Xa usiva 'umenzi wotyalo-mali,' yintoni ethi qatha engqondweni? Kwabaninzi, yincwadana ekhazimlayo egcwele ngamalungu abengezelayo, antsokothileyo. Inyaniso, ukugaya imihla ngemihla, yenye into ngokupheleleyo. Incinci malunga nefoto yokugqibela egqibeleleyo kwaye ngakumbi malunga nevumba le-wax etshisiweyo kusasa, iparameter engapheliyo i-tweaks ye-superalloy entsha, kunye noloyiko oluzolileyo xa iqokobhe liqhekeka ngexesha lokuxiliswa. Eli gama ngokwalo linokulahlekisa—licebisa ukuba kugxilwe kwisinye. Enyanisweni, ezona venkile zigqwesileyo azikho nje iziseko; bangabasombululi beengxaki abadityanisiweyo, bavala umsantsa phakathi kwemodeli yeCAD kunye necandelo elisebenzayo, elinemfezeko ephezulu. Abathengi abaninzi bafumana ukulungiswa kwixabiso leyunithi okanye ixesha lokukhokela, bephosa i-nuance ebalulekileyo: ukuhambelana phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-thermal, ukunyaniseka kwe-dimensional kwindawo ye-decimal yesihlanu, kunye nolwazi lwe-metallurgical lokuthintela ukungaphumeleli kwebhetshi ebiza kakhulu kwiinyanga ezintandathu phantsi komgca.
Umbono ongeyiyo ongundoqo: kukugalela nje isinyithi
Masiyeke ukuleqa. Eyona mpazamo inkulu kukujonga utyalo-mali njengenkqubo yorhwebo. Uthumela umzobo, ufumana inxalenye. Ukuba kuphela. Ixabiso lokwenene lomenzi lixhomekeke kwinto eyenzekayo ngaphambi kokuba intsimbi ibone iziko. Thatha iipatheni izixhobo. Ukufa kwealuminiyam enexabiso eliphantsi, ekhawulezileyo kunokonga i-5k yeedola ngaphambili. Kodwa ukuba iswele idrafti efanelekileyo, okanye ukwanda kwayo kwe-thermal akubalwa, uya kufumana iipateni ze-wax ezigqwethekileyo eziwela kumaphupha amabi emva kokuphosa. Ndizibonile iiprojekthi apho 'ukongiwa' kwizixhobo zokusebenza kukhokelele kwilahleko enamanani amathandathu kwizinto ezilahliweyo kunye nokulibaziseka kweendibano. Ivenkile enobuchule, njengaye Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), iyakuxoxa, ngamanye amaxesha ngamandla, kuyilo lwesixhobo esomeleleyo. Ayithengisi; kuthintela intlekele. Iminyaka yabo engamashumi amathathu kumdlalo ithetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele benze impazamo oza kuyihlawula.
Emva koko kukho i-wax. Ayizizo zonke iiweksi zokutofa eziziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Ukwenzela isibiyeli se-aerospace esincinci, udinga i-low-viscosity, i-high-fluidity formulation ukuze ubambe iinkcukacha ezintle ngaphandle kwamanqaku e-sink. Kumzimba wevalve yecandelo elinzima, i-wax eqinile ibalulekile ukuthintela ukonakala ngexesha lokuphatha. Ukhetho alunamkhethe; lubizo lomgwebo olusekwe kwijometri, ialloyi, kunye nenkqubo elandelayo yokwakha iqokobhe. Ndikhumbula umsebenzi we-pump impeller apho satshintshela kwi-wax eyenziwe nge-polymer. Ixabiso leyunithi linyuke nge-15%, kodwa ukuncitshiswa kokulungiswa kwe-weld kwi-casting yokugqibela ngenxa yokugqiba umgangatho ongcono wasindisa umxhasi ngaphezu kwe-40% kwiindleko zokugqiba. Yiloo calculus efihliweyo.
Kwaye ukwakha iqokobhe? Kulapho ubugcisa budibana nesayensi. Akunjalo nje ukudipha kunye ne-stuccoing. I-viscosity ye-slurry, indawo yokomisa (ukulawulwa komswakama yisilwanyana), inani leengubo-i-variable nganye i-lever echaphazela ukugqithiswa kunye namandla. Iqokobhe elibuthathaka kakhulu liya kuqhekeka ngexesha lokugalelwa; ayingeneli kakhulu, kwaye ufumana ukuvalelwa kwegesi. Ndichithe ubusuku evenkileni kunye namagcisa, ndilungisa umxholo we-zirconia womgubo kwi-prime coat slurry ngesiqingatha sepesenti ukuphelisa ukungena kwentsimbi kwizindlu zentsimbi. Oku akukho kuyo nayiphi na incwadana. Kukwi-notebook scribbles kunye nokukhathazeka okwabelwana ngako xa ibhetshi yovavanyo ingaphumeleli.
IMaze yeMathiriyeli: I-alloys ayidalwanga ngokulinganayo
Wonke umntu uthi usebenza 'ngensimbi engenasici' okanye 'i-alloys esekwe kwi-nickel.' Umtyholi ukwi-spec sheet: 316L versus 316, Inconel 718 versus 625. Umahluko uhlala ulele kunyango lobushushu kunye nendlela isinyithi esiziphatha ngayo ngexesha lesigaba sokuqina. Ukuphosa utyalo-mali yinkqubo yokuqinisa ngokukhawuleza, enokukhokelela ekwahlulweni kwezinto ezidibeneyo ukuba azilawulwa. Kwinkampani efana ne-QSY, edwelisa ialloys esekwe cobalt kwaye ialloys esekwe nickel njengezinto ezikhethekileyo, oku akuyobhokisi yokukhangela. Oku kuthetha ukuba bafowunele ekugaleleni amaqondo obushushu, ukufudumeza komngundo kwangaphambili, kunye namazinga okupholisa angqale kwezi mathiriyeli zicolekileyo.
Umzekelo wekhonkrithi: sake saqhuba ibhetshi ye-cobalt alloy (i-Stellite 6) yokunxiba iipleyiti. I-chemistry yayigqibelele, kodwa iinxalenye zibonise ukuqhekeka kwe-micro-cracking. Ingxaki? Iqokobhe eliqhelekileyo esilisebenzisele i-stainless linempendulo eyahlukileyo yomothuko we-thermal. Ingxubevange ye-cobalt, kunye noluhlu lwayo oluqinileyo olwahlukileyo, idinga iqokobhe elinomxube werefractory oguqulwe kancinane ukulungiselela ukucutheka. Ulungiso lwalungekho kwisebe lokunyibilikisa; ibibuyele kwitanki emdaka. Olu ludibaniso endilukhankanyileyo. Inkqubo yokuphosa yitsheyini, kwaye ikhonkco elibuthathaka alisoloko lihlala apho ulindele khona.
Yiyo loo nto uluhlu lwezinto zomenzi libali, hayi imenyu. Xa ubona 'iialloyi ezikhethekileyo,' phonononga nzulu. Buza malunga neentsimbi zabo eziqhelekileyo zokugalela loo ngxubevange, inqanaba elintsonkothileyo abalifumeneyo, kwaye—ngokunzulu—ukuba benza olwabo ucazululo lwe-spectrographic endlini. Ukulinda iiyure ezingama-24 kwingxelo yelebhu yangaphandle ngelixa ubushushu bentsimbi buhleli eziko bubunewunewu akukho mntu unokubufumana.
Apho UMatshini Udibana khona: I-CNC Handshake
Akukho tyalo mali 'lubume bomnatha' ngokwenene. Kuhlala kukho ubuso bedatum kumatshini, indawo yokukhwelana ukugqiba, kunye nemisonto yokucofa. Apha kulapho imodeli edibeneyo utyalo mali kwaye CNC Machining ukusebenza kubonisa imibala yayo yokwenyani. Inzuzo enkulu ayilolungiselelo lolungiselelo (nangona iyinyani leyo); bubulumko bomgangatho.
Iqela lomatshini elisebenza kunye ne-Foundry lifunda iingxaki zalo. Bayazi ukuba kusapho oluthile lwamagqabi omoya afakwe kwi-Inconel, kukho isibonelelo esiqikelelwayo, esingafananga sestokhwe kwiqonga leengcambu-mhlawumbi yi-0.7mm kwelinye icala, 1.1mm kwelinye, ngokusekelwe kwindlela iqokobhe elikhupha ngayo. Iinkqubo zabo ze-CNC zinokubhalwa ukulungiselela lo mahluko ulindelekileyo, ukwandisa iindlela zesixhobo kunye nokugcina ubomi bomsiki. Ukuba ukujula kunye noomatshini ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo, le ngxelo yengxelo iyacotha, isesikweni, kwaye ihlala ilahleka kuguqulo. Umchwephesha ufumana inxalenye yesitokhwe 'esingalindelekanga' kwaye ugxeka isiseko; isiseko alinanzanga imingeni yokulungisa ingcibi.
Kwindawo edibeneyo, inkqubo yokugqithiswa kwe-post-casting iyaqhubeka. Inxalenye yenzelwe ngomatshini engqondweni kwasekuqaleni. Sihlala sicebisa ukongeza iipads ezincinci zokubingelela kwiindawo ezingabalulekanga ukubonelela indawo ekhuselekileyo yokubambelela kwi-CNC, into eya kuba yinto ecingelwayo (okanye engenakwenzeka) ukuba iinkqubo ziqhawule umtshato. Ukutyelela indawo yabo ku tsngtaocnc.com, unokubona oku kuhamba: ukusuka kwindawo yokucoca ukuphosa, iinxalenye zihamba ngokuthe ngqo kuhlolo lwe-CMM kwaye emva koko kwiibhedi ze-CNC. Oku kuqhubela phambili kunciphisa umonakalo wokuphatha, ukunciphisa ixesha lokukhokela, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kwakha uxanduva olwabelwanayo lwenxalenye yokugqibela yomgangatho.
UVimba oLondolozayo: Izifundo kuMgqomo wokuLahla
Ufunda ngakumbi kumdlalo ongaphumeleliyo kunomnye ogqibeleleyo. Nabani na othetha ngenye indlela uthengisa into. Ekuqaleni kwexesha lam ndisebenza ngezi nkqubo, sasinomyalelo we-iron complex ductile manifold. Iiprototypes zazintle. Kwimveliso epheleleyo, saqala ukufumana i-random, i-brittle fractures. Umoni? Utshintsho kwi-inoculant esetyenziswa kunyango lwentsimbi, idityaniswe nesantya sokupholisa esikhawuleza kancinci kwizibungu zethu ezintsha, ezinkulu. I-metallurgy yayivakala ephepheni, kodwa unxibelelwano lwenkqubo lwalucimile. Siyisombulule ngokuhlengahlengisa i-mold pre-heat kunye nokutshintshela kwi-inoculant yasekuqaleni, kodwa kungekhona ngaphambi kokukrazula ibhetshi ebalulekileyo.
Eli licala elingenamdla. Umenzi olungileyo unendawo ekugcinwa kuyo la mabali—owawo kunye neentsomi zeshishini. Kufuneka babe ne-paranoid malunga ne-process drift. Xa ibhetshi entsha yesanti ye-refractory ifika, ngaba iqhuba iqokobhe lovavanyo? Xa ukufuma kunyuka ngoJulayi, ngaba bayawuhlengahlengisa umjikelo wokomisa? Olu qwalaselo lokusebenza yinto engama-30 yamava, njengeembekiselo ze-QSY, ithetha ngokwenene. Asiyominyaka engama-30 yokuphindaphinda; yiminyaka engama-30 yokuziqhelanisa newaka leenguqu ezincinane.
Olunye 'ukusilela' kunxibelelwano olungalunganga kwiispekthi. Umzobo ubiza uburhabaxa be-125 Ra max. Njengo-cast, sinokuyibetha loo nto. Kodwa ukuba umthengi ufuna ukugqiba ngomatshini kuloo ndawo kwaye ulibale ukuyiqaphela, inxalenye ayinamsebenzi. Ngoku, ivenkile enamava iya kubamba oku. Baza kubona ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo kwi-bore okanye inqaku malunga ne-groove yesitywina kwaye bafowunele ukucacisa: Ngaba wenza lo buso? Kuba as-cast, asikwazi ukubamba ukuba flatness. Loo mnxeba womnxeba, loo mzuzu wamathandabuzo kunye nokucaciswa, uxabisa ngaphezu kwewaka lokuphoswa okugqibeleleyo kodwa okungaqondwanga.
Umlinganiselo wokwenyani: Ukungaguquguquki kwixesha elide
Ke, uyigweba njani i umenzi wotyalo-mali? Musa ukubuza nje isampula yabo engcono. Buza idatha yabo yolawulo lwenkqubo yestatistical (SPC) yomlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwindawo eqhuba ixesha elide. Buza ngepesenti yabo yokupasa yokuqala. Buza ngenkqubo yabo yokufaneleka kwemathiriyeli entsha okanye umboneleli omtsha ongundoqo. Iimpendulo ziya kukuxelela yonke into.
Injongo asikokuvelisa into enye engummangaliso kumboniso worhwebo. Kukuvelisa inani leqashiso lama-500 ngokuthembeka okufanayo njengenani leqashiso 1, iminyaka emihlanu ngokwahlukeneyo, naxa injineli yezixhobo zokuqala sele ithathe umhlala-phantsi. Oku kufuna iinkqubo, kodwa kunye nenkcubeko ehlonipha ubugcisa. Ngumakhwekhwetha ohlanganisa ukungunda ova ukutsalwa kancinci kwipateni yewax kwaye uyazi ukuba ifa ifuna ukucocwa phambi kokuba iCMM ifake iflegi yempazamo yomda.
Ekugqibeleni, ukusebenzisana nomvelisi malunga nokufikelela kwimemori yabo edibeneyo yeengxaki ezisonjululweyo kunye neentlekele ezithintelweyo. Kumalunga nokuvuma kwabo ukuthetha ukuba uyilo luya kuba yingxaki, nantsi isizathu sokuba ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo sentsimbi sinqunywe. Xa ujonga ipotfoliyo evela kwifemu edibanisa izibini iqokobhe ngundo ukuphosa ngomatshini ochanekileyo, ubona isiphelo sengqondo edibeneyo, yokusombulula ingxaki. Inxalenye ayiphoswanga nje; yenziwe ngobunjineli, yazalwa ngenkqubo eqwalasela inyathelo ngalinye ukusuka kwigumbi le-wax ukuya kwi-deburring yokugqibela. Nantso into esemva kwegama elingundoqo.
