ku-±0.01mm. Ukucacisa ngaphezulu iindleko zokuqhuba kunye nexesha lokukhokela ngokukhawuleza. Iqabane elilungileyo liya kuphonononga uyilo lokwenziwa kwezinto (DFM) kwaye libuze: Yintoni umsebenzi wolu phawu? Ngaba le radiyasi kufuneka ibe yiprofayile yokwenyani, okanye yeyokucocwa nje? Ndigcine abathengi imali eninzi ngokucebisa ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bokuqhuba endaweni yomngxunya ohlaziyiweyo, okanye ukunyamezela ibakala lorhwebo kwimilinganiselo engabalulekanga, ngelixa kugxilwa kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluchanekileyo kwizinto ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezibaluleke ngokwenene ekusebenzeni.
Apha kulapho ukuveliswa okuhlanganisiweyo kunceda khona. Kwi-QSY, kunye neqokobhe labo lokungunda kunye nobuchule bokuphosa utyalo-mali, bahlala becebisa ngokuphosa uphawu kwimilo ekufutshane nenetha, ukunciphisa inani CNC Machining efunekayo ukufezekisa ukuchaneka kokugqibela. Le yindlela yoqoqosho ngakumbi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iphezulu ngokwesakhiwo kunokwenza yonke into esuka kwibhloko eqinileyo. Yimbono epheleleyo yomjikelo wobomi wecandelo.
Ukusilela ngutitshala. Kwangoko, sathatha umsebenzi wokuxhoma inzwa kwi-aluminium. Le ndawo yayineimbambo ezinzulu, ezibhityileyo. Sisukele ukuchaneka kwimingxuma ekhwelayo, kodwa asihoyanga ukuqwalasela ulandelelwano lwemisebenzi. Siye salungisa iimbambo ekugqibeleni, kwaye ukukhululwa koxinzelelo lwempahla kubangele ukuba inxalenye yonke ijije kancinci, iphosa iphethini yomngxuma. Sifunda ntoni? Ngamanye amaxesha, kuya kufuneka utshise ezona mpawu zibuthathaka kuqala, okanye ubandakanye amanyathelo okuphelisa uxinzelelo. Ukuchaneka lulandelelwano, hayi nje indawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
Ilungu loLuntu kwiNkqubo yeDijithali
Okokugqibela, masingalibali umdwelisi wenkqubo kunye nomsebenzisi. Isoftware yeCAM ephezulu kakhulu inokuvelisa ikhowudi esebenzayo, kodwa ayikwazi ukuphinda intuition ye-machinist enamava. Loo ngcamango ikuxelela ukuba usondele kwikona yangaphakathi ebukhali kunye nesicwangciso esahlukileyo ukunqanda ingxoxo yesixhobo, okanye ukuguqula izinga lokutya kuba isandi sokusika asilungile. Olu lwazi lucwangcisiweyo lulo oluvala umsantsa phakathi koyilo lwedijithali kunye nenxalenye yomzimba.
Uqeqesho kunye nokuqhubekeka kubalulekile. Umntu wokuseta kufuneka aqonde ukuba kutheni emva kwephepha lenkqubo. Kutheni le nto inxalenye ibambene apha kwaye ingekho? Kutheni lo myalelo wendlela yesixhobo uchaziwe? Xa beqonda injongo, banokulungisa ingxaki kwaye bacebise uphuculo. Le nkcubeko yokusombulula ingxaki yinto ehlukanisa abasebenzi bezobugcisa kwii-button-pushers.
Ekugqibeleni, Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kweenkonzo zomatshini zeCNC zizithembiso zokuqikelela kunye nomgangatho. Sisithembiso esakhiwe kumacandelo amathathu: ihardware ekwaziyo (oomatshini, izixhobo, i-metrology), ulwazi lwenkqubo enzulu (izixhobo, ulandelelwano, ukulungiswa), kunye nobuchule bomntu. Kukudityaniswa kwezi maleko, njengoko kubonwa kwimisebenzi edityanisiweyo ngokuthe nkqo, ethe gqolo ukuphumeza eso sithembiso. Ayingomlingo; inobuchule, ngamanye amaxesha iyakhathaza, isoloko ijolise kwiinkcukacha. Kwaye xa zonke zidibana, kuxa ufumana iinxalenye ezingadibaniyo nephepha elithile, kodwa zenze ngokungenasiphako kwihlabathi lokwenyani.
